Use Of Computer-based Systems Research Articles

Analysis Forecasting Sales With Single Exponential Smoothing Method

Currently, as we know that the use of computer-based systems, almost everyone's activities depend on computer-based systems. one that is currently very adequate in the use of the application is the sales system, in this research the problem faced by the company is the difficulty of determining the amount of inventory stock each month. The reason is because the number of types of goods is not small so this is the cause of the lack of fulfillment of consumer demand every day. Companies that do have a number of inventories whose stock or inventory is on a large scale, so it needs a special system in this control so that the required inventory is always met, the point is for the company's income to increase even more. Researchers as technology-savvy people provide ideas for companies to use a system that can minimize the lack of goods inventory. This is what the researcher wants to solve the problem with the single exponential smoothing method. Because the method used can do fortune-telling in the short term for example 1 month ahead. The results of this study succeeded in predicting the amount of inventory in stock every month.

Bringing the Forest Home: Lessons Learned during the COVID-19 Pandemic about E-Planning in Community Forestry Contexts

This paper examines “e-planning,” or the use of computer-based systems to conduct planning and decision-making, in the context of community forest management. E-planning is growing in the field of environmental planning, as it promises greater equity in terms of public participation. However, a lack of scholarly work exists on the applicability for forest planning. During the COVID-19 pandemic, county foresters and other natural resource professionals in Vermont turned to e-planning when safety restrictions limited their ability to engage in face-to-face efforts. This provided an opportunity to collect empirical data about the potential for e-planning to support the public engagement process in the context of forest planning. We provide an overview of e-planning theory and examine data from Vermont to explore the promise of e-planning for forest management. We make recommendations about the applicability of e-planning in the context of forest planning, and highlight areas for future research to investigate.Study ImplicationsPublic participation is an important component in the planning and management of public forestland. The use of e-planning, or the use of computer-based systems to conduct planning and decision-making, increased during the COVID-19 pandemic as a way to safely continue public participation efforts. Our paper suggests that e-planning may be a powerful tool for engaging both new and current stakeholders. However, we caution that there are challenges associated with e-planning, particularly issues related to technology and internet access. We encourage public land managers to consider whether e-planning is applicable to the communities they serve.

Sistem Informasi Akuntansi Siklus Pendapatan Pada Usaha Bengkel Budi Barokah Sokaraja

Abstract: Computer-based accounting information systems can be used by companies to improve the efficiency, effectiveness and accuracy of the processes of business transactions that occur in the company. The income accounting cycle which is one of the cycles in an accounting information system needs attention because this cycle produces revenue transactions which are a financial source for the company. The use of computer-based systems in this cycle can also provide added value in the form of improving services to customers. To implement a computer-based accounting information system, a software is needed to process revenue transactions. In this study, the authors developed an application of accounting information systems to process transactions in the income cycle found in vehicle workshop businesses. This application processes transaction data starting from ordering repair services, recording spare parts usage, repair service fees, bill payments and and making income reports on workshop business activities.
 
 Keywords: revenue cycle, repairation service, accounting information system

Machine Learning for Fluid Property Correlations: Classroom Examples with MATLAB

Recent advances in computer hardware and algorithms are spawning an explosive growth in the use of computer-based systems aimed at analyzing and ultimately correlating large amounts of experimental and synthetic data. As these machine learning tools become more widespread, it is becoming imperative that scientists and researchers become familiar with them, both in terms of understanding the tools and the current limitations of artificial intelligence, and more importantly being able to critically separate the hype from the real potential. This article presents a classroom exercise aimed at first-year science and engineering college students, where a task is set to produce a correlation to predict the normal boiling point of organic compounds from an unabridged data set of >6000 compounds. The exercise, which is fully documented in terms of the problem statement and the solution, guides the students to initially perform a linear correlation of the boiling point data with a plausible relevant variable (the ...

