Use Of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Research Articles

Use of carboxymethyl cellulose as binder for the production of water-soluble catalysts

Bio-based polymers are materials of high interest given the harmful environmental impact that involves the use of non-biodegradable fossil products for industrial applications. These materials are also particularly interesting as bio-based ligands for the preparation of metal nanoparticles (MNPs), employed as catalysts for the synthesis of high value chemicals. In the present study, Ru (0) and Rh(0) Metal Nanoparticles supported on Sodium Carboxymethyl cellulose (MNP(0)s-CMCNa) were prepared by simply mixing RhCl3x3H2O or RuCl3 with an aqueous solution of CMCNa, followed by NaBH4 reduction. The formation of MNP(0)s-CMCNa was confirmed by FT-IR and XRD, and their size estimated to be around 1.5 and 2.2 nm by TEM analysis. MNP(0)s-CMCNa were employed for the hydrogenation of (E)-cinnamic aldehyde, furfural and levulinic acid. Hydrogenation experiments revealed that CMCNa is an excellent ligand for the stabilization of Rh(0) and Ru(0) nanoparticles allowing to obtain high conversions (>90 %) and selectivities (>98 %) with all substrates tested. Easy recovery by liquid/liquid extraction allowed to separate the catalyst from the reaction products, and recycling experiments demonstrated that MNPs-CS were highly efficiency up to three times in best hydrogenation conditions.

Use of carboxymethyl cellulose, Klucel G, gum Arabic and zinc oxide nanoparticles nanocomposite as strength agents for inked papyrus

Purpose The purpose of this study is to detect the effect of some natural cellulosic polymers in their nano forms with the addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles on restoring the lost mechanical strength of degraded papyrus without any harmful effects on the inks. Design/methodology/approach In the current study, the USB digital microscopy, scanning electron microscope, measurement of mechanical properties (tensile and elongation), pH measurement, color change and infrared spectroscopy were undertaken for the samples before and after treatment and aging. Findings In the current study, the USB digital microscopy, scanning electron microscope, measurement of mechanical properties (tensile and elongation), pH measurement, color change and infrared spectroscopy were undertaken for the samples before and after treatment and aging. Originality/value The effect of strengthening materials was studied on cellulose and carbon ink, which makes this study closer to reality as the manuscript is the consistent structure of cellulose and inks, whereas most of the literature stated the impact of consolidation materials on the strengthening the cellulosic supports without attention to their impact on inks.

Probing capping mechanisms and polymer matrix loading of biogenic vaterite CaCO3-Ag hybrid through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

Despite extensive research in the literature, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) via capping mechanisms remains incompletely understood. This study employs a mechanistic approach to unravel the underlying molecular interactions driving the capping process of biogenic vaterite CaCO3-Ag and explores their interactions with different polymer matrices. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to reveal the capping mechanisms, surface composition alterations, and vaterite polymorph transitions. The oxidation states of AgNPs exhibited distinct changes under different capping agents. The Ag3d spin-orbit splitting profiles revealed the coexistence of Ag+ and Ag0 within CaCO3-Ag, with a significant presence of Ag0 when poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) was employed as the capping agent. Conversely, the use of carboxy methyl cellulose as the capping agent resulted in Ag+ dominance. XPS analysis illuminated the transformation of CaCO3 polymorphs from calcite to vaterite structure, which remained stable following embedding within polymer matrices. Integrating CaCO3-Ag microspheres into polymer matrices and investigating their surface characteristics represents a strategic step toward tailoring material properties for potential applications in active packaging and biomedicine.

A review on the use of carboxymethyl cellulose in oil and gas field operations

A review on the use of carboxymethyl cellulose in oil and gas field operations

Nisin:Carboxymethylcellulose polyion complex (PIC) nanoparticles. Preparation and antimicrobial activity

Nisin is a cationic antimicrobial peptide used as a natural food preservative against gram-positive bacteria. However, nisin is degraded following interaction with food components. Here, we report the first use of Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), a versatile and affordable food additive, to protect nisin and extend its antimicrobial activity. First, we optimized the methodology by considering the effect of nisin:CMC ratio, pH, and, especially, the degree of substitution of CMC. In particular, we show here how these parameters affected the size, charge, and, notably, the encapsulation efficiency of these nanomaterials. This way, optimized formulations contained over 60 % w/w in nisin while encapsulating ∼90 % of the nisin used. We then show that these new nanomaterials inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, a major foodborne pathogen, using milk as a representative food matrix. Remarkably, this inhibitory effect was observed with one-tenth of the concentration of nisin currently used in dairy products. We believe that the combination of the affordability of CMC, flexibility and simplicity of preparation, and the ability to inhibit the growth of food pathogens, makes these nisin:CMC PIC nanoparticles an ideal platform to underpin new nisin formulations.

Experimental assessment of Fe-doped CaMnO3 porous pellets in a bench-scale packed-bed reactor for thermochemical energy storage

