Use Of Chemical Fertilizers Research Articles

The role of mycorrhiza and humic acid on quantitative and qualitative traits of faba bean plant under different fertilizer regimes

In sustainable agricultural ecosystem management, a key focus is on minimizing chemical fertilizer use and maximizing the use of non-chemical alternatives. Our study was designed to explore the impact of mycorrhizal fungi and humic acid (HA) on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of faba beans under varying chemical fertilizer levels. The experiment involved different treatments, which included HA and mycorrhiza in four variations (control, HA, HA+ mycorrhiza, and mycorrhiza alone), and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers at three different dosages (50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended amount). The findings revealed that combining HA with mycorrhiza significantly influenced root colonization, with the highest chlorophyll a concentration (1.58 mg g⁻¹) observed in the HA+ mycorrhiza treatment at 75% NPK. This treatment also led to the highest counts in seeds per pod, number of pods, and weight of 100 seeds. Between the 100% and 75% NPK levels in the HA+ mycorrhiza treatment, no significant differences were noted in terms of grain and biological yield. The greatest grain yields were measured at 4356 kg ha⁻¹ and 4322 kg ha⁻¹ for the HA+ mycorrhiza treatment at 100% and 75% NPK, respectively. Additionally, the highest concentrations of Fe, N, P, K, and Zn were observed with the HA+ mycorrhiza application at the 100% NPK level.

Nanochelating-based fertilizers: Innovations for yield enhancement in hydroponic cultivation

The increasing human population has resulted in a rise in the use of chemical fertilizers to enhance crop efficiency and quality. However, the utilization of these fertilizers has led to significant environmental pollution and raised concerns, including the potential risk of cancer. Consequently, there is a growing need for innovative fertilizer formulations that reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers. Nanochelating, an advanced technology, offers a promising solution by synthesizing chelated nutrients with diameters smaller than 100 nm. These nanochelates have shown considerable effects on crop productivity, even at lower concentrations compared with traditional chemical fertilizers. In this hydroponic study, we investigated the effects of various concentrations of nanochelated fertilizers (NCF) using the standard formulation outlined by "Resh" (0.25×Resh, 0.5×Resh, 0.75×Resh, 1×Resh and 1.25×Resh) in the cultivation of tomato and cucumber. Control plants were treated with chemical fertilizers (CF). The NCF-treated plants exhibited improvements in fruit attributes and plant development. Notably, the addition of 0.5×Resh-NCF significantly enhanced vegetative growth, fruit quality, total soluble solids, fruit length, and diameter, and plant pigments. Cucumber and tomato plants treated with 0.5×Resh NCF, at half the strength of the CF treatment, displayed the highest yield, with tomatoes yielding approximately 2.02 times more and cucumbers yielding 3 times more than the CF treatment. CF-fed tomato and cucumber plants exhibited lower cell membrane stability and water content. Proline content, an indicator of plant stress, decreased in the NCF-treated plants but increased at the highest concentration. Furthermore, catalase and peroxidase activity increased in tomato and cucumber plants following NCF application. These findings underscore the potential of nanochelating-based fertilizers to enhance growth, productivity, and associated components while minimizing fertilizer usage in hydroponic greenhouses.

A comparative study of soil fertility and biota population under organic, semi-organic, and conventional farming system of rice fields in Giriwoyo District, Wonogiri Regency, Indonesia

Continuous use of chemical fertilizers and farming practices in rice fields would reduce nutrient availability and biota population in the soil. Because soil biological linkages are sensitive to changes in soil function, changes in fauna and microbial populations can affect soil fertility. This study aimed to identify the condition of soil fertility and soil biota under various farming systems, namely organic, semi-organic, and conventional, and find the indicators that determine soil fertility index (SFI) in the research area. This research is a survey with the sampling method was purposive on the Land Mapping Unit (LMU) overlaid with thematic maps (land use, soil type, slope, and rainfall). The method analysis of SFI using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and scoring methods were used for the effect of farming systems using One-way, continued by DMRT, and determinant factor using Pearson’s. Correlation. The results illustrated that soil fertility was a moderate category. The highest SFI was in organic rice fields (0.69), then in semi-organic (0.62), and the lowest fertility was in conventional (0.59). Organic farming also showed the best soil biota conditions (0.27 individuals/liter of earthworms and 0.755 µ/g of microbial C biomass) compared to semi-organic (0.15 individuals/liter, 0.508 µ/g microbial C biomass) and conventional farming (0.11 individuals/liter, microbial biomass C 0.325 µ/g). Soil fertility and soil biota are positively correlated, meaning that the higher the soil fertility, the higher the density of soil biota. The soil indicators most determining fertility are total N, P-available, K-available, CEC, and organic C.

