Use Of Corpses Research Articles

The Corpse and Humanist Discourse: Dead Bodies in Contemporary Chinese Art

In the 1990s, a notable trend in contemporary Chinese art was the use of human corpses as material for installation art. These works were called derivative and societally harmful by critics and have been dismissed as anomalous in more recent scholarship. This paper will demonstrate that the use of corpses was the continuation of a a decade-long attempt to free art from a perceived unhealthy relationship with society through ridding the human body of ideological meaning. I argue that the use of dead bodies marks a metaphorical end to this preoccupation within the contemporary Chinese art world and paved the way for a fundamental shift in the way artists approached society as a whole.

Bloodstained

Teresa Margolles subverts the epistemic hierarchy of the archive. Her work privileges and affirms embodied memory and material meaning as essential modes for knowing, understanding, and documenting social violence. Margolles invests her concern for societal injustice through her use of bodily fluids derived from actual human corpses. Specifically, in the textile, Sutura—a work arising out of Margolles’s research at the Venezuelan-Colombian border during the migration crisis—the artist and her collaborators commemorate the life of a murdered migrant in material and method. Embroidery is utilized as a historically coded artistic form that resembles suturing and links the project with the reparative action of sewing. Using the stark and minimal representation of a straight line, embroidery is a metaphor for the narrative lines of millions of Venezuelans who have fled the country in the last decade. Similarly, the bodily material integrated into the bloodstained cloth functions to conflate textile, skin, and landscape to explore the confluence of substance, body, and place. I argue that Margolles configures a solution to the hegemony of the archive and the approach to bodily violence in Latin America more broadly. Her archival alternative and use of corpses and bodily fluids may be gruesome and ethically questionable, but the works are also reminders of the perpetual acts of violence inflicted on forgotten bodies.

The Italian law on body donation: A position paper of the Italian College of Anatomists

In Italy, recent legislation (Law No. 10/2020) has tuned regulations concerning the donation of one’s postmortem body and tissues for study, training, and scientific research purposes. This study discusses several specific issues to optimise the applicability and effectiveness of such an important, novel regulatory setting.Critical issues arise concerning the learners, the type of training and teaching activities that can be planned, the position of academic anatomy institutes, the role of family members in the donation process, the time frame of the donation process, the eligibility of partial donation, or the simultaneous donation of organs and tissues to patients awaiting transplantation. In particular, a universal time limit for donations (i.e., one year) makes it impossible to plan the long-term use of specific body parts, which could be effectively preserved for the advanced teaching and training of medical students and surgeons. The abovementioned conditions lead to the limited use of corpses, thus resulting in the inefficiency of the whole system of body donation.Overall, the donors’ scope for the donation of their body could be best honoured by a more flexible and tuneable approach that can be used on a case-by-case basis.Furthermore, it is deemed necessary to closely monitor the events scheduled for corpses in public nonacademic institutions or private enterprises. This paper presents useful insights from Italian anatomists with the hope of providing inspiration for drafting the regulations.In conclusion, this paper focuses on the critical issues derived from the recently introduced Italian law on the donation and use of the body after death and provides suggestions to lawmakers for future implementations.

Red Corpses: A Microhistory of Mass Graves, Dead Bodies, and Their Public Uses

What happens to corpses produced by armed conflicts? This question may seem simple: most bodies are buried, more or less quickly, in mass graves. However, the time between death and the moment when the human remains are inhumed deserves to be studied. This article focuses on the situation in the Urals at the end of the Civil War (1918–1919). The fights between the Bolsheviks and their opponents resulted in many casualties. The Bolsheviks gave a fundamental, and rather unusual, importance to the bodies of ‘their’ dead and attached a specific political significance to them. They developed a politics of corpses, using them in public space to assert their power. The bodies of dead Red fighters were brought back to symbolic places, resulting in impressive public funerals across the city of Yekaterinburg in 1918. Their burial sites became contested territories, protected by the authorities but derided by their opponents. After their final victory in 1919, Bolsheviks displayed their dead as proof of the cost of their struggle. Mutilated bodies were shown to carry the stigmata of sacrifice. The inventory and identification of victims became a central and immediate requirement. Inquiry commissions questioned witnesses and looked for mass burials and abandoned corpses. Mass graves were searched, cadavers exhumed and made visible. The public use of corpses was, however, not limited to identification purposes. The display of dead bodies, which is not unusual in Orthodox culture, took on a special political dimension. There was mass dissemination of the sight of death through these public monuments and the use of photography. We must especially stress the topographical importance of the displayed death: the exhumed bodies were used to tell of victory, to make control of the territory explicit. The memorialisation of some mass graves completed the process. In Yekaterinburg, but also in more distant localities, monuments were erected. They were meant to materialise the sacrifice of so-called ‘communards’ and the peculiar place of the Civil War in the narrative of the new Bolshevik regime, honouring the memory of the dead and mobilising the living.

