Use Of Clove Oil Research Articles

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance clove oil.

The conclusions of the EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authority of the rapporteur Member State, Malta, for the pesticide active substance clove oil are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council. The conclusions for the amendment of approval were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative use of clove oil as a preharvest nematicide on tomatoes and cucumbers (permanent greenhouse use). The representative use evaluated for the renewal of approval of clove oil was as post-harvest fungicide and bactericide on apples, pears and peaches (indoor uses). The reliable endpoints appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment are presented. Endpoints not relevant to the scope of the proposed amendment of approval conditions will be addressed in the context of the renewal of approval procedure of clove oil running in parallel (AIR IV, EFSA Q-2016-00809). Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified.

Nature's Gift: Syzygium Aromaticum

From ancient times to now, cloves have been utilized in traditional and culinary practices. Syzygium aromaticum, also known as clove, is extracted from the buds of a flowering plant that belongs to the Myrtaceae family. This oil comprises 85% Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol), 5.5% Eugenyl acetate, and 1.5% β-caryophyllene. S. aromaticum is known for its antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. S. aromaticum has multiple beneficial effects, including antifungal, antiemetic, antispasmodic, analgesic, antiseptic, anticarcinogenic, antiallergic, and anti-mutagenic activity. However, there is a lack of comprehensive information available in the current literature. To ensure the safe and effective use of clove oil, it is important for health professionals to receive adequate training through in-service programs, symposiums, conferences, and congresses. It is crucial to remember that clove oil contains powerful chemical compounds, and uncontrolled use may result in harm. Therefore, it should only be used under the supervision of a health team. It is recommended to raise public awareness about the proper use of clove oil by health professionals.

The clove oil effect on faunting time and survival rate of Oreochromis niloticus

To overcome excess residues and fish mortality rates during transportation, natural ingredients, namely clove oil, can be used. Compounds in clove oil are considered safe because they use natural ingredients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using clove oil as an anesthetic agent with different doses on the length of time of unconsciousness and survival rate of tilapia. This research was conducted from May to June 2023. This research was carried out at the Bungus Fish Seed Center, Padang, and West Sumatera. The method used in this study is the experimental method. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment used in this study is use of clove oil with different doses. Treatment A1 = 0.5 ml L-1 water, A2 = 1 ml L-1 water, A3 = 1.5 ml L-1 water and A4 = 2 ml L-1 water. Observations of changes in tilapia behavior and water quality were analyzed descriptively, while the length of time of stupor and survival of tilapia obtained during the study were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). To see the differences between treatments, the Duncant Multiple Range Test (DMNRT) was performed. Data is processed using the SPSS 26 program. The conclusion that can be considered in this study is that the administration of clove oil with different doses as an anesthetic has a significant effect on the longest induction time, on the length of time the fish were unconscious, the length of time the fish regained consciousness and survival rate of tilapia. In treatment A2 with a dose of 1 mL L-1 of water, it was optimal to stun tilapia for 244 minutes with a survival of 88.89%.Keywords:Clove oilFish transportationTilapia

Potential Use of Clove Oil Diluted in VCO On Contaminated Wound Healing

Essential oils, including clove oil, has been used broadly through human civilization due to its multiple benefits, including its utilization as natural antiseptics. In spite of its benefits, clove oil can cause irritation if applied neat to the skin, thus a carrier oil is needed for topical application of clove oil. Clove oil together with virgin coconut oil as a carrier, has potential synergic benefit if applied on contaminated wounds due to its enhanced antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of topical application of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil diluted in Virgin Coconut Oil on contaminated wound. This study was a quasi-experimental research with post-test only control group design. Clove oil that had been diluted in VCO was applied on contaminated excisional wound in white male rat wistar strain once daily. The wound was inflicted using unsterilized scalpel. The wound was then left exposed to the environment without any dressing and the healing process was then evaluated by measuring the wound area percentage once every four days for sixteen days. Friedman analysis used in this study showed a significant result (p<0,001) and Concentration of 5% clove oil diluted in VCO was found to be the most effective concentration based on the measurement of wound area percentage on the last day of measurement. This study concludes that the topical application of clove oil diluted in VCO showed a significant difference in wound healing process.