Identification of Bacterial Communities Associated with Composting in Sugarcane Crops

The use of chemical fertilizers increases crop production costs worldwide. Substituting chemical fertilizers for biofertilizers has been one of the great challenges of modern agriculture. During the last decades, it has been observed that compost is an excellent strategy to optimize the production of crops of agronomic interest, such as sugarcane. These are considered one of the world’s top crops because of their great economic impact. Furthermore, the microbial diversity associated with crops of economic importance can be an indicator of soil quality. In this study, bacterial strains from two composting plants in a sugar mill in Colombia were characterized. A total of 40 bacterial isolates were analyzed using BBL Crystal, and 11 of the isolates that showed cellulolytic activity were molecularly characterized. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes species were predominantly present in the two plants that were analyzed. The genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacter showed the highest cellulose-degrading activity, and they have the potential to reduce the time taken for the degradation of organic waste derived from sugarcane processing in Colombia.

PEMBUATAN POC ECOENZYM BERBASIS FERMENTASI TEPUNG DAUN KELOR YANG BERNUTRISI TINGGI DAN RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

The current condition of Indonesian agriculture is very worrying due to the massive use of chemical fertilizers. One of the government's efforts to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers is to promote organic farming. Organic farming is the main indicator of realizing sustainable agriculture. One effort to develop organic farming is the use of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) based on fermented Moringa leaf flour which is highly nutritious and environmentally friendly. The procedure for making POC includes preparing materials and tools, making Moringa leaf flour and making POC by following predetermined procedures. The results of the research are making POC Ecoenzym through five core stages, namely preparation of tools and materials, grinding organic materials, mixing organic materials, brown sugar molasses and water, anaerobic fermentation process and filtering the POC Ecoenzym solution (results collection).

Coinoculation with Growth-Promoting Bacteria Increases the Efficiency of Nitrogen Use by Irrigated Rice.

Considering the importance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) for global food and its significant production in Brazil, strategies for its sustainable production are focused on technologies to increase productivity and decrease the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers. An alternative for this is the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria that have proven to be efficient for increasing production and nutrient promotion in cereals. This study reports the use of coinoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens to inoculate irrigated rice through seed treatment (ST) with inoculant and seed inoculation in planting furrow technology (PFT) in four field experiments. The inoculation technologies increased rice yields in the presence of A. brasilense + P. fluorescens and with a reduction in mineral N (30 kg of N ha-1), equal to or greater when nitrogen fertilizer was present alone. Our results demonstrate that coinoculation with A. brasilense (strain Ab-V6) and P. fluorescens (strain CCTB03) increases the efficiency of N use from a mineral source in irrigated rice, with an increase of 37% in economic production (grains per unit of N applied), providing better agronomic performance of the crop.

AGROECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND ITS GAPS IN ADAPTION IN TERAI FARMING SYSTEM, NEPAL

Abstract. The present paper examines agroecological principles identified by FAO and its gaps by local farmers in terai farming system of Nepal. Household questionnaire survey, focus group discussion and KII were major tools of required information collection with regard to gaps of agroecology principles in their farming system. Agro-ecological principles have been examined with current farming practices carried out by local farmers. The gap analysis has been done with respect to ten agroecological principles: Efficient use of resources, balance use of chemical and organic fertilizer, , crop diversity, co-creation of knowledge, recycling of farm waste, synergy of crop, livestock and forestry ,human and social value, circular economy, cultural and food tradition, land and natural resource governance. 87.8 percent of households were used flooding method of surface irrigation against to principle of efficiency and deficit of water leading to wastage of water and constraining self-generating nutrient capacity of nature. 91.60 % of total cropped area was dominated by paddy - wheat based cropping system against to the principle of crop diversity. 72.4 % farmers used farm yard manure in limited temporal and spatial coverage area ranging from 0.03 ha to 1.69 hectare with the average of 0.39 ha and three months of year against the principle of recycling farm wastage to farm. Almost 14 % of households were having agroforestry practices against to the synergies of crop, livestock and forestry. Participation of women and youth in farming practices was found decreased due to remittance-led family economy. Geospatial technology-RS, GIS and GPS were extensively applied in preparation of all these agroecological resource maps required for agroecological studies and creation of their geo-database for sustainable land use planning in Nepal. Finally, the study necessitated the government policy to be instutionalized towards agroecological concept and hoped the methodology developed for this study could guide for achieving this goal.