Ethical and legal analysis of scientific research on corpses in Brazil

Abstract Currently there is an increasing interest in publications on the use of corpses for research in Brazil and worldwide. Scientific evidence reveal that these studies have little ethical and regulatory control. In Brazil, the regulation of this subject is scarce and scattered among laws and sublegal normative acts, hindering the knowledge of ethical and legal practices adopted by researchers. This article analyzes the laws and norms for scientific research on corpses in Brazil through a corpus that underlies this type of research. From the 1940-2012 period, we found seven documents of the Brazilian legislation that gather information for ethical and clear research. Finally, we present guidelines and a protocol to be followed by researchers for the development of ethical and legal studies with corpses in Brazil.

Advances in HealthCare teaching

The objective in this article, the realization of a patent mapping on medical education, especially using simulators, since we know that in the teaching of medicine, the development of technical and motor skills in practice is essential, and historically, this training happens with the use of corpses, small animals and later monitoring procedures. With all the advent of technological innovation, financial, cultural and social changes demanded the emergence of new teaching technologies, and through this study, one of the utilities of the technological mapping of the activity can be confirmed through patent documents, which is to obtain the technological evolution of a given subject, in this case: use of models, including simulators in medical education. The temporal evolution of patent documents referring to medical education peaked from 2009 to 2018, and above all, it can be concluded that the latest technologies are models of simulators and there are indications from the United States in exporting this technology to Brazil. recent. From this mapping, it is possible to subsidize technological innovation strategies and assist in the promotion of policies and legislation aimed at stimulating national entrepreneurship and the generation of business opportunities.

Anatomical software as a tool in the teaching‐learning process of human anatomy. Literature Review