A simple and low-cost method to visualize musculature and other aspects of anatomy by confocal microscopy.

Confocal microscopy study of musculature and other anatomical structures in whole-mount preparations of arthropods and some other cuticle-bearing animals often presents a significant difficulty because the cuticle poses a barrier to fluorescent dyes and their pigmented tissues can cause attenuation of fluorescent signal. This paper describes a simple and inexpensive procedure based on the use of clove oil as a tissue-clearing, staining, and mounting medium that helps overcome the problem of slow dye penetration and tissue opaqueness and allows muscles and several other organ systems to be visualized by confocal or epifluorescent microscopy. This clove oil-induced fluorescence (COIF) method relies on the ability of clove oil to accumulate in muscles and some other tissues and become steadily fluorescent if irradiated at 488 nm. For this method, animals were fixed in 70% ethanol or 4% formaldehyde, then dehydrated and mounted in clove oil. Heavily pigmented animals were additionally bleached in hydrogen peroxide prior to the dehydration step. The COIF method showed excellent results in all major groups of arthropods and some mollusks and annelids revealing the three-dimensional arrangement of muscles, gonads, glands, cellular nuclei and some parts of the nervous and digestive systems. In the other animal groups tested, clove oil stained all tissues making it difficult to observe the anatomical details. The COIF method is advantageous in some respects over other methods such as phalloidin staining because of its tissue penetration and clearing abilities, low cost of the reagents, resistance to photodamage and the possibility of staining museum specimens.

Influence of the method of preparation of clove oil emulsion on the anaesthetic effect in fish (on the example of Clarias gariepinus

In aquaculture, the use of clove oil as a natural anaesthetic for hydrobiontes is gaining popularity. There are several ways to prepare an aqueous emulsion for anaesthesia, which creates a problem for technologists in choosing the most effective one. The purpose of the study was to compare the anaesthetic effect of clove oil in three methods of preparation of the mixture on the youth of the African clary catfish. The study was conducted at the Centre for Aquatic Bioresources and Aquaculture of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. Research methods – Ichthyological and statistical. The activity of a water-based clove oil preparation was evaluated using three methods: hot, cold, and alcohol. Experimental material – juvenile fish of the clary catfish with an individual body weight from 22 to 285 g. Experimental conditions: the experimental material was kept without feeding for a day before the start of the study; fish anaesthesia was performed in the water at the temperature of +26 0C; the duration of manipulations with each fish was minimal. The effectiveness of various methods of preparation of the emulsion was evaluated by the duration of fish entry into the state of anaesthesia and withdrawal from this state. The advantage of the hot method of preparing an aqueous emulsion of clove oil over the other two is established: the duration of fish entry into anaesthesia was 22% shorter compared with the cold method, and 12.3% – with the alcohol method (p ≤ 0.05). The duration of fish recovery from anaesthesia with the hot method of preparation of the mixture was also shorter: compared to the cold method – 18% (p ≤ 0.05), with the alcohol method – 43.2% (p ≤ 0.001). Using correlation analysis, a relationship was established between the duration of fish entry into the state of anaesthesia and the individual body weight of the fish. Degree of binding: high for hot (r = 0.606) and alcohol methods (r = 0.529) and medium for a cold method of preparation of an anaesthetic mixture (r = 0.385). The results obtained are of practical value for improving the method of anaesthesia of fish using clove oil

Phytodentistry: A nature’s gift to dentist!!!!

Oral cavity harbours more than 700 species of micro-organisms. Imbalance in acidogenic and aciduric bacterial causes initiation of Dental caries whereas anaerobic bacteria lead to periodontal disease. Treatment of these diseases use of various chemicals which may have unpleasant taste, allergic reaction or toxicity even can cause financial burden. To overcome this, alternative therapeutical agents which are safer to oral tissues as well as economical. Plants can be better alternative and they are used as Medicine since ages. Ayurveda and Chinese traditional medicine has mentioned the various medicinal properties of these plants. The use of plants / their products can be dated through old eras like use of neem bark or miswak for cleaning the teeth, use of clove oil for dental pain relief. In Ayurveda, methods like Dant Dhavani, Jivha Lekhana, Gandusha and Tissue regeneration therapies are recommended for oral health and involves use of plant or plant extract. Each Plant is the power house of the various chemicals known as phytochemicals which have numerous medicinal actions. Application of these phytochemicals in the dental science is the Phytodentistry. Phytodentistry can be expounded as the use of plants and their extract for the treatment or prevention of various dental diseases.

