Use Of Delegation Research Articles

Developing a best practice framework for musculoskeletal outpatient physiotherapy delegation: the MOPeD mixed-methods research study protocol

IntroductionPhysiotherapy assistants/support workers are an important part of the physiotherapy workforce in the UK. Many of them work in National Health Service (NHS) physiotherapy outpatient services treating patients with musculoskeletal...

Problems of Distance, Communications, and Authority: How Charles V and Philip II Ruled the Global Spanish Empire

This essay explains how the Spanish (or Castilian) crown during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries managed its worldwide empire. It emphasizes the contribution of, and the tension between, the crown’s two main strategies: political decentralization – or delegation – and imperial centralization. To begin, it contextualizes the issue by exploring the situation at the time and explains how the problems of distance and communication were closely linked. Secondly, drawing on the comments of both contemporary observers and modern historians, this paper examines the approaches used by the Spanish kings in ensuring the optimum reliability of their intelligence networks within Europe and with America. Thirdly, the issue of decentralization is approached. The essay (1) outlines the context for Spanish imperial delegation and how Charles V and Philip II differed in this regard and (2) gives several representative examples of the use of delegation in Europe and abroad. Using the American colonies as a case study, it (3) explores the centralized, peninsula-based forms of administrative delegation (i.e. councils and juntas) and (4) addresses the decentralized, colonial types of delegated government; specifically, viceroys and audiencias. Lastly, the paper explores the imperial strategy of centralization by which the kings of Spain unified their global empire. It argues that, ultimately, these monarchs used a combination of various means to ensure that they received a steady flow of reliable information. They also utilized centralized authority and decentralized administration to ensure that their provinces worldwide were governed efficiently.

Press treatment of the economic crisis in light of the Corona pandemic in the Iraqi press..Al-zaman newspaper as a model.. Analytical study

This research aims to identify the journalistic treatment of the economic crisis in the Iraqi newspaper Al-Zaman, in order to give a clear picture of the types and methods of processing, the press arts, sources of information and the elements of the typographic highlights that dealt with the economic crisis, and the developments and effects of this crisis in many political, social, environmental and other fields, as The Iraqi press treatment of the economic crisis resulting from the Corona crisis? The objectives of the research are a reflection of the questions identified by the research. The research reached a set of conclusions as follows: 1. Surface treatment ranked first in the newspaper's press content, which means that the newspaper moved away from deepening topics related to the economic crisis because it wanted to win the public in the shortest and simplest way by presenting simple information about the crisis and the superficial opinions it deals with. 2. Zaman relied a lot on the art of journalistic investigation among other journalistic arts in dealing with the economic crisis in an effort to reveal the shortcomings and mismanagement that caused the crisis in order to compensate for the competition of weak newspapers in the field of journalistic precedence with the new media and its outputs. 3. The reliance of time on the source (journalist writer) in the category of the source of information was a clear imbalance in its editorial policy, as this revealed a weakness in the use of delegates and correspondents in dealing with the topics of the economic crisis.

THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO SELF-ORGANIZATION IN MANAGEMENT

The paper compares approaches to self-organization. The term can refer to various subjects and objects of research. Theoretical approaches contain the following elements: adaptability, self-regulation and openness of the system, consistency of actions, relevant competencies to tasks, self-development and self-training of personnel, dynamic equilibrium or its absence. Self-organization occurs when the subject of management delegates to the management object. Consequently, any decisions initiated by an object with a leadership is self-organization. The management object migrates to the domain of the management subject based on self-organization. It leads to self-development and restructuring of the management system based on motivational factors such as doing tasks, responsibility (according to McGregor’s Theory Y of motivation) and effectiveness based on the use of delegation and employee initiatives. Scrum-masters, research and teaching staff, graduate students in the field of management and readers interested in management intend the article for reading.
 Purpose: comparing to self-organization theoretical approaches and creating self-development model and a management system based on the self-organization principle.
 Methodology: the paper analyzes the research papers of foreign and Russian authors. The author applies deductive, synthesis, decomposition and graphical methods in research.
 Results: the author created self-development model and the management system based on the self-organization principle.
 Practical implications: the results obtained are applicable for the management system making focused on the agile organizations.

