Use Of Creatine Supplementation Research Articles

Creatine supplementation effect on oxidative stress and physical exercise

This article explores the role of creatine supplementation in the processes of oxidative stress during exercise. Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between the formation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which degrade biogenic substances: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), proteins, lipids, and can lead to tissue damage. In the course of physical activity, there is a physiological increase in the processes of oxidative stress. Although intense exercise contributes to oxidative damage to muscle fibers, regular physical activity enhances the ability of cells to eliminate excess ROS. Moderateintensity exercise has been shown to increase antioxidant protection. Endogenous antioxidants cannot completely prevent oxidative damage under physiological and pathological conditions (high-intensity and elevated training). The latter can cause endogenous antioxidant imbalance and increase oxidative stress. Scientific studies show the presence of an antioxidant effect in creatine and demonstrate that the use of creatine supplements increases adaptation to physical activity.

The Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation in Improving Cognitive Performance in Adolescents: A Phase-II, Triple-Blind, Randomized Study Protocol

Background/Aims: Creatine supplementation has demonstrated cognitive benefits in neurodegenerative conditions, having a protective effect in the brain's function in stressful situations, with excellent safety (Watanabe et al., 2002). However, any beneficial effects on the cognitive performance of healthy adolescents underperforming in school is unknown. Our objective is to assess whether creatine supplementation improves cognitive performance in 15- to 17-year-old students with an average school grade below the 50th percentile. Methods: This will be a phase-II, triple-blinded, randomized, parallel-group, superiority, single-center trial. Students with grades below the 50th percentile in the prior semester will be enrolled and randomized to receive juice packages containing either creatine monohydrate supplementation (0.1 mg/kg/day), or placebo, for 12 weeks. The primary outcome will be the mean difference in change of Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) scores from baseline to week 12 between groups. To achieve a 90% power for detecting a 3-point difference in change in the RSPM score, and accounting for drop-out, 116 participants will be included. Secondary outcomes will include the difference in processing speed (SpaceCode), working memory (SpaceMatrix), non-visual memory (backward digit span), percentage change in lean mass, and any safety events. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this will be the most comprehensive study assessing creatine supple-mentation in adolescents. This is a low-risk intervention that has been shown to improve cognitive function in other populations. This study will potentially support the widespread use of creatine supplementation in adolescents with low school performance, while having a positive impact on this population.

Role of creatine and creatine precursors supplementation on cardiovascular system physiology and pathophysiology

This essay aims to show the state of the art in the use of creatine supplementation and precursors in the physiology and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system. Also, show the prospects and plausibility of using the aforementioned supplements to prevent and improve the prognosis of heart disease patients.

Creatine supplementation in the pediatric and adolescent athlete-- A literature review

BackgroundAn increase in intra-muscular creatine through supplementation has been proposed as a strategy for improving muscle performance and recovery, with studies showing some benefit for adult athletes who rely on short, explosive movements. We reviewed and summarized the current literature on creatine supplementation in a pediatric and adolescent population. MethodsThe databases PubMed and EMBASE were queried to identity articles related to the use of creatine supplementation in a healthy pediatric and adolescent population according to the guidelines established by PRISMA. The abstracts of all articles were reviewed to determine relevancy, with those meeting the pre-defined criteria included in the final review. ResultsA combined total of 9393 articles were identified. Following application of filters and review of abstracts, 13 articles were found to meet criteria and were included in the final review. There was a total of 268 subjects across all studies, with mean age ranging from 11.5 to 18.2 years. More than 75% of the studies were randomized-controlled trials, and 85% involved either soccer players or swimmers. The overall quality of the studies was poor, and there were no consistent findings regarding creatine supplementation and improvements in athletic performance. No studies were designed to address the topic of safety. ConclusionsThere is a gap in the study of the safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in adolescents. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the effects of alterations in muscle composition on the growth, development, and performance of the developing athlete. Orthopedic providers should counsel their pediatric and adolescent patients on the current limitations in trying to assess the true risk and benefit of creatine supplementation for the aspiring athlete. Level of evidenceReview, III.

Creatine Supplementation for Muscle Growth: A Scoping Review of Randomized Clinical Trials from 2012 to 2021.