Growth and Yield of Broccoli Vegetables (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) on Types and Dosages of Manure

Broccoli is a vegetable commodity that has high commercial value and prospects in Indonesia, because of its role in fulfilling food, feed, and industrial needs. In cultivating broccoli plants, they still face production problems due to nutrient availability problems. Farmers generally use chemical fertilizers continuously. Continuous use of chemical fertilizers will increase soil acidity, damage the physical condition of the soil, reduce organic matter, make plants vulnerable to pests and disease, and reduce soil microbial life. Many consumers are interested in organic broccoli. The use of organic fertilizer as an alternative to chemical (inorganic) fertilizer can reduce environmental pollution and create healthy broccoli (Brassica oleracea) vegetable products. One of the organic fertilizers is manure which is a waste product from domestic animals such as chickens, goats, and pigs which are generally found in Tomohon City. Manure can be used to add nutrients, and improve the physical and biological properties of soil. The quality of manure depends on the animal and greatly influences crop yields. The research objectives are: (1) Studying the effect of the interaction between the type and dose of manure on broccoli growth and yield, (2) Obtaining the type and dose of manure that provides the highest growth and yield of broccoli, and (3) Get semi-organic broccoli by using a 25% dose of compound nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) fertilizer. To achieve the above objectives, this research used a Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with 2 treatment factors and 3 replications the first factor was the type of manure (A) which consisted of A1: Chicken manure, A2: Goat manure, A3: Pig manure. The second factor is the dose of manure (B) which consists of B0: 125 kg NPK/hectare, B1: 20 manure/hectare, B2: 30 kg/hectare. The observation variables include plant height, number of leaves, diameter of broccoli per plant, and wet weight of broccoli per plant. Data analysis uses Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). If the results of the analysis show that there is an effect of treatment, then continue with the BNT test at the 5% level. The results showed that the treatment with goat manure at a dose of 20 tons/hectare and without manure at half the recommended dose of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium gave the highest number of leaves (18.67 and 19.67 leaves). The best broccoli crop diameter was treated with goat manure at a dose of 20 and 30 tons/hectare. The weight of the best broccoli crop in goat and pig manure at a dose of 20 tons/hectare was 47.67 grams.

Effect of greywater treated by horizontal subsurface flow wetlands planted with Chrysopogon zizanioides and Andropogon gayanus on the germination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seeds under Sahelian climate

Greywater reuse for agricultural irrigation may contribute to reduce pressure on scarce freshwater sources and the use of chemical fertilizers in Sahelian countries. However, treatment methods that reduce the harmful effects of untreated greywater are essential for sustainable agriculture. This study aims to evaluate greywater treatment capacity by Horizontal Subsurface Flow wetlands (HSSF) planted with Chrysopogon zizanioides (HSSF-C) and Andropogon gayanus (HSSF-A), and to investigate the suitability of the effluents on the germination of tomato seeds. Three pilot-scale HSSF (planted with Chrysopogon zizanioides or Andropogon gayanus and an unplanted (control)) were designed and their removal efficiencies of organic matter, nutrients and fecal bacteria were evaluated. Principal component analysis showed planted systems provided higher removal efficiencies than the unplanted system. HSSF-A showed the best performance for removal of organic (COD, BOD5) and mineral (NO3−, NH4+) matter while HSSF-C showed the best performance for removal of phosphorus compounds and fecal indicators (thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli). HSSF-UP showed the lowest performance for removal of all parameters. The reduction of thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli were significantly greater in the two planted systems and exceeded 2 log10 removal. However, no significant difference was observed between the planted and unplanted HSSF for fecal indicators. Furthermore, germination rates obtained with greywater treated by HSSF were higher than 80%, approaching that obtained using distilled water, while the lower germination rates were observed with seeds irrigated with raw greywater (58%). This is a clear indication of the beneficial effect of treated greywater by HSSF wetlands on seeds germination. In addition, residual content of fecal indicators and physicochemical characteristics of the treated greywater are compliant with WHO reuse guidelines for restricted irrigation. The results demonstrate the possibility of using constructed wetlands for greywater treatment and its reuse in gardening in Sahelian countries.