Identification of Onopordum pollen using the extreme learning machine, a type of artificial neural network

Pollen grains are complex three-dimensional structures, and are identified using specific distinctive morphological characteristics. An efficient automatic system for the accurate and rapid identification of pollen grains would significantly enhance the consistency, objectivity, speed and perhaps accuracy of pollen analysis. This study describes the development and testing of an expert system for the identification of pollen grains based on their respective morphologies. The extreme learning machine (ELM) is a type of artificial neural network, and has been used for automatic pollen identification. To test the equipment and the method, pollen grains from 10 species of Onopordum (a thistle genus) from Turkey were used. In total, 30 different images were acquired for each of the 10 species studied. The images were then used to measure 11 morphological parameters; these were the colpus length, the colpus width, the equatorial axis (E), the polar axis (P), the P/E ratio, the columellae length, the echinae length, and the thicknesses of the exine, intine, nexine and tectum. Pollen recognition was performed using the ELM for the 50–50%, 70–30% and 80–20% training-test partitions of the overall dataset. The classification accuracies of these three training-test partitions of were 84.67%, 91.11% and 95.00%, respectively. Therefore, the ELM exhibited a very high success rate for identifying the pollen types considered here. The use of computer-based systems for pollen recognition has great potential in all areas of palynology for the accurate and rapid accumulation of data.

Analysis of a Multilevel Diagnosis Decision Support System and Its Implications: A Case Study

Medical diagnosis can be performed in an automatic way with the use of computer-based systems or algorithms. Such systems are usually called diagnostic decision support systems (DDSSs) or medical diagnosis systems (MDSs). An evaluation of the performance of a DDSS called ML-DDSS has been performed in this paper. The methodology is based on clinical case resolution performed by physicians which is then used to evaluate the behavior of ML-DDSS. This methodology allows the calculation of values for several well-known metrics such as precision, recall, accuracy, specificity, and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). Analysis of the behavior of ML-DDSS reveals interesting results about the behavior of the system and of the physicians who took part in the evaluation process. Global results show how the ML-DDSS system would have significant utility if used in medical practice. The MCC metric reveals an improvement of about 30% in comparison with the experts, and with respect to sensitivity the system returns better results than the experts.

Perspective Making

Constructivism has recently gained popularity, although it is not a completely new learning paradigm. Much of the work within e-learning, for example, uses constructivism as a reference “discipline” (explicitly or implicitly). However, some of the work done within the simulation gaming (SG) community discusses what the basic assumptions and implications of constructivism for SG are. Constructivism provides one theoretical approach to the use of computer-based systems and, as such, deserves careful consideration. The author's view is that SG researchers—as SG is a transdisciplinary field—should seek to do research that is acceptable in terms of other disciplines and need to go back to the original texts in the reference discipline to gain genuine appreciation of the arguments being proposed. This is an aim of this article. Another aim of this article is to provide theoretical tools with which to enhance SG argumentation development and debriefing.

A survey of the information management and technology training needs of doctors in an acute NHS trust in the United Kingdom.

Doctors need information skills to deliver health care in the 21st century. There is concern that those who trained before the 'information age' will be inadequately equipped for their work. To assess doctors' use of computers for clinical tasks, and their knowledge and skills in health information management and technology. Questionnaire survey. An acute NHS trust in the UK. 96 (83%) of all doctors in the trust responded. Proportion of respondents reporting the following: use of computer-based systems for clinical tasks, knowledge in eight health informatics topics, skills in using specific hardware and software applications. Also comparison of reported skills between senior and junior staff; proportion of doctors identifying specific training needs. All but one (1%) of the responding doctors used a computer regularly. Over three quarters of respondents reported they were semi-skilled or fully skilled in basic office applications, though the juniors scored significantly more highly than the seniors for some applications. However, 44% of doctors reported no skills in database software, identifying this as a training need. Around half of the doctors were unaware of health informatics topics, including electronic patient records, the Caldicott report and data protection law. In each case the senior doctors were significantly more aware than the juniors of the topic in question. Both junior and senior doctors have basic computer literacy, but nearly half of this population identify the use of database software as a training need. In addition, there are several health informatics topics of which a large proportion of doctors, particularly the juniors, have little knowledge, but which have not been identified as training needs. Some recommendations are made for provision of in-house health informatics education for doctors.

