Use Of Closed Circuit Television Research Articles

Clinical experience with the Jefferson Hospital Radiotherapy Simulator.

As radiotherapeutic technics become more sophisticated, the need is obvious for accurate field placement and for means of checking the field placement. Portal films are being widely used for this purpose, taken either by the therapy beam or by a diagnostic x-ray machine placed co-axially or isocentrically with the therapy beam. Such portal films have limitations. Details tend to be poor on supervoltage portal radiographs, and organs such as the esophagus are difficult to visualize. Corrections can be made only after the set-up has been completed and the film developed, so that considerable therapy machine time may be wasted. Moreover, only a static impression is obtained, whereas in moving-field therapy visualization of the irradiated volume throughout the whole sweep of the treatment beam might be desirable. In the past, machines have been constructed which duplicated the pertinent dimensions of therapy machines and were capable of the same range of motions (1, 2). Such simulators were employed principally for trial set-up and static field check. The improvement of image intensifiers and the use of closed-circuit television in diagnostic radiology now make it possible to obtain fluoroscopic visualization of the chosen volume in any part of the patient to be treated by either fixed or moving fields under precisely simulated treatment geometry. A simulator incorporating these features was designed with the help of and constructed by the Picker Special Products Division and has now been in clinical use in our department (Jefferson Medical Center, Philadelphia, Penna.) for almost two years. The system (Fig. 1) consists of a diagnostic x-ray tube mounted at one end of a C-arm and an image amplifier with an Orthicon television camera mounted at the other end of the arm. The image is displayed on a television monitor and can be recorded simultaneously on a video tape-recorder. Adjustment of the whole system is managed from a remote control mobile console. The patient lies on a Siemens therapy couch identical to that used for treatment. One ceiling mounted and two wall lights define the intersect of axis of rotation and central ray of the x-ray beam. The same system exists in the therapy room, and these lights are used for setting-up purposes for both simulation and therapy. The design details are as follows: The C-arm supporting the system is mounted on a bearing which is fixed in position on the wall of the simulator room. The size of the bearing and the rigid construction throughout assure stability of the beam at the center of rotation (±3 mm during 360° rotation). The x-ray tube is attached to one end of the C-arm so that the focus-to-axis of rotation distance can be varied from 75 to 100 em to accommodate various source-axis distances of the therapy units with which the simulator is used. This movement is provided by a hand-cranked lead-screw system.

Research Project on Use of Closed Circuit Television in Nursing Education

Research Project on Use of Closed Circuit Television in Nursing Education

Simple modification to closed circuit TV installation to allow remote control screening.

Although film badge monitoring has shown that the amount of radiation received by radiologists during normal working is acceptably low, all would agree that if it can be further reduced this would be desirable. The use of closed-circuit television has further reduced the radiation dose, and during the past year or so equipment has been produced, or is being developed, to allow remote control screening by television to be practised. With this apparatus the radiologist can dispense with lead rubber gloves and apron and carry out his screen examination behind a protective screen at some distance from the patient. This equipment, however, is expensive and is not as yet widely available. One of the radiographic rooms in The London Hospital is equipped with a Watson's Autonome 5 coupled to a Cinelix image intensifier. This combination proved very satisfactory for barium meal work (and also for such procedures as myelography, micturating cystography and other examinations requiring screening). The writer wished to explore the possibilities of remote control screening, and the manufacturers were asked if the controls normally sited at the side of the explorator could be duplicated on a second control panel placed within the radiographer's protective cubicle. This proved a simple modification and was carried out by running a cable from the junction box of the Autonome 5 to a point within the cubicle adjacent to the lead glass window.

USE OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION IN TEACHING SURGERY TO MEDICAL STUDENTS.

While considerable use is being made of television in schools, colleges, and universities, it is difficult to know how best to use it. In medical schools, particularly in undergraduate teaching, this lack of evaluation is even more pronounced in spite of the availability of closed-circuit television for a number of years. For demonstrations where the particular experiment or technique cannot be shown adequately to a number of students at one time, or where much repetition would be required as in dentistry, there is much to be said in favour of television. In similar vein, where it is not desirable to allow observers into a particular environment, valid reasons can be adduced for the introduction of closed-circuit television. For example, a large number of students in an operating-theatre increases the risk of infection. In the field of clinical teaching, however, the case is less convincing. What might be gained from the patient's point of view?namely, avoidance of being used for teaching a group of students round the bed?must be balanced against the loss of personal contact which students experience when watching the examination of the patient through the medium of television. Further, little is known about what the student learns and retains from such televised events. This paper outlines an experimental attempt to evaluate, in a very elementary fashion, the impact of television on clinical teaching of undergraduates. The results are compared with those obtained from the orthodox way of teaching surgery.

The Use of Closed-Circuit Television in the Teaching of Group Psychotherapy

The Use of Closed-Circuit Television in the Teaching of Group Psychotherapy

Teaching an Advanced Electrical Engineering Course by Closed-Circuit Television

A course in antenna theory was taught to about 125 electrical engineering seniors through the use of closed-circuit television. The techniques of instruction followed were a composite of those used in other television instruction experiments, and the details are given in the paper. Nonedited student comments and an evaluation of the results are given. Closed-circuit television may well have some fruitful application for this level of instruction.

Closed-circuit television as a supplement to the general chemistry program

Describes the use of closed-circuit television to supplement a general chemistry lecture by showing students demonstrations, laboratory techniques, and equipment.

Closed-circuit network for educational television

THE Washington County, Maryland, Board of Education is conducting a 5 year experiment to evaluate the use of closed-circuit television as a teaching medium. The application of the medium is divided into three phases corresponding to the school years of 1956-57, 1957-58, and 1958-61, shown in Fig. 1. The first phase provides for the interconnection of five program originating points with eight public schools in Hagerstown and vicinity with three television channels. The second phase provides for the expansion of the network to include the interconnection of 23 schools with 6 television channels. The third phase provides for the further expansion of the network to include all 48 schools in the County. The existing and planned extensions are shown on Fig. 1.

Further studies of the use of television for university teaching

Last year the Instructional Film Research Program at Pennsylvania State University published a report on the use of closed-circuit television in university teaching. This article presents further results of the study, covering the second year of experimentation. L. P. Greenhill is research associate in the Department of Psychology and associate director of the Instructional Research Program at The Pennsylvania State University. C. R. Carpenter is head of the Psychology Department and director of the Instructional Research Program. W. S. Ray is associate professor in the Department of Psychology and special advisor on experimental design to the Instructional Research Program.