GULMA ECENG GONDOK (EICHORRNIA CRASSIPES) SEBAGAI PUPUK ORGANIK FERMENTASI TRICHODERMA SPP. PADA TANAMAN PADI DI KELURAHAN PRAPEN KECAMATAN PRAYA KABUPATEN LOMBOK TENGAH

Water hyacinth (Eichorrnia crassipes) is a weed whose presence is very disturbing in the Batujai Dam area. The government has made various efforts to reduce its growth, but the population is increasing day by day. This activity aims to utilize water hyacinth which grows very high in the Batujai Dam area as an alternative fertilizer to reduce the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers on plants. The method used is a presentation method and then followed by practice for making organic fertilizer. Participants were given material about the impact of the abundance of water hyacinth weeds and their effects and benefits, then they were given training directly using fermented by Trichoderma spp. for 14 days. The result of this activity is that farmers can utilize nuisance weeds into fertilizer which can increase soil and plant fertility and can reduce the weed population in waters so that the sedimentation rate is reduced. It is hoped that farmers and the community will continue to use this weed so that the Batujai Dam area can be free from water hyacinth weeds and soil fertility can increase and farmers can reduce the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers

Production Potential of Rice-based Cropping System under Different Nutrient Management Practices

Background: The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop. The continuous application of inorganic fertilizers even in balanced form may not sustain soil fertility and productivity. However judicious use of chemical fertilizers in combination with organic manure is required to improve the soil health as well as to achieve sustainable crop production. Thus balanced fertilization and cropping system offers a great scope for increasing the productivity. Methods: A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2019 and 2020 in the experimental farm, Department of Agronomy, Nagaland University, SAS, Medziphema campus to study the effect of cropping system and nutrient management practices on production potential of rice-based cropping system. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with factorial concept with 3 replications. The treatment consisted of five cropping systems and three nutrient management practices. Result: The result revealed that among intercropping system, rice + soybean (3:1) cropping system recorded highest plant height (cm), number of leaves plant-1, number of panicles m-2, grain yield, straw yield and rice equivalent yield. Among different nutrient management practices, application of 75% RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + biofertilizer consortium @ 20 g kg-1 seed recorded significantly higher plant height (cm), number of leaves plant-1, number of panicles m-2, panicle length, grain yield and straw yield.

Economics of Cabbage Production Under Different Levels of Integrated Nutrient Management in Varanasi Region of Uttar Pradesh, India

The excess use of chemical fertilizers is hazardous for soil and environmental health. To reduce the level of chemical fertilizers the field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2016-17 at horticulture research farm, Department of Horticulture, U. P. College, Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) with nine treatments. These treatments were replicated thrice. The treatments included various levels of NPK, FYM, vermicompost, Phosphorus Solubilizing Mycorrhiza. Economic analysis of different treatments of cabbage production in Varanasi region (Uttar Pradesh) revealed variation in net capital investment. The results show that among different integrated nutrient management (INM) levels, half dose of NPK ha-1 + Vermicompost @ 2.5 tons ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 5kg ha-1 + Phosphorus Solubilizing Mycorrhiza @ 5 kg ha-1 has highest net return followed by half dose of NPK ha-1 + FYM @ 15 tons ha-1 + Phosphorus Solubilizing Mycorrhiza @ 5 kg ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1. Lowest net return was observed with half dose treatment of NPK ha-1 + FYM @ 15 t ha-1. Cabbage crop nutrition by supplying recommended dose of NPK ha-1 (150 kg: 125 kg: 100 kg) recorded highest cost-benefit ratio (3.11) while, half dose of NPK ha-1 + FYM @ 15 t ha-1 gives lowest cost-benefit ratio (2.05) among the all INM levels.

Arthospira platensis and Bacillus subtilis Synergies for Sustainable Agriculture

The aim of this study is to analyze the biofertilizer value of B. subtilis by estimating its phosphate solubilizing potential and its antagonistic activity against pathogenic strains of E. coli and Bacillus cereus. Prolonged use of chemical fertilizers have adverse effects on the soil and through food chain they cause hazards to organisms including humans. Moreover pests and pathogenic microbes are becoming immune to the chemical pesticides and herbicides. Hence the need of biofertilizers that are ecofriendly and good biocontrol agents are gaining importance. Use of biofertilizers leads us towards the path of sustainable agriculture yielding better productivity without compromising the fertility of agricultural fields. Bacillus subtilis is a PGPR (Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria) capable of phosphate and zinc solubilizing and it increases the bioavailability of nutrients to the plants. Due to its antagonistic nature, B. subtilis can be utilized in biocontrol management practices. Arthospira platensis is a well explored microalgal species that is rich in micronutrients and a wide array of amino acids that has immense biofertilizer value. The methodology involves UV spectrometric estimation of bioavailable phosphate in Pikovskaya’s broth at 690nm and percentage of inhibition of B. subtilis against E. coli and Bacillus cereus using OD600values. Evidences for utilizing mixed culture of A. platensis and B. subtilis as biofertilizer are explored from literature. B. subtilis strain AMLA5 isolated from oil contaminated soil from Coimbatore had phosphate solubilizing potential of 1.3ppm and showed good antagonistic effects against E. coli and B. cereus. The NCBI genebank accession number of the strain SUB13179211 AMLA5 is OQ874086 that showed 99.77% sequence identical to Bacillus subtilis. This strain was a surfactin producer that utilized A. platensis as its economical substrate. A. platensis & B. subtilis are GRAS level organisms that can be utilized in agriculture as biofertilizer as mixed culture. The synergism existing between these two organisms can be exploited in multiple sectors