Mechanical Properties of Whey Composite Edible Film with the Addition of Clove Essential Oil and Different Types of Plasticizer

The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanical properties of the composite whey edible film with the addition of clove oil and different types of plasticizers. This research was conducted as a laboratory experiment and the variables observed were the mechanical properties of the composite whey edible film. This research was conducted using a Factorial Completely Randomized Design consisting of Factor A (clove oil concentration: 5%; 10% and 15%) and Factor B (a type of plasticizer): sorbitol and polyethylene glycol. The results showed that the percentage value of elongation with the use of clove oil was 46.00-63.01% and the use of plasticizers resulted in 49.56-57.33%. The value of tensile strength using clove oil resulted in 7.76-7.9 N and the use of plasticizers from 7.74-8.05N. WVTR film with the use of clove oil 7,00-7,31 g/m2.day-1 and the use of plasticizer resulted in a value of 7,09-7,16 g/m2.day-1, for the microstructures showed a film surface that still showed oil droplets and no homogenization process but no cracks occurred in the film. Composite whey edible film with the addition of clove oil and a different type of plasticizer can produce good film mechanical properties.

Effects of clove oil on behavioral reactivity and motivation in Nile tilapia

Essential oils have been used as potential substitutes for synthetic anesthetics in aquaculture. In this context, the oil extracted from parts of the clove plant (Eugenia caryophyllata) has been used as anesthetic. This oil has been considered effective, since induces anesthesia quickly, reflex recovery is brief and has low mortality rate. However, it is unknown whether there are changes in stimuli reactivity and behavioral motivational in fish after anesthesia recovery. As the effects of anesthetics are on the central nervous system, it is plausible to assume such possibilities. Here we tested this hypothesis using Nile tilapia, a relevant species for aquaculture. Operationally, we measured elements of feeding and aggressive behaviors to infer effects on reactivity to stimuli and motivation. For this, using the bath exposure technique, we submitted the fish to 3 different conditions: 1) negative control (without anesthetic) and two alcoholic solutions of clove oil diluted in water 2) 50 mg/l and 3) 100 mg/l. Tilapia were anesthetized by bathe exposure into buckets until reach the classic stage II of anesthesia. After, they were introduced into test aquaria (1 fish per aquarium) for future observations. Control fish (0 mg/L) were exposed to the same procedures and remained into the buckets until the longest period for one of the fish in the batch to reach stage II of anesthesia. Tilapia were kept in the aquaria for 4 consecutive days and, while the feeding behavior was evaluated daily, the aggressive behavior was evaluated on the second and fourth days. Here, we provide evidences that clove oil did not affect reactivity to stimuli and motivation regarding these evaluated behaviors. Thus, we reinforce the safe use of clove oil in aquaculture practices that require anesthesia in fish.

In vitro Antibacterial Effects of Salvia sclarea, Eucalyptus Globulus and Eugenia Caryophyllata Essential oils Against Multidrug Resistant Corynebacterium spp Clinical Isolates

Objectives: Multidrug resistant Corynebacterium species are increasingly reported as the ethiological agent of various clinical infections. Thus, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of three essential oils Salvia sclarea, Eucalyptus globulus and Eugenia caryophyllata against Corynebacterium species. Methods: Twenty-four multidrug resistant strains including C. striatum, C. amycolatum, C. urealyticum, C. aurimucosum, C. imitans, and C. jeikeium were used in the study. Inhibition diameter zone, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericide concentration of these oils were determined using agar disc diffusion method and microdilution method. Tigecycline was used as positive control. Results: Our study showed that Eugenia caryophyllata had the best activity. Eucalyptus globulus extract exhibited a moderate activity and Salvia sclarea was inactive against all the species tested. We found that C. amycolatum was more resistant to the essential oils than other species. On the other hand, tigecycline was effective on the majority of the strains (37.5%), but his action was lower than Eugenia caryophyllata oil. Conclusion: These results support the use of clove oil as a natural alternative to treat infections caused by multidrug resistant corynebacteria.