Creatine supplementation is the most popular ergonomic aid for athletes in recent years and is used for improving sport performance and muscle growth. However, creatine supplementation is not always effective in all populations. To address these discrepancies, numerous studies have examined the use of creatine supplementation for muscle growth. This scoping review aimed to investigate the effects of creatine supplementation for muscle growth in various populations, in which Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review framework is used to present the findings. For this study, we performed a systematic search of the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for theses and articles published between 2012 and 2021. A manual search of the reference lists of the uncovered studies was conducted and an expert panel was consulted. Two reviewers screened the articles for eligibility according to the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality was assessed using the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s (NHLBI’s) quality assessment tool. A total of 16 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were finally included. All the authors extracted key data and descriptively analyzed the data. Thematic analysis was used to categorize the results into themes. Three major themes related to muscle growth were generated: (i) subjects of creatine supplementation—muscle growth is more effective in healthy young subjects than others; (ii) training of subjects—sufficient training is important in all populations; (iii) future direction and recommendation of creatine supplementation for muscle growth—injury prevention and utilization in medical practice. Overall, creatine is an efficient form of supplementation for muscle growth in the healthy young population with adequate training in a variety of dosage strategies and athletic activities. However, more well-designed, long-term RCTs with larger sample sizes are needed in older and muscular disease-related populations to definitively determine the effects of creatine supplementation on muscle growth in these other populations.

A case of pulmonary thromboembolism possibly associated with the use of creatine supplements

Drug administration should be considered a risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in younger healthy patients. We present a case of new‐onset pulmonary embolism (PE), possibly associated with excessive creatine supplement intake. A 24‐year‐old non‐smoker male presented to the emergency department with sudden‐onset dyspnoea and chest discomfort. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography and venography confirmed PE in the left and right pulmonary artery branches and a thrombus in the left popliteal vein. The patient had no family history of VTE, and other causes of thrombophilia were unlikely. He reported a recent increase in the intensity of his workouts and the dose of his creatine supplements in preparation for a bodybuilding competition. The creatine supplements likely promoted dehydration during intense workouts and profuse sweating. He received anticoagulation therapy, and the creatine supplements were discontinued. Creatine supplements should be used cautiously when there is a higher risk of becoming dehydrated.

Assessment of Creatine in Sports Products

The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM) has at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet) conducted an assessment of creatine in sports products (e.g. supplements). The evaluation has been performed by an ad hoc group, and assessed by the VKM Panel on nutrition, dietetic products, novel food and allergy.
 
 The evaluation of safety and possible risks of creatine supplementation in this opinion is based on previous reports, 23 original papers and 14 reviews from literature searches.
 
 Marketing and sales of sport products are increasing in the Nordic countries, with creatine supplements being one of four most common categories. In addition to be used by athletes, the use of creatine supplements seems to increase among general exercisers and young people. Creatine supplements are mainly used for their supposed effects on muscles mass and high intensity and short duration sport performances. Supplementation has been shown to result in higher concentration of creatine phosphate in the muscles, which is the limited substrate.
 
 For athletes, it is recommended a loading dose of 10-20 g/day for 4-7 days and a maintenance dose of 2-5 g/day for weeks or months. Some athletes continue the maintenance dose for several years. It is well documented that creatine supplementation has positive effects on muscle mass combined with strength training and performance during maximal exercise. There are however large individual variation in the response, and there are responders and non-responders.
 
 The new scientific literature, including long term studies, is in line with the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) opinion from 2004.
 
 VKM Panel on nutrition, dietetic products, novel food and allergy supports the EFSA conclusion that supplementation of creatine in doses below 3 g/day is unlikely to pose any risks if the purity of the creatine compound is adequate. 
 
 Scientific long-term studies with doses up to 5-10 g/day in adult athletes have shown no harmful effects, but there are no dose-response studies indicating a safe upper limit for creatine. 
 
 The potential negative effects (impaired kidney function, weight gain and gastrointestinal disturbances) which have been published in non scientific journals and anecdotal reports have not found support in controlled systematic studies on healthy subjects. It has been indicated that individuals with impaired kidney functions should refrain from creatine supplements.
 
 Creatine-monohydrate is the most studied form of creatine supplements, and only creatine monohydrate has been included in the scientific investigations on adverse effects.