Classifying and Coding Design and Construction Information

The search for new approaches to design-construction information integration through the use of computer-based systems is invariably hindered by the need to adopt appropriate representational schemes for the design information by several professions architects, structural engineers, service engineers, quantity surveyors, and by small groups of sub-constructors. Lack of developed coding, classifying and catalogue systems has the greatest impact on the development of integration and the transfer of product information in the light of computer operation. These has been the cause of major problems in the transfer of information between these various bodies (1,14). A proposed design and construction information classifying and coding scheme that facilitates the exchange and manipulation of information in construction projects, while maintaining compatibility with existing classification systems involved in documents like specifications and bills of quantities, will be presented.

Meta-analysis of the effect of the use of computer-based systems on the metabolic control of patients with diabetes mellitus.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate, through a meta-analysis study, whether the use of computer-based systems reported in the literature improves the metabolic control of diabetic patients. On the retrieved papers, a set of meta-analysis studies were performed: first the difference of HbA1c between cases and controls at follow-up was evaluated (sign test); then the difference between cases and controls in the total variation of HbA1c from the beginning to the end of the trial was considered (method of effect sizes). The latter methodology was reapplied also on three more homogeneous article subgroups. The sign test was performed on 16 papers: in two of them, the HbA1c level was higher in the intervention group than in the control group at follow-up: it is unlikely that this is a random occurrence (p < 0.01). The method of effect sizes was first applied to 13 papers, as in the others some needed data were missing: the results obtained showed a statistically significant amelioration of metabolic control in the intervention group in comparison to the control group (p < 0.01). A progressive reinforcement of this outcome was obtained on the trial subgroups. Our study supports the hypothesis that the use of computer-based systems can be an effective means of improving metabolic control. The differential benefit obtained in the amelioration of HbA1c does not justify, by itself, the applicability of such systems into clinical practice; additional investigations should be carried out to evaluate the enhancement of other clinical and organizational indicators.

The drug discovery and development process in the new millennium.

Remarkable changes are taking place within the world of pharmaceutical research and development (R&D). In the early 1900s, the discovery of a first generation of pharmaceuticals relied on chemistry and serendipity. Only relatively small molecules could be synthesized, and they were tested in vivo. Medicines were largely palliative, technology was relatively primitive, and the research process was manually based and labour intensive (Table 1). After World War II, biology and empiricism were at the core of the second-generation pharmaceutical industry. An understanding of the biology and pathophysiology of disease was beginning to develop. Drugs could be designed to treat specific diseases and were tested in vitro through labourious experimental work. Larger, more complex molecules could be developed, and eventually recombinant proteins could also be synthesized. Laboratories became automated, and data were managed with the use of computer-based systems. Now, on the cusp of the 21st century, we are entering the third generation of pharmaceutical R&D. In this generation, the driving forces for therapeutic advance are the demands for safe, effective, value-added, evidence-based medicines that are preventive and also curative. Advances will be based on human genetics, robotics and miniaturization. Drugs of the future will likely be selected and tested in silico – ie, using advanced computer-based technologies. Strategic alliances, joint ventures and collaborative academic links will spur enormous growth in this burgeoning industry.

Management automation in Saudi Arabia: a case study of a developing country

The use of computer-based systems by managers in developing countries is often limited by lack of support. One aspect of such support - financial provision - tends to be less of a hindrance in Saudi Arabia than in many developing countries. The study of Saudi managers presented here shows that there are, consequently, similarities between computer-based activities in Saudi Arabia and the UK. There are also significant differences. Saudi managers tend to be more enthusiastic than their British counterparts about the value of computer-based systems. A factor here is the more recent application of such systems in Saudi Arabia. One drawback is that the national networking infrastructure in Saudi Arabia is less well-developed than in the UK, so that electronic communication external to firms is more limited. This is reflected in the relatively low use of electronic mail made by Saudi managers. Despite the availability of funding in Saudi Arabia, the country still suffers from a computer skills shortage. Consequently, Saudi firms are more dependent than British firms on external advice concerning computer systems and their use. These differences have implications for the development of computer-based systems in other developing countries.

Target volume definition in radiation therapy.