Anesthetic Activity of Clove Oil (Eugenol) on the Lake Van Fish (Chalcalburnus tarichi Pallas, 1811)

The use of clove oil (eugenol) as an anesthetic for Lake Van fish(Chalcalburnus tarichi), an endemic cyprinid fish species ofLake Van basin, was examined. Induction times were determined to be ≥35, <4, <3, <2, < 2 and ≥1 min at 20, 40,50, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L clove oil concentrations, respectively. Recovery times upon 10 min of exposure to eugenol were determined respectively to be >3, >4,>3, >4,>6 and >8 min clove oil can be considered as a suitable anesthetic for Chalcalburnus tarichi and an optimum anesthetic concentration of 50 mg/L is recommended.

Quality of giant clam (Tridacna derasa) juveniles as non–target organisms after exposure to clove oil in concentrations suitable for anaesthetising ornamental fish

The use of clove oil as an alternative to cyanide has proven effective for catching several types of ornamental fish on coral reefs. However, it is very important to evaluate the post-exposure condition of non-target organisms in coral reef ecosystems where ornamental fishing occurs, such as juvenile tridacnid clams. The aim of this study was to analyse the condition of juvenile clams (Tridacna derasa juveniles, size class 3-4 cm shell width) after exposure to clove oil at the concentrations found effective for ornamental fish capture. A factorial experimental design was used with 7 clove oil concentrations (control, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm, 50 ppm, 60 ppm, 70 ppm) and 5 post-exposure times (1,5,9,13 and 17 days) with 3 replicates per treatment. The juvenile clams were acclimatized for a week before being exposed to clove oil for 5 minutes, then transferred to a recovery aquarium for 60 seconds before being placed in holding aquaria. The density and mitotic index of the zooxanthellae in the clam mantles were measured for each treatment and time. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) between control clams and those exposed to clove oil with concentrations from 20 - 70 ppm in either the density or the mitotic index of zooxanthellae present. These results indicate that juveniles of the clam Tridacna derasa did not experience a significant decline in quality (condition) after a short exposure to clove oil, such as might typically occur if clove oil was used in ornamental fishing on coral reefs.

Transport and Recovery of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata L.) Sedated With Clove Oil and MS-222: Effects on Stress Axis Regulation and Intermediary Metabolism.

Transport processes between aquaculture facilities activate the stress response in fish. To deal with these situations, the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis releases cortisol, leading to an increase in circulating energy resources to restore homeostasis. However, if the allostatic load generated exceeds fish tolerance limits, stress-related responses will compromise health and welfare of the animals. In this context, anesthetics have arisen as potential agents aiming to reduce negative effects of stress response. Here we assessed the effects of a sedative dose of clove oil (CO) and MS-222 on hallmarks involved in HPI axis regulation and energy management after simulated transport, and further recovery, in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles. Fish were placed in a mobile setup of water tanks where transport conditions were simulated for 6 h. Sedation doses of either CO (2.5 mg L−1) or MS-222 (5 mg L−1) were added in the water tanks. A control group without anesthetics was also included in the setup. Half of the animals (n = 12 per group) were sampled immediately after transport, while remaining animals were allowed to recover for 18 h in clean water tanks and then sampled. Our results showed that the HPI axis response was modified at peripheral level, with differences depending on the anesthetic employed. Head kidney gene-expressions related to cortisol production (star and cyp11b1) matched concomitantly with increased plasma cortisol levels immediately after transport in CO-sedated fish, but these levels remained constant in MS-222-sedated fish. Differential changes in the energy management of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, depending on the anesthetic employed, were also observed. The use of CO stimulated amino acids catabolism, while MS-222-sedated fish tended to consume liver glycogen and mobilize triglycerides. Further studies, including alternative doses of both anestethics, as well as the assessment of time-course HPI activation and longer recovery periods, are necessary to better understand if the use of clove oil and MS-222 is beneficial for S. aurata under these circumstances.

Evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and ecotoxicity of nanoemulsions containing Mancozeb and Eugenol

Mancozeb is a fungicide widely used in agriculture, mostly against the pathogen Glomerella cingulata responsible for the rot of ripe grape, but presents high toxicity. Strategies are sought to reduce the toxicity of this fungicide and alternative treatments are welcome. An alternative could be the use of clove oil, which has Eugenol as its major compound, and has antifungal potential against G. cingulata, however, Eugenol is susceptible to degradation processes which may compromise its efficacy. The nanoencapsulation of Mancozeb and Eugenol is a possible strategy to overcome the limitations of toxicity, solubility and instability of these compounds. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop nanoemulsions containing Mancozeb (0.1 mg/mL) and Eugenol (33 mg/mL), isolated or associated, and evaluate the safety of these formulations through cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and ecotoxicity tests. Nanoemulsions were developed by the spontaneous emulsification method, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated in healthy human cells through MTT, Dichlorofluorescein diacetate and Picogreen tests, and ecotoxicity assessment was carried out using the chronic toxicity test in springtails. After preparation, the physicochemical characterization of the nanoemulsions were performed which presented mean particle size between 200 and 300 nm, polydispersity index less than 0.3, negative zeta potential and acid pH. The nanoencapsulation was able to avoid the reduction of the cell viability caused by Mancozeb, while Eugenol was shown to be safe for cell use in both free and nanostructured forms, however the association of the two active compounds showed toxicity in the higher doses of Mancozeb. In the ecotoxicity tests, both free Mancozeb and Eugenol forms presented high toxic potential for soil, whereas the nanoencapsulation of these compounds did not cause a reduction in number of springtails. Therefore, from the tests performed, it was possible to observe that nanoencapsulation of Mancozeb and Eugenol is a safe alternative for the application of these compounds mainly in agriculture.

A time course study of glucose levels and innate immune response in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) after exposure to clove oil-eugenol derived anaesthetic

Clove oil is used as an anaesthetic for many species of fish worldwide; however, relatively few studies have assessed its effects on the innate immune response on these species. The present work aimed to investigate the effects of clove oil-eugenol derived anaesthetic on some humoral and cellular immune response in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). To compare with an unexposed control group, fish were exposed to 55 ppm clove oil for 5 min, before being sampled at 1, 24 and 48 h post-exposure. Serum glucose level was also measured to obtain information on the fish physiological response after clove oil anaesthesia. One hour after exposure the haemolytic complement activity of fish was lower than in the unexposed group. By contrast, the leucocyte peroxidase activity in head-kidney was significantly stimulated 24 h after exposure to clove oil-eugenol. The rest of innate immune parameters evaluated and the glucose levels not were affected by clove oil exposure at any sampling point. Overall, the use of clove oil at 55 ppm as anaesthetic did not seem to alter the innate immune response and neither did it trigger a stress response. The use of clove oil-eugenol derived had become common practice in aquaculture, and its use with gilthead seabream can be considered safe as it does not cause immunodepression in anesthetized fish.

Eco-Friendly Acaricidal Effects of Nylon 66 Nanofibers via Grafted Clove Bud Oil-Loaded Capsules on House Dust Mites.

Acaricidal nylon 66 fabrics (AN66Fs) grafted with clove oil-loaded microcapsules (COMCs) were developed against Dermatophagoides farina (D. gallinae). The average diameter was about 2.9 µm with a range of 100 nm–8.5 µm. COMCs carried clove oil loading of about 65 vol %. COMCs were chemically grafted to electrospun nylon nanofibers by the chemical reactions between –OH groups of COMCs and –COOH end groups of nylon fabrics to form ester linkages. AN66Fs had an effect on D. farinae depending on COMCs loadings. The increase in COMCs loading of AN66Fs from 5 to 15 wt % increased from 22% to 93% mortality against D. farinae within 72 h. However, AN66Fs containing over 20 wt % COMCs were more effective, showing up to 100% mortality within 24 h because the large amount of monoterpene alcohol, eugenol. This research suggests the use of clove oil and its major constituent eugenol as eco-friendly bioactive agents that can serve as a replacement for synthetic acaricides in controlling the population of D. farinae.

Effectiveness of topical clove oil on symptomatic treatment of chronic pruritus.