Risk of Adverse Outcomes in Females Taking Oral Creatine Monohydrate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Creatine Monohydrate (CrM) is a dietary supplement routinely used as an ergogenic aid for sport and training, and as a potential therapeutic aid to augment different disease processes. Despite its increased use in recent years, studies reporting potential adverse outcomes of CrM have been mostly derived from male or mixed sex populations. A systematic search was conducted, which included female participants on CrM, where adverse outcomes were reported, with meta-analysis performed where appropriate. Six hundred and fifty-six studies were identified where creatine supplementation was the primary intervention; fifty-eight were female only studies (9%). Twenty-nine studies monitored for adverse outcomes, with 951 participants. There were no deaths or serious adverse outcomes reported. There were no significant differences in total adverse events, (risk ratio (RR) 1.24 (95% CI 0.51, 2.98)), gastrointestinal events, (RR 1.09 (95% CI 0.53, 2.24)), or weight gain, (mean difference (MD) 1.24 kg pre-intervention, (95% CI −0.34, 2.82)) to 1.37 kg post-intervention (95% CI −0.50, 3.23)), in CrM supplemented females, when stratified by dosing regimen and subject to meta-analysis. No statistically significant difference was reported in measures of renal or hepatic function. In conclusion, mortality and serious adverse events are not associated with CrM supplementation in females. Nor does the use of creatine supplementation increase the risk of total adverse outcomes, weight gain or renal and hepatic complications in females. However, all future studies of creatine supplementation in females should consider surveillance and comprehensive reporting of adverse outcomes to better inform participants and health professionals involved in future trials.

Oral creatine supplementation attenuates muscle loss caused by limb immobilization: a systematic review

Abstract Introduction: Recent studies have pointing creatine supplementation as a promising therapeutic alterna- tive in several diseases, especially myopathies and neurodegenerative disorder. Objective: elucidate the role of creatine supplementation on deleterious effect caused by limb immobilization in humans and rats. Methods: Analyzed articles were searched by three online databases, PubMed, SportDicus e Scielo. After a review and analysis, the studies were included in this review articles on effect of creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle in humans and rat, before, during and after a period of limb immobilization. Results: Studies analyzed demonstrated positive points in use of creatine supplementation as a therapeutic tool to mitigating the deleterious effects of limb immobilization, in humans and rat. Conclusion: The dataset of this literature review allows us to conclude that creatine supplementation may reduce muscle loss and/or assist in the recovery of muscle atrophy caused by immobilization and disuse in rats and humans. Also, we note that further research with better methodological rigor is needed to clarify the mechanisms by which creatine support the recovery of muscle atrophy. Moreover, these effects are positive and promising in the field of muscle rehabilitation, especially after member’s immobilization.

Potential for use of creatine supplementation following mild traumatic brain injury.

There is significant overlap between the neuropathology of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and the cellular role of creatine, as well as evidence of neural creatine alterations after mTBI. Creatine supplementation has not been researched in mTBI, but shows some potential as a neuroprotective when administered prior to or after TBI. Consistent with creatine’s cellular role, supplementation reduced neuronal damage, protected against the effects of cellular energy crisis and improved cognitive and somatic symptoms. A variety of factors influencing the efficacy of creatine supplementation are highlighted, as well as avenues for future research into the potential of supplementation as an intervention for mTBI. In particular, the slow neural uptake of creatine may mean that greater effects are achieved by pre-emptive supplementation in at-risk groups.

Creatine for women: a review of the relationship between creatine and the reproductive cycle and female-specific benefits of creatine therapy.

The creatine/phosphocreatine/creatine kinase circuit is instrumental in regulating high-energy phosphate metabolism, and the maintenance of cellular energy turnover. The mechanisms by which creatine is able to buffer and regulate cellular energy balance, maintain acid-base balance, and reduce the effects of oxidative stress have led to a large number of studies into the use of creatine supplementation in exercise performance and to treat diseases associated with cellular energy depletion. Some of these studies have identified sex-specific responses to creatine supplementation, as such; there is the perception, that females might be less receptive to the benefits of creatine supplementation and therapy, compared to males. This review will describe the differences in male and female physique and physiology that may account for such differences, and discuss the apparent endocrine modulation of creatine metabolism in females. Hormone-driven changes to endogenous creatine synthesis, creatine transport and creatine kinase expression suggest that significant changes in this cellular energy circuit occur during specific stages of a female's reproductive life, including pregnancy and menopause. Recent studies suggest that creatine supplementation may be highly beneficial for women under certain conditions, such as depression. A greater understanding of these pathways, and the consequences of alterations to creatine bioavailability in females are needed to ensure that creatine is used to full advantage as a dietary supplement to optimize and enhance health outcomes for women.