Target volume definition in radiation therapy is a broad field of interdisciplinary research. We give a brief history of clinical research in this field and outline some remarkable steps which led to the well-defined target volume concepts. The challenges in target volume definition for high-precision conformal radiation therapy are discussed, and possibilities of improving target volume definition, such as the integration of modern imaging modalities and the use of computer-based systems to support the radiation oncologist are indicated, as well as novel techniques for increasing the accuracy of patient positioning. All these tools should be evaluated with regard to their potential for increasing the therapeutic ratio and, as appropriate, should be implemented in clinical practice. However, target volume definition is a complex process influenced by many factors, currently under investigation. While questions remain in this field, and the impact of the influencing factors is not defined, the process of target volume definition should remain the subject of clinical research.

Guest editorial: Integrating organizational and cognitive approaches towards computer-based systems

There are two strong psychological research traditions concerned with improving our understanding of computerbased systems, one predominantly focused on organizational issues, the other on cognitive matters. The former incorporates a number of interconnected research topics, including socio-technical systems theory, labour process theory, the study of job demands and job design, and the more general literature examining the links between technology and organizational structures and processes. The latter has a more individualistic focus on research and development into the nature and quality of the interface and the interaction between human and compute r. Unfortunately these two traditions have operated almost independently of one another. Indeed, Clegg (1994) has argued that the organizational and cognitive approaches in this area are differentiated in a number of ways, including: the issues they address; the levels of analysis; the research styles and methods in use; the underlying research paradigms; the application domains; and the outputs. Nevertheless, there are some signs that the different communities can work more closely together. This special issue explores opportunities for integrating organizational and cognitive approaches to our understanding of the development and use of computer-based systems in organizations. The goals are to improve our understanding of practical situations and to develop our conceptua l and methodological tools. This special issue comprises seven papers. All the authors are applied psychologists concerned with developing a better understanding of the ways in which new computerbased systems are developed, implemented, used, evaluated and managed in organizations. They work in Germany, the Netherlands, the UK, and the USA. Their common focus is on the human and organizational aspects of new computer-based systems, though some also have a keen interest in more technical matters. Their concerns include human computer interaction, work organization and job design, organizational structures and processes, the management of change, the role of end users, and so on. All have a theoretical interest accompanied by a very applied and practical focus. Gardner, Chmiel and Wall report a laboratory study of fault diagnosis on a simulated robotics produc tion line. Their argument is that ® eld studies within organizational psychology and organizational behaviour more generally, have widely demonstrated that job designs which give operators greater responsibility and control, for example over computer-based equipment, result in increased levels of performance. But such studies do not demonstrate why this is the case. Their experiment offers a cognitive understanding and appreciation of what may be happening in such situations, drawing on ideas concerned with implicit learning. In this instance, the impact of an organizational choice of working practices requires a cognitive analysis. Furthermore, a cogni tive appreciation of how people learn in such complex systems holds implications for how organizations manage the practice of training. Sonnentag also describes a laboratory study, in this case, of 35 software designers working individually on a standardized design task. Her emphasis is on trying to uncove r some of the cognitive strategies and activities that designers undertake when approaching a design task. She argues that the strategies adopted by the designers proved to be in uenced by their normal work situation, in particular the amount of control they have over their work. Sonnentag provides an argument that cogni tive behaviours are in uenced by organizational practices and arrangements. Heinbokel, Sonnentag, Frese, Stolte and Brodbeck describe

User sensitisation and orientation: a case study of postgraduates in the medical sciences