IntroductionFor several decades and centuries, the use of corpses and plastic samples have been the gold standard for teaching human anatomy in undergraduate. The constant technological evolution worldwide has not left human anatomy behind. In relation to this, since the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century an enormous amount of anatomical software has been developed to support the teaching of human anatomy. which have been well accepted by both students and academics, but to date they have not been an academic revulsion to be the gold standard tool in the teaching of human anatomy.MethodsA systematic search of the literature in different databases was carried out to answer the following research question: Does the use of anatomical software improve the teaching‐learning process of students of human anatomy? The articles were filtered through criteria of inclusion and exclusion defined by the authors of this review (Fig 1). The search was done using the following terms: “Anatomical software”, “anatomical education”, “learning anatomy”, “3D anatomical”, the terms were joined through the boolean connectors “AND” “OR” “NOT”, with the above more sensitivity was given to the search strategy of Potentially readable items.ResultsThe analysis of the full‐text studies revealed that there is a wide variety of studies available in the scientific literature, which detail how these technological tools contribute to the study of human anatomy, although 65 studies were found when conducting our search that met the inclusion criteria established, when analyzing only 8 reported that the software was used for the use of learning in undergraduate or graduate students (Table 1). The analysis of all studies was measured through short questionnaire surveys or saturation surveys in which the students presented their experiences and degree of satisfaction with anatomical software through guided questions previously established by the authors. The other number of studies only analyzed the quality of the software or detailed the processes of elaboration of these. Another of the relevant things that have been analyzed is that most of the software used in the articles corresponded to skull software. The distribution is detailed in table 2.ConclusionThis review leaves us with quite a lot of questions especially in relation to the fact that our question addressed how anatomical software could influence the teaching‐learning process since no study related how software influences this process. We hoped to find that answer through some type of evaluation or some type of brain activation analysis which would allow us to analyze some cortical areas that will be enhanced with the use of software, given the above we believe that this leaves a window open for the realization of new studies that can address the previously proposed in order to attribute characteristics of the anatomical software available for the study of human anatomy and how to use them in different teaching processes.Support or Funding InformationUniversity of the Americas (Chile) Summary of studies that conducted their studies on students of human anatomy. Author and year Title Number of subjects evaluated Type of evaluation Sofware used Effects on learning Agbetoba A, 2018 Educational Utility of Advanced 3‐Dimensional Virtual Imaging in Evaluating the Anatomical Configuration of the Frontal Recess 45 ENT students and 20 medical students from five academic institutions. Survey RadiAnt Dicom Viewer Version 1.9.16 from Medixant, Pozan, Pland) Compared to a 3D software When asked which learning modality most helped to understand the spatial orientation of the frontal sinus, 56 students (86%) chose 3D learning, 3 students (5%) chose traditional 2D learning, and the remaining 6 students (9%) reported no difference between the two modalities. Chen P. 2018 Teaching Residents Frontal Sinus Anatomy Using a Novel 3‐Dimensional Conceptualization Planning Software‐Based Module 50 subjects Evaluate the recognition of frontal sinus structures. Scopis building block Participants in the FSMC using innovative software demonstrated improvements in the ability to Softwares disponibles en la literature cientifica para el studio de la anatomia humana. Software available in the scientific literature for the study of human anatomy Software name Software link Specific contents of the software RadiAnt Dicom Viewer Version 1.9.16 from Medixant, Pozan, Pland) http://www.radiantviewer.com/radiant‐dicom‐viewer‐standard.php. 2D sphenoid bone Use of Amira software, version 5.2 https://www.thermofisher.com/cl/es/home/industrial/electron‐microscopy/electron‐microscopy‐instruments‐workflow‐solutions/3d‐visualization‐analysis‐software/amira‐life‐sciences‐biomedical.html Creation of an eye model with specific structures. SPM5 https://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm5/ Brain 3D‐Slicer https://www.slicer.org/ Pterygopalatine fossa Scopis building block https://scopis.myshopify.com/ Frontal Sinus VOXEL‐MAN TemopoSurg https://www.voxel‐man.com/gallery/temposurg/ 3D frontal bone The Chinese Visible Human Project http://www.visageimaging.com/ Neck, specifically larynx InVesalius https://www.cti.gov.br/pt‐br/invesalius Skull Itk‐SNAP http://www.itksnap.org/pmwiki/prnwiki.php Skull VuePACS3D https://es.allypacs.com/?gclid=CjwKCAiA66_xBRBhEiwAhrMuLelC5M2K164Ejh‐‐ Skull

Lack of Corpses for Teaching and Research

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to address the importance of providing unclaimed corpses and cadavers donated for use in studies, focusing on the training of health professionals, the improvement of professionals already trained in this area and the advance of research, mainly in surgical techniques, in the scope of educational and research institutions, both public and private. It seems unanimous, among the authors who deal with the matter, the view that the use of corpses is irreplaceable in technical training and professional development. There is, however, a lack of the material in question, which in turn is due to a series of difficulties raised here, such as the lack of regulation centers that manage the flow of capture and distribution of cadavers and the decrease in the number of unclaimed corpses. The following problem is thus defined: on the one hand, there is a clear need to obtain human remains for basic education in the health area – fundamentally in the disciplines of Anatomy – for the improvement of professionals in this area and for research – such as the disciplines of surgical techniques –; on the other hand, the lack of cadaveric material is evident, a fact that, by consequence, has been compromising the final quality of health services, especially those of surgical nature. A bibliographic survey was carried out aiming to know the state of the art on the current legislation and on the Bills currently submitted to the National Congress. It was found that, despite the existence of legislation concerning this matter, it is necessary to have legislative-normative improvement to encompass the several demands, including those of the emerging technologies. The legislative process is very slow, taking into account the need indicated here, considering the significant increase in the number of courses in the health area. It is necessary, therefore, that urgent measures be taken to supply the needs in the area, which must necessarily take place through legal and regulatory norms.