23 Creatine supplementation and swimming performance; a systematic review and meta-analysis

Creatine as an ergogenic aid in sport has been an area of significant scientific research. Creatine supplementation should theoretically increase total muscle creatine and enhance the generation of intramuscular phosphocreatine and subsequent ATP formation. However the effect of creatine supplementation on swimming performance has received little attention. In swimming creatine could help maintain maximal power output, aid recovery and increase lean body mass. A literature review was conducted to identify the evidence that creatine supplementation alters swimming performance. Twenty-seven potential studies were identified, seventeen were selected for review. The studies were then categorised as swimming a short distance race (single sprint performance), or swimming a series of sprints with intervals of rest (repeated interval performance). None of the studies controlled for the multiple confounding factors associated with measurement of swimming performance. The sample size was limited, reducing the reliability of the studies and introducing the possibility of bias. The studies provided insufficient evidence to determine if creatine supplementation was beneficial. However, what data there was supported the use of creatine supplementation in repeated interval swimming rather than single sprint. From a review of the studies, it was calculated, there was a 1.5% increase in swimming performance with the use of creatine for repeated intervals and a 0.8% increase in performance for single sprint. While this may seem minor, it should be remembered swimming races are often won by much smaller margins. In the 2012 Olympics the Men’s 100 metres freestyle race was won by a margin of 0.01 of a second (0.02%). Thus even this small improvement could make a difference to the final outcome of the race.

The effect of creatine supplementation on myocardial function, mitochondrial respiration and susceptibility to ischaemia/reperfusion injury in sedentary and exercised rats

To investigate the effects of dietary creatine supplementation alone and in combination with exercise on basal cardiac function, susceptibility to ischaemia/reperfusion injury and mitochondrial oxidative function. There has been an increase in the use of creatine supplementation among sports enthusiasts, and by clinicians as a therapeutic agent in muscular and neurological diseases. The effects of creatine have been studied extensively in skeletal muscle, but not in the myocardium. Male Wistar rats were swim-trained for 8weeks, 5days per week. Hearts were excised and either freeze-clamped for biochemical analysis or perfused on the isolated heart perfusion system to assess function and ischaemia/reperfusion tolerance. Mechanical function was documented in working heart and retrograde mode. The left coronary artery was ligated and infarct size determined. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity was quantified. Aortic output recovery of hearts from the sedentary controls (CSed) was significantly higher than those from creatine-supplemented sedentary (CrSed), creatine-supplemented exercised (CrEx) as well as control exercised (CEx) groups. Ischaemic contracture of hearts from CrEx was significantly higher than that of CSed. There were no differences in infarct size and mitochondrial oxygen consumption. This study suggests that creatine supplementation has no effects on basal cardiac function but reduces myocardial tolerance to ischaemia in hearts from exercise-trained animals, by increasing the ischaemic contracture and decreasing reperfusion aortic output. Exercise training alone also significantly decreased aortic output recovery. However, the exact mechanisms for these adverse myocardial effects are unknown and need further investigation.

Can the use of creatine supplementation attenuate muscle loss in cachexia and wasting?