A programme to sensitise and orient postgraduates in the medical sciences regarding certain aspects of information and information systems in the medical sciences is described. The programme placed relatively greater empha sis on efficient and effective use of computer-based systems, especially on the user interface; medical personnel develop ing personal databases, particularly of case records of patients, discussion papers, reports, etc, and networking through exchange of specialised information. Topics pre sented and discussed: (i) working definition and scope of data, information and knowledge; (ii) health professionals as generators, recorders, communicators, disseminators and users of information; (iii) information needs in problem solving, decision making, planning, research, teaching, com munication with people at large and awareness of develop ments; (iv) necessity for a detailed analysis, structuring, precise expression of information to be stored in informa tion systems and of users' queries; (v) framework for analysis of information need; (vi) data and information generation by medical professionals; (vii) information transfer channels; (viii) institutional information potential: records and people; (ix) information system capabilities and user problems; (x) information communication: oral and written; barriers to effective communication; (xi) infor mation technology and its role; (xii) user-machine interface: problems and solutions; (xiii) user participation in in- house information system design and development; (xiv) computer-based information systems: overview; (xv) types of databases: functions and contents; (xvi) design and development of databases by medical professionals, demon stration and practice: case records of patients, biblio graphic, factual, etc, using MicroIsis; information retrieval; searching CD-ROM Medline; full-text CD-ROM databases. The presentations included lectures, case studies, discus sion, demonstrations and hands-on exercises; use of over head transparencies and data show pad for computer output projection, a variety of local object-oriented and bibliographic databases and CD-ROMs. Course evaluation: almost all participants responded positively to every ques tion, indicating that the topics covered and the methodology used were quite acceptable and useful to them.

Management Decision Support Systems: From Theory to Practice

Simon C. H. Wong is Head of Academic Programmes in the School of Continuing Education at Hong Kong Baptist University. He argues that the use of computer-based systems for management decision support has increased rapidly in recent years. In this paper he examines the theoretical aspects of decision support systems. The models of management and decision-making processes and frameworks which such an approach entails are discussed. The possibilities of the use of computers to support effective educational administration using such an approach are illustrated using practical examples.

Computer support for strategic organizational decision-making

While information systems continue to be promoted within organizations as tools to support strategic decision-making, there is growing concern over the ability of such systems to model the social and political complexity of the situations to which they are being applied. This paper examines the nature of organizational decision-making and the use of computer-based systems to support this activity. The debate queries the extent to which such artifacts should be allowed to become enmeshed and embedded within the strategic decision-making activities of organizations which operate within increasingly complex environments.

The use of computer-based systems in the resource management of a developing national distance education programme

This paper examines the resource management requirements in developing national distance education programmes through a review of the organizational approaches adopted in different countries, primarily at tertiary level. The cost structure of distance education vis-a-vis conventional education is outlined and the resource implications of alternative organizational approaches are briefly examined. The co-operative approach adopted in Ireland for the implementation of a national distance education programme is described. The cost-effective use of computer-based management systems in administration and of computer-based text production is detailed.

PC-Based product-selection systems to enhance fire safety in construction

Growing use of PCs in offices has been accompanied by increasing dependence on these systems to accomplish construction/specification and CAD-based design tasks. The combination of product performance and characteristic data with PC-based data storage and retrieval techniques is a newly developed example of this. Storage techniques utilized range from floppy disks on single systems through those loaded to hard disks or ROM systems, such as compact disks containing hundreds of megabytes of information. The combination of artificial intelligence techniques to aid the specifier are particularly useful where complex code-mandated fire performance requirements exist. Using through penetration fire-stopping technology as an example illustrates how such technology can assist architects, designers and specifiers. Computer workstations—both PCs and Macs—are increasingly finding their way into the design and specification work implicit in constructing buildings. Because of the growing complexity of requirements for fire performance of these structures, use of computer-based systems to aid in choosing the right components to maintain fire safety levels makes good sense. Coupling artificial intelligence approaches—i.e. quasi-expert systems—to selection of such products with viewing of drawings can reduce design professionals' work loads and provide increased advantages for designers, specifiers, enforcement officials and product manufacturers and marketers.

Computerization and Social Transformations

This article examines the relationship between the use of computer-based systems and transformations in parts of the social order. Answers to this question rest heavily on the way computer-based systems are consumed -not just produced or dissemtnated. The discourse about computerezation advanced in many professional magazines and the mass media is saturated with talk about "revolution, " and yet substantial social changes are often difficult to cdentcfy in carefully designed empirical studies. The article examines qualitative case studies of computerization in welfare agencies, urban planning, accounting, marketing, and manufacturing to examine the ways that computerization alters social life in varced ways: sometemes restructuring relationships and in other cases reinforcing existing social relationships. The article also examines some of the theoret ical issues in studies of computerization, such as drawing boundaries. It concludes with some observations about the sociology of computer sctence as an academic discipline.