Lack of Corpses for Teaching and Research

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to address the importance of providing unclaimed corpses and cadavers donated for use in studies, focusing on the training of health professionals, the improvement of professionals already trained in this area and the advance of research, mainly in surgical techniques, in the scope of educational and research institutions, both public and private. It seems unanimous, among the authors who deal with the matter, the view that the use of corpses is irreplaceable in technical training and professional development. There is, however, a lack of the material in question, which in turn is due to a series of difficulties raised here, such as the lack of regulation centers that manage the flow of capture and distribution of cadavers and the decrease in the number of unclaimed corpses. The following problem is thus defined: on the one hand, there is a clear need to obtain human remains for basic education in the health area – fundamentally in the disciplines of Anatomy – for the improvement of professionals in this area and for research – such as the disciplines of surgical techniques –; on the other hand, the lack of cadaveric material is evident, a fact that, by consequence, has been compromising the final quality of health services, especially those of surgical nature. A bibliographic survey was carried out aiming to know the state of the art on the current legislation and on the Bills currently submitted to the National Congress. It was found that, despite the existence of legislation concerning this matter, it is necessary to have legislative-normative improvement to encompass the several demands, including those of the emerging technologies. The legislative process is very slow, taking into account the need indicated here, considering the significant increase in the number of courses in the health area. It is necessary, therefore, that urgent measures be taken to supply the needs in the area, which must necessarily take place through legal and regulatory norms.

Anatomical practice at Göttingen University since the Age of Enlightenment and the fate of victims from Wolfenbüttel prison under Nazi rule

This report briefly summarises anatomical practice at Göttingen University from its founding in 1737 until the Nazi period and gives a detailed account of how Nazi death penalty legislation and execution practice at Wolfenbüttel prison influenced the decision-making of the anatomists in charge at that time. Problems in the procurement of corpses, encountered almost continuously throughout Europe since the broad introduction of dissection into medical training in the early 18th century, were absent in Göttingen during periods of overt progress in anatomical sciences, e.g. under Albrecht von Haller (in office 1736-1753) and Jacob Henle (1853-1885), and at times when existing regulations were rigorously enforced by the authorities (1814-1851). Ample availability of corpses in the wake of more than 600 executions in Wolfenbüttel between 1935 and 1945 was curtailed only by transportation fuel shortages and resulted in the dissection of more than 200 Nazi victim corpses in the Göttingen anatomy course. Apparently, neither individual offers of voluntary body donation (dating from 1932 to 1937 and published here as the earliest documents of this kind), nor the strong tradition of high-level anatomical research, nor even the awareness of the University's Age of Enlightenment origin, prevented the unethical use of corpses of Nazi victims for medical teaching. The Göttingen example may add "historical and moral detachment" under unusual political and wartime pressures to the "clinical and emotional detachment" thought to prevail amongst anatomy personnel (Hildebrandt, in this issue); together with the other reports it calls for all anatomists to bear in mind their ever present ethical obligations in respect to activities involving the use of corpses, both in medical schools and in the public domain.

The use of executed Nazi victims in anatomy: Findings from the Institute of Anatomy at Gießen University, pre- and post-1945

There is increasing evidence that both during the time of National Socialism, and in the post-World War II-period, the corpses of executed victims of the Nazi regime, as well as body parts taken from them were used for teaching and research purposes in German anatomical institutes. The paper addresses the related issues by looking at the case of the Institute of Anatomy at Gießen University whose director, Ferdinand Wagenseil, is documented to have had certain political reservations towards the Nazi regime, but at the same time used the situation to get access to more corpses, most likely for teaching purposes. On a second level, new archival sources are used to explore to what extend corpses and body parts of Nazi victims were used in the post-WW II period. One central aim in this context is the reconstruction of the identities of these victims for the purpose of acknowledgment of the atrocities committed to them, appropriate remembrance, and to possibly enable the respectful burial of the remaining body parts. Further, the case raises the question how anatomists during and after the Nazi period justified for themselves the use of corpses from executed political prisoners, and what might be potential explanations for their reasoning. The historical evidence documents an attitude and value hierarchy which is aware of the disregard of dignity or human rights in the case of the Nazi victims, but which perceives this disregard as of minor relevance compared to the needs of medical teaching, or medical research. It is argued that this mental attitude is not specific for the Nazi period, but that it has been brought to an extreme manifestation in this specific context.