Delegation Using Forward Induction

This paper explores how delegation can be used as a signal to sustain cooperation. I consider a static principal–agent model with two tasks, one resembling a coordination game. If there is asymmetric information about the agent’s type, the principal with high private belief can delegate the first task as a signal. This is also supported by the forward induction argument. However, in the laboratory setting, this equilibrium is chosen only sometimes. When the subjects have information about past sessions, there is a significant increase in the use of delegation. This finding sheds light on equilibrium selection in Bayesian games.

Pharmacy Technicians' Roles and Responsibilities in the Community Pharmacy Sector: A Welsh Perspective.

Background: Healthcare delivery models in Wales are changing in response to unprecedented pressure on the National Health Service UK (NHS). Community pharmacies will be prioritised to address public health and clinical needs at a local level. To support the delivery of the new model, pharmacy technicians must be enabled and developed to optimize their roles. The aim of the study was to establish existing roles of pharmacy technicians working in the community pharmacy sector in Wales and to explore barriers and enablers to development. Methods: A combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies was used, with the main focus on quantitative methods. A total of 83 participants completed an online questionnaire and additional qualitative data were obtained from four semi-structured telephone interviews. Results: The dispensing and final accuracy checking of medicines were reported as core functions of the community pharmacy technician role, with an average of 43% and 57% of time being spent on these roles, respectively. There was some evidence of engagement in leadership and management roles (average of 19%) and limited evidence of delivery of services (average of 6%). Conclusions: There is scope to enable community pharmacy technicians to optimize and further develop their roles. Enablers include the effective use of delegation, workplace support, improved staffing levels and the prioritisation of extended pharmacy technician roles.

PNS172 TRENDS IN PRESCRIPTION MONITORING PROGRAM PATIENT QUERIES AND DELEGATE ACCESS

Opioid misuse and prescription drug diversion remain challenges in Europe, Australia and North America. To combat misuse, prescription monitoring programs (PMPs) have been implemented in many countries. However, PMP use remains an under studied topic, particularly with respect to PMP utilization. Many programs in the US allow delegate access, whereby a prescriber or pharmacist can delegate access to another staff member (e.g., medical assistant). One recent study found a cost savings with the use of delegates, instead of physicians. The objective of this study was to examine the number of PMP patient queries by provider type and assess the rates of delegate queries. A retrospective study using de-identified data from the Texas PMP was used to determine the mean number of patient queries by provider type (pharmacists and physicians) and the query rates among each respective delegate type (pharmacists’ delegate vs. physicians’ delegate). Data from 2017 to 2018 was used to assess trends in overall utilization and queries by provider type during the study period. The mean number of prescriber queries decreased from 113.5 in 2017 to 102.1 in 2018 (p=0.01). Pharmacists queries increased from 1,093,228 to 2,000,705 from 2017-2018 and the mean (M) number of pharmacists querying increased from 97.3 in 2017 to 158.3 in 2018 (p<.001). In 2018, the rate of queries among prescribers’ delegates was 2.89 per 1,000 (M=345) queries, while pharmacists’ delegates queried at a rate of 6.84 per 1,000 (M=146) queries. PMP patient queries have increased significantly over the past 2 years in Texas. Although, delegate access has increased, overall incorporation of delegates among pharmacists and prescribers remains relatively low. Considering the potential time and cost savings associated with delegate access to PMPs, more research is needed to determine cost savings, and increasing delegation, especially as many states move towards mandatory use.

Global types with internal delegation

This paper investigates a new form of delegation for multiparty session calculi. Usually, delegation allows a session participant to appoint a participant in another session to act on her behalf. This means that delegation is inherently an inter-session mechanism, which requires session interleaving. Hence delegation falls outside the descriptive power of global types, which specify single sessions. As a consequence, properties such as deadlock-freedom or lock-freedom are difficult to ensure in the presence of delegation. Here we adopt a different view of delegation, by allowing participants to delegate tasks to each other within the same multiparty session. This way, delegation occurs within a single session (internal delegation) and may be captured by its global type. To increase flexibility in the use of delegation, our calculus uses connecting communications, which allow optional participants in the branches of choices. By these means, we are able to express conditional delegation. We present a session type system based on global types with internal delegation, and show that it ensures the usual safety properties of multiparty sessions, together with a progress property.