Weight loss and low BMI due to an underlying illness have been associated with increased mortality, reduced functional capacity, and diminished quality of life. There is a need for well tolerated, long-term approaches to maintain body weight in patients with cachexia or wasting. The purpose of this review is to highlight the scientific and clinical evidence derived from the recent literature investigating the rationale for and potential medical use of creatine supplementation in patients with cachexia or wasting. Some studies have demonstrated that supplementation with creatine can increase creatine reserves in skeletal muscle and increase muscle mass and performance in various disease states that affect muscle size and function. The mechanisms underlying these effects are not clear. It has been suggested that creatine supplementation may increase intramuscular phosphocreatine stores and promote more rapid recovery of adenosine triphosphate levels following exercise, thus allowing users to exercise for longer periods or at higher intensity levels. Other hypothesized mechanisms include attenuation of proinflammatory cytokines, stimulation of satellite cell proliferation and upregulation of genes that promote protein synthesis and cell repair. Creatine is a generally well tolerated, low-cost, over-the-counter nutritional supplement that shows potential in improving lean body mass and functionality in patients with wasting diseases. However, placebo-controlled studies have shown variable effects, with improvements in some and not in others. Additional studies with longer follow-up are required to identify the populations that might benefit most from creatine supplementation.

A model to predict 24-h urinary creatinine using repeated measurements in an occupational cohort study

Creatinine measurements can be used to standardize urinary pesticide concentrations and to estimate "completeness" of urine collections. Published statistical models exist to predict 24-h creatinine, but many were developed assuming independence among observations. Using correlated repeated measurement data collected from an occupational cohort, the objectives were to create a predictive model for 24-h urinary creatinine and to compare the predictive capability of this model to earlier published models. Using a mixed-model methodology, the appropriate covariance structure was identified and utilized to model the measurements. A backwards elimination model building technique applied to the model building data set (110 adult male subjects and 457 creatinine values) yielded a final model that included variables for body mass index (BMI), height, diabetes, allergies, medical conditions that affect kidney function, use of creatine supplements, and anti-inflammatory medications. Using an external model validation data set (21 adult male subjects' creatinine values, n=91 observations from a total of 275) the predictive performance of the model was evaluated using the mean square prediction error (MSPR) and the Pearson's correlation coefficient (r); its performance was better (MSPR=279184, r=0.43) than any of the earlier models investigated (MSPR: range 658860-393139; r, range 0.18-0.38). In conclusion, the use of a covariance structure that allowed repeated measurements for any one individual to be correlated, improved the predictive performance. For purposes of incomplete urine sample identification in observational studies, it is necessary to collect information in addition to age, gender, and BMI, which are typically used in these settings.

Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Renal Function

Creatine is a popular supplement used by athletes in an effort to increase muscle performance. The purpose of this review was to assess the literature evaluating the effects of creatine supplementation on renal function. A PubMed search was conducted to identify relevant articles using the keywords, creatine, supplementation, supplements, renal dysfunction, ergogenic aid and renal function. Twelve pertinent articles and case reports were identified. According to the existing literature, creatine supplementation appears safe when used by healthy adults at the recommended loading (20 gm/day for five days) and maintenance doses (</=3 gm/day). In people with a history of renal disease or those taking nephrotoxic medications, creatine may be associated with an increased risk of renal dysfunction. One case report of acute renal failure was reported in a 20-year-old man taking 20 gm/day of creatine for a period of four weeks. There are few trials investigating the long-term use of creatine supplementation in doses exceeding 10 gm/day. Furthermore, the safety of creatine in children and adolescents has not been established. Since creatine supplementation may increase creatinine levels, it may act as a false indicator of renal dysfunction. Future studies should include renal function markers other than serum creatinine and creatinine clearance.

State-sponsored research on creatine supplements and blood doping in elite Soviet sport.

The former Soviet Union began participating in international sport after World War II and soon achieved a dominant position in the Olympic Games and other competitions. The success of Soviet athletic programs led to charges of unfair practices but, because of secrecy surrounding Soviet research in exercise biochemistry, it has been difficult to substantiate these charges. This article presents previously restricted information regarding the development and use of creatine supplements and blood doping in the USSR. Early work by Olexander Palladin established the role of creatine in muscle function. In the 1970s, Soviet scientists showed that oral creatine supplements improved athletic performance in short, intense activities such as sprints. Subsequent studies in the West substantiated these investigations and have led to the widespread acceptance and use of creatine supplements to enhance muscle function and athletic performance. In addition, however, the Soviet government supported the development of blood doping, which is banned by the International Olympic Committee. Blood doping was pervasive in the USSR in the 1970s and 1980s, and was used by many Soviet athletes in the 1976 and 1980 Olympic Games. Open publication and discussion may help to prevent the abuses that can come from secret scientific research.