Impact of Eco-Friendly Liquid Organic Fertilizer on Plant Growth in Eleusine coracana L.

In modern agriculture, the extensive use of chemical fertilizers has resulted in the degradation of soil fertility, leading to acidity and instability, making it unsuitable for agriculture. This overreliance on inputs has contributed to severe health hazards and environmental pollution. The experiment on finger millet focuses on analyzing the effectiveness of growth-promoting natural fertilizers. The findings highlighted that a liquid organic fertilizer made from vegetable peels exhibited a superior composition of nutrients compared to the vermicompost manure and garden soil. This liquid fertilizer contained high levels of essential nutrients such as N, P, k, B, S, Zn, Fe, and Mn, crucial for promoting plant growth. Its efficacy lies in fostering better nutrient absorption through the establishment of a symbiotic relationship between microbes and plants. Results indicated that finger millets cultivated with the liquid fertilizer displayed superior and robust growth compared to those grown in garden soil with vermicompost. This presentation underscores the potential of liquid organic fertilizers (LOF) as a noteworthy alternative to chemical fertilizers, contributing to improved sustainable crop growth and yield. LOFs emerge as a beneficial tool for farmers, to explore the effective use of echo-friendly, cost-effective. This study unfolds the significant impact of liquid fertilizers on improving chemical properties in the soil and the growth, yield, and quality of Eleusine coracana L. . KEYWORDS :Eco-friendly, Finger Millet, Liquid Fertilizer, Nutrients, Organic

Preparatory labor for chemical fertilizer: Rural modernity and the practices of South Korean farmers in the 1960s.

This article examines preparatory labor practices that South Korean farmers had to undertake to use chemical fertilizers in the 1960s. Preparatory labor, such as learning about and acquiring fertilizers, that came prior to the use of chemical fertilizer in the field was mundane and often invisible. However, it was this logistical and emotional labor that was essential for the maintenance of South Korea's chemical fertilizer system. In the system, which was part of the government's efforts to establish rural modernity through increased crop productivity, the state looked down on farmers as the subject of edification. Nevertheless, the farmers were crucial maintainers of the state-led agricultural reform, realizing the government's vision of modernity. To reveal the hidden relationship between farmers, technology, and the state, this article extensively uses diaries written by two farmers - Yoon Heesoo from Daecheon Village and Shin Kwonsik from Daegok Village. By doing so, this article aims to shed light on the voices of farmers and their roles in the agricultural reform of 1960s South Korea and, more broadly, of the Green Revolution.

Effect of Various Fractions of an Ultradispersed Humate-Sapropel Suspension on the Growth, Development, and Quality of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Plants As Compared to the Use of Chemical Fertilizers

Effect of Various Fractions of an Ultradispersed Humate-Sapropel Suspension on the Growth, Development, and Quality of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Plants As Compared to the Use of Chemical Fertilizers

Effects of soil amendment from herbal and eucalyptus industrial waste on methane emission and rice yield