Facilitating integration of regulated pharmacy technicians into community pharmacy practice in Ontario: Results of an exploratory study

The integration of regulated pharmacy technicians (RPTs) into community pharmacy practice was intended to relieve pharmacists of certain technical duties to facilitate greater provision of direct patient care services, commensurate with expanded scope of practice. There is scant data available regarding the success, value and impact of RPT integration, either in Canada or in other jurisdictions. Pharmacists and RPTs working in community practices were interviewed. Qualitative data were categorized using an iterative coding process to identify themes related to barriers and facilitators to integrating and optimizing the role of the RPT in community practice in Ontario. A total of 16 RPTs and 12 pharmacists were interviewed from community sites in Ontario. Strategies for facilitating successful integration of RPTs into daily workflow were identified, based on 4 major themes: environmental factors, interpersonal factors, professional identity formation and innovative use of delegation. Integration of RPTs into community practice is complex and requires careful management, planning, training and follow-up to ensure attainment of objectives. Simply hiring RPTs and placing them into existing workflow patterns is generally not a successful implementation strategy. Implementation strategies identified through this study can provide employers, managers, pharmacists and RPTs with opportunities to enhance RPT integration and optimize the role of both pharmacists and RPTs in community practice.

Luxembourg

This Technical Note discusses the findings and recommendations made in the 2017 Financial Sector Assessment Program for Luxembourg in areas of regulation, supervision, and systemic risk monitoring of fund management. Certain structural elements of the Luxembourg fund management industry, particularly the extensive use of delegation and concentration of fund directorships, merit increased supervisory analysis and attention beyond the current activities. The Luxembourg framework for liquidity management tools compares favorably with its peers at both the EU and international level. Information on leverage of funds is of potential relevance from a systemic risk perspective. The Luxembourg authorities have also been actively monitoring and contributing to discussions on the EU money market funds regulation.

Delegation: a Power Tool for Department Chairs in Saudi Universities

Within the multiple responsibilities for which department chairs are responsible, the skills of delegation make department chairs more effective leaders. Administrative delegation is not a way of escaping responsibilities or avoiding complicated tasks; rather it is a way of building trust and collegiality in the academic department. However, not all delegations produce positive effects or used in away that enhance the development of the people who performed the delegated tasks. Different perspectives and views affect the use of delegation, as the interviews with department chairs and faculty members indicated in this study. Effective delegation entails assigning tasks with a brief explanation of the expected result, express the sense of confidence and trust that the delegated task will be fulfilled. In addition, the sense of appreciation inspires others to reach their potential.

Governança Corporativa: Conflitos de Agência em Cooperativas de Crédito Mineiras

This study (descriptive and qualitative) investigates the conflicts of credit cooperatives in mining that agency adopt the management by delegation and specifically examines the use of delegation to reduce conflicts; identifies the conflicts that separate ownership and management; investigates if the members understand that the informational asymmetry and the difficulty of monitoring favor the emergence of these conflicts. Through case studies, interviews were semi-structured and content analysis, aiming to answer: Which agency conflicts are present in mining credit unions? Stood out in the theoretical reference: Jensen; Meckling (1976), Tosini; Bastos (2008), Ventura (2009) and Francisco (2014). Credit unions are part of the marginalized in the economy, have diffuse property and hinder direct participation. So, because of informational asymmetry, the difficulty in monitoring the management and the divergence of interest between stakeholders, the delegation of control to third parties seeking to reduce agency conflicts.