Pruritus is a frequent symptom in the general population and in many skin and systemic diseases. Its frequency demonstrates a high burden and an impaired quality of life. Assessment of the efficacy of topically applied clove oil alone in the treatment of chronic pruritus. Fifty selected subjects diagnosed with chronic pruritus due to either hepatic, renal, or diabetic causes were studied and divided into two groups of 25 patients each. Group I patients were instructed to hydrate the skin and then apply topical clove oil while group II patients applied petrolatum topically by hand; this application was done on the areas of pruritus, twice daily and for 2weeks. The severity of the itch was assessed and compared before and after the study by 5-D itch scale. The results were analyzed by SPSS. Statistical methods such as descriptive analysis, independent-samples t-test, paired-samples t-test, and chi-square were employed. There was a significant improvement regarding all studied individual parameters (5-D itch scale) for the clove oil users with no significance among petrolatum users. Comparison of 5-D itch scale total score between patients of group I and patients of group II favored the improvement following the use of clove oil than using placebo (P value>.05). The topical treatment of chronic pruritus with clove oils is effective, easy to use, safe, cheap, and more acceptable for whom topical and systemic treatments tend to be irritating, contraindicated, or less well tolerated.

Effects of anaesthetics containing eugenol on Neoparamoeba perurans

Oil extracted from cloves, Syzygium aromaticum, consists mainly of eugenol, which has been documented to affect protozoa attachment, viability and growth. Isoeugenol (sold under the trade name AQUI-S®) is a commercially available fish anaesthetic produced by isomerisation of eugenol. Both are anaesthetics commonly employed during the husbandry and euthanasia of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., used for amoebic gill disease (AGD) research. Neoparamoeba perurans (the causative agent of AGD) trophozoites were exposed to clove oil at 10, 20, 40 and 80μLL−1 for 10min and 5, 10, 20 and 40μLL−1 for 120min; AQUI-S® at 5, 10, 20 and 40μLL−1 for 10min and 2.5, 5, 10 and 20μLL−1 for 120min There were no significant differences in viability and survival of trophozoites after exposure to the anaesthetics. When trophozoites were exposed to clove oil at 80μLL−1 for 10min there was significantly (P<0.05) more detachment from a plastic surface compared to the control. Continued use of clove oil and AQUI-S® at 40μLL−1 or less for up to 120min is unlikely to have a detrimental impact on amoebae that are isolated and collected from salmon with AGD to be used for downstream research such as projects involving disease challenges and in vitro screening of anti-N. perurans compounds. Statement of relevanceWe believe that the study has relevance because it establishes that there were no anti-amoeba properties of eugenol observed at concentrations commonly used and therefore interpretation of previous in vitro and in vivo work unlikely to be affected as will future work.

The use of clove oil to induce anaesthesia, and its effects on blood chemistry, in Lates niloticus from Lake Victoria, Uganda

The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic and its effects on blood parameters in Nile perch Lates niloticus were evaluated in 2010. Clove oil concentrations of 49.3, 73.9 and 98.5 mg l−1 induced anaesthesia in <3 min, while the average recovery time from anaesthesia was 11 min 22 s. The optimal oil clove oil concentration was 49.3 mg l−1, inducing anaesthesia in 4 min 33 s, with recovery in 3 min 31 s. No stress response was elicited. Clove oil at a concentration of 24.6 mg l−1 was an effective sedative, whereas a concentration of 49.3 mg l−1 was sufficient for measuring fish and stripping gametes. A concentration of 73.9 mg l−1 induced anaesthesia within 4 min and fish recovered in 10 min. Therefore, clove oil was an effective anaesthetic and sedative for the handling of Nile perch within a mass range of 0.4–12 kg fish−1.

Óleo de cravo como anestésico para guppy

The present study evaluated different concentrations of clove oil for anesthesia of guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Adult female, male and juveniles fish were used to assess the influence of the anesthesia. The animals were individually submitted to the following clove oil concentrations: 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 mg L-1. The induction, recovery stages and mortality 96 hours after the experiment were evaluated. All fish exposed to experimental concentrations reached the final stage of anesthesia. Adult female and male and juveniles guppies respond differently to anesthesia induction by clove oil. Thus, it is recommended the use of clove oil on concentrations of 125 mg L-1 for adult males and from 75 mg L-1 to 150 mg L-1 for adult females and juveniles animals.