Abstract
Acaricidal nylon 66 fabrics (AN66Fs) grafted with clove oil-loaded microcapsules (COMCs) were developed against Dermatophagoides farina (D. gallinae). The average diameter was about 2.9 µm with a range of 100 nm–8.5 µm. COMCs carried clove oil loading of about 65 vol %. COMCs were chemically grafted to electrospun nylon nanofibers by the chemical reactions between –OH groups of COMCs and –COOH end groups of nylon fabrics to form ester linkages. AN66Fs had an effect on D. farinae depending on COMCs loadings. The increase in COMCs loading of AN66Fs from 5 to 15 wt % increased from 22% to 93% mortality against D. farinae within 72 h. However, AN66Fs containing over 20 wt % COMCs were more effective, showing up to 100% mortality within 24 h because the large amount of monoterpene alcohol, eugenol. This research suggests the use of clove oil and its major constituent eugenol as eco-friendly bioactive agents that can serve as a replacement for synthetic acaricides in controlling the population of D. farinae.
Highlights
Currently-used synthetic acaricides, such as the pyrethroid species, pose risks to human health when exposed to the environment, or humans; one such issue is neurotoxicity [1]
The hydrocarbon part (CH2CH) of the PVA chains were possibly adsorbed onto the oil surface of clove oil-loaded microcapsules (COMCs), whereas the hydroxyl groups –OH) of PVA allowed the NCaOnoMmaCtermialisc2r0o1c7a, p7,s1u7l9es to adhere together to promote aggregation by hydrogen bonding
The results demonstrate that clove bud oil compounds possess acaricidal activityies by vapor action when COMCs break and release the bioactive on the fabrics
Summary
Currently-used synthetic acaricides, such as the pyrethroid species, pose risks to human health when exposed to the environment, or humans; one such issue is neurotoxicity [1]. Synthetic pyrethroids, which perform on Na+ channels of the nerve cell membranes, can have harmful effects on insects, such as honey bees [2]. These synthetic chemicals are hard to break down, so they build up quickly to a toxic point, which may present health risks to humans and the environment. Food quality protection acts recently restricted the sale of many commercial pyrethrum-based acaricides or pesticides [3] This problem increases public pressure to provide safe or natural acaricides that have been produced in a more environmentally-friendly manner [3,4]. As a result, increased interest is focused on more selective, natural compounds which are not toxic to humans and the environment, to reduce or eliminate reliance on synthetic acaricides or pesticides [5]
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