Nurse Managers’ Attitude and Competency Towards Delegation in Jeddah City

Delegation is the key for nurse managers and future leaders in order to guarantee productive outcomes. The use of delegation in nursing management can solve many issues including nurse shortages. The study aimed to describe nurse managers’ attitude and competency to delegate effectively in a hospital setting. Descriptive correlational design was used which is a type of non-experimental design to collect data from five hospitals, first is University Hospital affiliated to King Abdulaziz University, other four hospitals are affiliated to the Ministry of health. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used to recruit 90 nurse managers. Data were collected by a questionnaire to measure nurse mangers, attitude and competency in delegation. In general nurse managers were unsure about their attitude towards delegation, but agreed that it saves time. Regarding competency, nurse managers’ agreed on the importance of competency and that communication is an important part of delegation. All nurse managers agreed that they were familiar with their legal responsibility regarding delegation. The study concluded that there is a highly significant correlation between the attitude and competency where Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.000**. This study recommended that nurse managers should communicate and facilitate the delegation process through developing clear guidelines as well as creating an environment that supports delegation, resolution of conflict and encourages teamwork.

Registered nurses' experience of delegating the administration of medicine to unlicensed personnel in residential care homes.

The aim was to describe registered nurses' experience in the context of delegating the administration of medication to unlicensed personnel in residential care homes. The residents in residential care homes have a need for extensive care and nursing, and large amounts of medicines are common practice. Registered nurses' workload and difficulties in fulfilling their duties, such as administration of medicines, have led to frequent delegation of this task between the registered nurses and unlicensed assisting personnel. It is, of course, a great responsibility to ensure that the care of the older people remains safe while maintaining quality in the prevailing situation. A qualitative inductive descriptive study. Data were collected using audio-recorded semistructured interviews with a purposive sample of 18 registered nurses and interpreted using manifest content analysis. The study was approved by the ethical research committee. Registered nurses found the organisation unsupportive with regard to nursing interventions. The delegation context was experienced as a grey zone; the rules and regulations were not in line with the unspoken expectation to delegate the administration of medicine to unlicensed personnel, in order to be able to manage their daily work. The slimmed organisation of residential care homes relies upon registered nurses' use of delegation of medicine administration to unlicensed assistant personnel. It becomes an inevitable assignment entailing a challenging responsibility for patient safety and the quality of care. The results of this study may contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of caring for older people in residential care homes and to improving the work environment of all healthcare personnel.

Effects of Work Life Balance on Staff Performance in the Telecommunication Sector in Kenya

Work-life balance practices have positive impact on employee performance in an organisation in as much as work life imbalance has also been proved to have side effects of wellbeing of employees. This study looked at the effect of work life balance on staff performance in the telecommunication sector in Kenya. It used role theory and spill over theory to support the research. Descriptive research design was adopted in order to provide a framework to examine current conditions, trends and status of events regarding work life balance. The target population of the study was 390 senior staff working at Safaricom, Airtel, Telkom Kenya’s Orange and Essar Kenya’s Yu Headquarters in Nairobi. The study focused on the three levels of management who are directly dealing with the day to day management of the companies. Stratified random sampling technique was used since population of interest is not homogeneous and could be subdivided into groups or strata to obtain a representative sample. Structured questionnaires were used as method of data collection. Data analysis was done using both qualitative and quantitative methods. From the findings, it was evident that work life balance factors such as long working hours, overtime, lack of vacation, family responsibilities and family work conflict all negatively affects staff performance at work. The study recommended among others that companies in the telecommunication sector in Kenya need to review overtime working policy; introduce rotational work; adopt use of delegation and support employees through counseling and resources to meet family expectations and responsibilities. Finally, this study suggests that future studies explore other work life balance factors that could affect staff performance

Leader-member exchange and job performance

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) and job performance and the utility of delegation and participation as mediators of the aforementioned relationship.Methodology– A survey approach was used in this research. Regression analyses, including mediation analyses, on data from 268 employees in a large public sector organisation were conducted.Findings– The findings revealed that both delegation and participation were significant mediating variables of the relationship between LMX and job performance.Research limitation– The limitations of the study include the use of self-report and cross-sectional data. Future research could include multi-source data, and a longitudinal research design.Practical implication– The implications of the findings for theory and management are discussed, including the use of delegation and participation as effective instruments for developing and maintaining strong manager-employee relationships to improve social capital and enhance job performance.Originality value– This paper enhances understanding of LMX, and sheds some light on how LMX and participative decision making can influence employee job performance.