<p>The use of chemical fertilizer in rice fields contributes to increased global warming via enhanced emission of methane (CH4) into the atmosphere. Therefore, composting has been proposed to reduce methane emissions in the agricultural field. This study aimed to determine the CH4 emission and rice yield affected by compost from three different types of compost: herbal compost, eucalyptus compost, and manure compost. This randomized block design study was conducted from November 2019 to May 2020. There were 8 fertilizer treatments applied to the rice fields, namely: herbal compost 10 tons/ha. (O1), eucalyptus compost 10 tons/ha (O2), manure compost 10 tons/ha (O3), no compost no chemical fertilizer (as a control) (O4), herbal compost 5 tons/ha + chemical fertilizer/CF (C1), eucalyptus compost 5 tons/ha + CF (C2), manure compost 5 tons/ha + CF (C3), and only chemical fertilizer (C4), then all treatments replicated three times. For the chemical fertilizer (CF) the dose is 166 kg/ha urea + 166 kg/ha ZA + 330 kg/ha TSP. The result indicated that the compost manure 10 tons/ha (O3) and the combination compost manure 5 tons/ha + CF (C3) produced the highest rice yields (6.89 -6.94 tons/ha) but impacted the highest methane emissions (505.3 – 544.6 Kg.CH4 /ha/season). The important finding showed that among all the treatments, a combination of compost eucalyptus 5 tons/ha + CF (C2) and compost eucalyptus 10 tons/ha (O2) mitigated methane emission to the lowest level (296.6 -305.2 Kg.CH4/ha/season) and gave high rice yields (6.77-6.78 tons/ha) that were not significantly different from those of compost manure (O3 and C3). In addition, the combination of compost herbal 5 tons/ha and chemical fertilizer (C1) affected the lower methane emissions than manure compost and gave a high level of grain yield that was not significantly different from those of manure compost (O3 and C3) and eucalyptus compost (O2 and C2). </p>

Agriculture Distress and Farmers' Suicide in Kerala in the Globalization Era

Liberalization, privatization, and globalization are to blame for Kerala's rural poverty and farmer suicides. Ineffective state and federal government policies, a lack of coordinated public investment, ongoing flooding, trade manipulation, false seeds and pesticides, a fluctuating price for agricultural products, growing cultivation expenses, an increase in droughts, as well as a loss of biodiversity are all factors that negatively affect agriculture. Though it receives criticism, the opposition to the current administration is strong in states with high rates of farmer suicide. A.R. Vasavi's Triple Crisis of Agriculture (1999), the widespread use of hybrid seeds, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, as well as the inadvertent escalation of farmer debt, are the five primary debates that need to be addressed in order to investigate farmer suicides. As of now, a significant amount of government funding—1,69,6718 crores in 2017–18 and 97,3729 crores in the 12th five-year plan—was allocated to the agriculture sector. However, the state of farming and agrarian hardship has not much improved. H+owever, the rate of agriculturalists' concern dramatically increased. The price of the cash crop products grown in Kerala—pepper, coffee, and rubber—is significantly impacted by free trade agreements with ASEAN. Farmer's suicide has a significant relationship with these factors as well as extreme climate change along with, the heavy burden of debt, marginalization of land, etc.

Effects of Vermicompost and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Sesame

A field experiment was conducted at the BINA substation farm, Ishwardi, Pabna during 2021- 2022 to see the combined effects of vermicompost and inorganic fertilizer (Urea, TSP, MoP, gypsum, zinc and boron) on sesame growth and yield. Five treatments combination were used in the experiment. The treatments were T1=Native soil fertility (No fertilizer and manure), T2=100% Chemical Fertilizers (CF), T3= Vermicompost (VC) @ 5 ton/ha, T4=50% CF + 2.5 ton/ha VC, T5=70%CF + 1.5 ton/ha VC. Yield and yield contributing characters of sesame were significantly influenced with the different treatments. The treatment T4 (50% CF + 2.5 tha-1 VC) gave the highest seed yield of sesame. The results indicated that treatment T4 enhanced more crop growth which influenced on greater seed yield of sesame. The lowest seed yield was recorded at T1 treatment. However, considering maximum yields the treatments T4 could be used for more production of sesame with less use of chemical fertilizers.

MOTIVATION OF RICE FARMERS IN USING PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA AT SEKAYU DISTRICT, MUSI BANYUASIN REGENCY

One of the most common problems in agriculture today is the decline in soil fertility on agricultural land due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticide residues and processing of land with agricultural machinery. This study was to determine the level of motivation for using PGPR in lowland rice cultivation, what factors influence the level of motivation, as well as developing a strategy for applying motivation using PGPR in lowland rice cultivation. This research was conducted from April to June in Sekayu District, Musi Banyuasin Regency. The method used is descriptive method and multiple linear regression. Respondents were taken as many as 97 people who were determined purposively (purposive sampling). The results show that the level of motivation is included in the high category. Factors that have a significant effect on farmer motivation are the age of the farmer, the role of extension workers, the availability of facilities and infrastructure, the availability of agricultural information. Based on the multiple linear regression analysis test, it was found that the most critical indicator of farmer motivation was the availability of facilities and infrastructure. From these results an agricultural extension strategy was providing counseling on making PGPR independently in farmer groups.