Opinion on Ethical Issues Raised by the Use of Corpses for Preservation or for Exhibition in Museums

Article Opinion on Ethical Issues Raised by the Use of Corpses for Preservation or for Exhibition in Museums was published on March 1, 2012 in the journal Jahrbuch für Wissenschaft und Ethik (volume 16, issue 1).

Pedro Ara anatomic museum

Museums where anatomical pieces are exhibited are disappearing. The advance of the computer together with the advance of conventional and three-dimensional radiology makes the organs to be exposed without practicing dissection and the virtual images replace the real ones in the educational process. Some current laws that restrict the use of corpses and fetuses for obituary and exhibition studies have also contributed to the tendency.The anatomical museum, today named Pedro Ara, was founded in December 1920 and it exhibits anatomic works from the embryonic stage to old age, contributing unbeatable teachings to the medical sciences and the general public. The museum is located in the Angel Roque Suarez Anatomic Institute in the Clinical National Hospital which depends on the National University of Cordoba. It is visited daily by hundreds of people from all over the world.The museum owns 1211 pieces that combine ethical, scientific, aesthetical and educational values achieving a realization that received international acknowledgement. The most valuable exhibited work is 'Old man's head' made by Professor Pedro Ara in 1928–1929 (Figure 1), which, owing to its high quality, is in an impeccable and unharmed condition despite being exhibited for 80 years.Other authors, such as Professor Humberto Fracassi, also enriched the museum with their work and we, convinced that it favors and will favor our human formation and professional training, have the privilege of being their heirs and the responsibility of being their followers.

- Anatomy during the third reich - The institute of anatomy at the university of Marburg, as an example

A complete documentation of German anatomical science and its representatives during the period of national socialism has not been published as yet — contrary to the situation in other medical disciplines. Instead of German anatomists, American anatomists have occasionally addressed this issue during their meetings and have reported on special aspects, such as the use of Nazi symbols in anatomical textbooks and atlases (Pernkopf 1952) and the use of corpses of justice victims for anatomical research and student education. Also, the genesis of the atrocious collection of “racial” skulls, initiated along with the SS-institution of the “Ahnenerbe” by the anatomist August Hirt of Strasbourg (who ordered more than 90 inmates from concentration camps to be murdered in the gas chamber built in the concentration camp of Natzweiler-Struthof close to Strasbourg, Alsace) has been described by Frederic Kasten and others. A broader view of the patterns of behaviour and political actions and fates of contemporary scientists, ranging from dismissal to clandestine opportunism, affirmative cooperation and fanatic activism can be obtained by the analysis of the activities in research, medical education and academic positions of the following members of the Institute of Anatomy at the Philipp-University in Marburg: Ernst Göppert, Eduard Jacobshagen, Ernst-Theodor Nauck, Adolf Dabelow, Helmut Becher and Alfred Benninghoff, whose activities and fates differ in several respects and allow more general deductions. Also, the individual fates of a number of prosecuted Jewish anatomists (Wassermann, München; Poll, Hamburg), of devoted and active members of the Nazi party (Clara, Leipzig; Blotevogel, Breslau) and of criminal fanatics (Hirt, Strasbourg; Kremer, Münster) are briefly discussed. The present contribution is an attempt to initiate a more detailed study of all German departments of anatomy during the Hitler regime and to generate a public discussion among the younger generation of German anatomists.

Criminal Liability for the Unauthorized Use of Corpses for Medical Education and Research

Criminal Liability for the Unauthorized Use of Corpses for Medical Education and Research

The Use of Corpses for Medical Education and Research: The Legal Requirements

The Use of Corpses for Medical Education and Research: The Legal Requirements