여러 공급업체와 공동개발에서의 협업전략과 제품개발 성과

In collaborative product development with multiple suppliers, buyers must manage the suppliers’ activities. This empirical research investigates the performance impacts of three strategies that buyers use to manage suppliers who design interdependent components. These strategies are: Instructionism (giving clear instructions to suppliers), Teaming (forming an interactive development team with suppliers), and Delegation (transferring component development responsibilities to suppliers). Data were collected through a cross－industry web-based survey of buying firms in manufacturing industries whose products require multiple, interdependent components. A path analysis utilizing 318 survey responses indicates that Instructionism has a positive effect on design quality, and Teaming has a positive effect on design quality and component innovation. The use of Delegation is not related to any of the performance indicators. The practical implication of this research for product development managers is that both Instructionism and Teaming can be effective strategies. For the purpose of assuring design quality, a buyer should give clear instructions in detailed specifications or work closely with suppliers in development teams. If competitive priority is product innovativeness, however, the buyer should work closely with its suppliers during component development processes using a Teaming strategy.

Delegation revisited: how delegation can benefit globally-minded managers

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine how the effectiveness of delegation as a management practice is impacted by various factors such as manager cognition, perceived subordinate competence, and cultural differences. This research may help global business leaders to better understand how cultural differences may impact managerial functions and how to manage culturally diverse employees.Design/methodology/approach– This paper is based upon a conceptual discussion of delegation as it has been studied in the past and a reflection on the ways in which past research can usefully inform current trends in the use of delegation as a management practice.Findings– A model is proposed that suggests that the effectiveness of delegation in a local context is a function of the global leader’s cognitions and perceptions of their subordinates. Further, it suggests that this relationship is moderated by the local cultural context in that some cultures may be opposed to being delegated authority.Research limitations/implications– This paper presents a conceptual framework and therefore empirical applicability of this model must be proven.Originality/value– Delegation is an under-researched management practice. This paper contributes to the delegation literature by exploring its value to management in a global context.

Shifting competences and changing preferences: the case of delegation to comitology

The article examines how changes of powers in the inter-institutional balance have affected the willingness of the Commission and the Council to delegate legislative power to comitology committees. Starting from the assumption that actors seek to maximize their institutional power in order to increase their influence over policy outcomes, we argue that changes of institutional rules affect their willingness to adopt legislation through comitology procedures. We examine the effects of the introduction of the 1999 comitology decision, which increased the competences of the Commission in the comitology procedure by abolishing the ‘double safety net’. We show that the Commission has proposed delegation to management and regulatory committees more extensively since the adoption of this decision. Surprisingly, the Council – which saw its own competences reduced by the decision – did not put up significant resistance to the more frequent use of delegation.

The Spanish Parliament and legislative delegation (1844–1849)1

A study of executive power and the legislative elaboration process during the reign of Isabel II leads to an understanding of one of the government's distinctive features. During the rule of the Moderate Party (1844–1854), and despite the fact that according to the Constitution of 1845 the legislative initiative lay with the king and the parliament, the ministerial initiatives prevailed over parliamentary proposals by means of legislative delegation. The lack of constitutional regulation brought about the existence of several types of delegation. Contemporaries noted their excessive use arising from the fact that it was very easy to govern with this system and, above all, because they were granted to all governments without political distinction. A paradigmatic illustration of the use of delegation is the Spanish Penal Code of 1848. This was because of the scope of its contents (the code put an end to the Ancien Regime in Spain) and because it had a structure and a scientific orientation which were going to exert a recognised influence, not only on Spain's subsequent Spanish Penal Codes until reaching the one in force from 1995, but also in Latin America. The Penal Code was equally important, because it clearly shows how the chambers themselves were not only unable to limit the government's capacity to introduce law, but even enlarged it by conferring upon the latter extraordinary powers for its future reform, limited by the only condition that the government had to inform the chambers once the reforms had been completed. An analysis of parliamentary debates allows us to understand the position of the moderate and progressive parties towards this practice.