Oral creatine supplementation and skeletal muscle metabolism in physical exercise.

Creatine is the object of growing interest in the scientific literature. This is because of the widespread use of creatine by athletes, on the one hand, and to some promising results regarding its therapeutic potential in neuromuscular disease on the other. In fact, since the late 1900s, many studies have examined the effects of creatine supplementation on exercise performance. This article reviews the literature on creatine supplementation as an ergogenic aid, including some basic aspects relating to its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and side effects. The use of creatine supplements to increase muscle creatine content above approximately 20 mmol/kg dry muscle mass leads to improvements in high-intensity, intermittent high-intensity and even endurance exercise (mainly in nonweightbearing endurance activities). An effective supplementation scheme is a dosage of 20 g/day for 4-6 days, and 5 g/day thereafter. Based on recent pharmacokinetic data, new regimens of creatine supplementation could be used. Although there are opinion statements suggesting that creatine supplementation may be implicated in carcinogenesis, data to prove this effect are lacking, and indeed, several studies showing anticarcinogenic effects of creatine and its analogues have been published. There is a shortage of scientific evidence concerning the adverse effects following creatine supplementation in healthy individuals even with long-term dosage. Therefore, creatine may be considered as a widespread, effective and safe ergogenic aid.

Creatine supplementation patterns and perceived effects in select division I collegiate athletes.

To describe patterns of creatine use in select Division I collegiate athletes based on recommended dosages according to body weight. Further, to report the perceived effects noted with creatine supplementation. Anonymous open-ended self-report descriptive questionnaire. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I institution. Two-hundred and nineteen male and female collegiate athletes representing eight varsity sports. An open-ended questionnaire was administered to determine patterns of creatine use during the loading and maintenance phases of this nutritional supplement. In addition, perceived positive, negative, and no effects associated with creatine usage patterns were determined from athlete responses on this self-report measure. Considering this select group of collegiate athletes, highly variable patterns of creatine supplementation were noted for loading/maintenance phases based on recommended dosages/days and body weight. Of the 219 athletes surveyed, 90 (41%) reported using creatine, while creatine supplementation was more prevalent among men than women. Creatine users (80 athletes, 89%) reporting perceived positive effects were primarily at or below recommended dosages for the loading phase but above recommended dosages in the maintenance phase. Creatine users (34 athletes, 38%) reporting perceived negative effects were primarily at or below recommended dosages in the loading phase but noticeably above recommended dosages in the maintenance phase. Ironically, all creatine users who reported negative side effects also reported positive effects. Creatine users (10 athletes, 11%) reporting no effects were below recommended loading dosages but above recommended maintenance dosages. The perceived positive effects noted support current research (strength/weight gains), while the perceived negative effects (cramping/gastrointestinal distress) were consistent with anecdotal reports surrounding creatine supplementation. Apparently, collegiate athletes in this study are in need of education regarding the proper use of creatine supplementation. Additional studies are needed to ascertain creatine supplementation patterns of collegiate athletes in various settings.

THE EFFECTS OF CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND BODY COMPOSITION OF HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETES

357 Twenty three male high school athletes (age 16.5(0.8) yr, height 177(7.6) cm, weight 79.4 (15.5) kg) participated in a six week double blind protocol and were randomly assigned to either a creatine (Cr)(n=8), placebo (P)(n=9) or control (C)(n=6) group. Treatment groups participated in a total body resistance training program biweekly. One set of each exercise was performed at a 3 second concentric/3 second eccentric movement to concentric failure. Pre and post testing included 8RM bench press(BP), leg press(LP), shoulder press(SP), vertical jump(VJ), hydrostatic weighing(BC), and bench press maximum repetitions at 80% of 8RM(ME). Treatment groups ingested 5 g/4 × day for 5 days followed by 3g/day for 37 days of either creatine monohydrate or a placebo (maltodextrin). The following results were obtained: (Table)TableStatistical analysis by ANOVA (*p<.05) revealed significant improvement in BP, LP, SP, and LBW for both Cr and P groups. Six weeks of resistance training provides improvement in muscular strength and body composition for high school athletes but creatine supplementation did not significantly impact on the magnitude of change. The use of creatine supplementation for males ages 15-18 does not appear warranted.