Thermodynamic cycles requiring high operating temperatures (≥750 °C up to 1200 °C) are currently being explored to improve the sun-to-electricity conversion efficiency of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants. This is calling for the design of new efficient high-temperature (≥750 °C) Thermochemical Energy Storage (TCES) systems, which are fundamental for supplying power on demand during off-sun periods. Recently, Fe-doped CaMnO3 oxides have been proposed as TCES candidate materials, and the determination of their thermodynamics properties via thermogravimetric (TG) analysis allowed evaluation of their heat storage capacity at a very small scale (mg scale). A 10 % Fe-doped CaMnO3 composition (CaMn0.9Fe0.1O3-δ – CMF91) emerged as optimum candidate material for TCES application due to its large heat storage capacity complemented by enhanced thermal stability over multiple oxidation/reduction cycles. To advance in the thermal characterization of these materials at a multigram scale, here we carried out bench-scale reactor tests using CMF91 under conditions considered representative of future CSP plants. The redox-active material has been extruded in the form of porous pellets through a simple production method that required the use of carboxymethylcellulose as a removable binder and water. With the bench-scale reactor tests, the CMF91 pellets showed fully reversible reduction-oxidation in cycles between 500 and 1100 °C under relevant operating pO2 conditions without any deterioration of the pellet's structural integrity. Remarkably, the material exhibited the same δ(T, pO2) profile at this significantly larger scale (~40 g) than the one derived from thermodynamics. Nevertheless, slight differences in oxygen release/uptake profiles between cooling and heating branches can be tracked down to an excess heat generation in the perovskite bed not efficiently extracted by the carrier gas. These results demonstrate that CMF91 oxide is ideally suited for thermal energy storage applications with a large total (thermochemical and sensible) heat storage capacity (~ 916 kJ/kgABO3 or ~ 400 kWh/m3) and good scalability.

Black Fungi and Stone Heritage Conservation: Ecological and Metabolic Assays for Evaluating Colonization Potential and Responses to Traditional Biocides

Identifying species involved in biodeterioration processes is helpful, however further effort is needed to assess their ecological requirements and actual activity. Black fungi (BF) represent one of the most underestimated threats to stone cultural heritage in the Mediterranean basin; they are difficult to kill or remove due to their ability to grow inside the rock and cope with several stresses. Despite this, little is known about BF and factors favoring their growth on stone surfaces. Eighteen BF species were here investigated for temperature and salt tolerance, and metabolic traits by plate assays. The relation between some highly damaged monuments and their BF settlers was assessed using X-ray diffraction analysis, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and SEM. The sensitiveness to four commonly used traditional biocides was also tested. All strains were able to grow within the range of 5–25 °C and in the presence of 3.5% NaCl. Instrumental analyses were fundamental in discovering the relation between halophilic strains and weathered marble sculptures. The acid, cellulase, esterase, and protease production recorded proved BF’s potential to produce a chemical action on carbonate stones and likely affect other materials/historical artefacts. Besides, the use of carboxymethylcellulose and Tween 20 should be evaluated in restoration practice to prevent tertiary bioreceptivity. Agar diffusion tests helped identify the most resistant species to biocides, opening the perspective of its use as reference organisms in material testing procedures.

Application of biopolymers to preserve Pseudomonas fluorescens cells and their efficiency in the biological control of Macrophomina sp.

Agricultural crops have been increasingly attacked by microorganisms that cause low productivity and severe losses to producers. In this context, chemical products are no longer sufficient to control pathogens, leading to the introduction of biological inoculants that can inhibit unwanted microorganisms. However, these products must be formulated properly to have their useful life guaranteed. In this sense, this study aimed to assess the use of carboxymethylcellulose and xanthan gum biopolymers in the conservation of cells of Pseudomonas fluorencens, an effective rhizobacteria in the biological control of the Macrophomina sp. fungus, responsible for black rot in different cultures. The inoculant produced from the bacteria fermentation was stored and assessed at 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 days after adding the biopolymers. The cell culture was then fermented and added with biopolymers, followed by pH measure and CFU mL-1 count. Antagonist activity against Macrophomina sp. Was assessed through the methods of fungal culture method in the antagonist culture, paired culture, and central risk pairing. Assessments were performed at 24, 48, and 72 hours after incubation in a growth chamber. Percentage of growth inhibition was then calculated and subjected to Tukey test at 5% significance level. According to the results, the biopolymers were able to preserve the Pseudomonas fluorescens cells for 210 days and ensure better antagonist potential against the pathogen, corroborating that the market should provide products with longer shelf life

Features of diffusion processes in the preparation of prepregs by the method of layered application of components

The modern production of products made of composite materials based on thermosetting binders is mainly based on the use of pre – impregnated reinforcing technical threads-prepregs. The binder used for such semi-finished products must meet two important technological requirements: have a low reactivity (high viability) when stored in the temperature range from -5 to +25 ° C and the ability to adjust the curing time at the molding temperatures of the product. To eliminate the disadvantages of the traditional method of obtaining polymer composite materials, to improve their strength characteristics and reduce the cost of the resulting reinforced composites, it is proposed to use the method of layered application of components. The essence of the method consists in layer-by-layer impregnation of the fibrous filler with a binder solution, and then a developed curing system consisting of an amine hardener that prevents the interaction of the hardener with the resin under storage conditions and protective polymer emulsions. The binder-filler system is activated only at an elevated temperature under curing conditions. It is established that the optimal parameters for processing by direct pressing of the pre-pegs components obtained by the method of layer deposition are a pressure of 15 MPa and a temperature of160-170 ?С with a pressure exposure of 15 minutes. If you get products by winding, then for such products, heat treatment for 6 hours at a temperature of 120 ?С is optimal. In the conditions of forming products, that is, at an elevated temperature and at an increased pressure, the mutual diffusion of components occurs due to the movement of oncoming flows. Oligomeric molecules from the resin volume diffuse from the inner layer to the outer one, and the components of the curing system meet them from the outer layer to the inner one. The method of layered application of components makes it possible to create a macroheterogenic system of interpenetrating polymer meshes in the contact area of sequentially applied layers. The result of the research is an increase in the shelf life, the viability of prepregs (up to 10 days) and an improvement in the complex of physical and mechanical properties of composites: the destructive stress during static bending increases to 60 %, during dynamic bending (impact) - up to 50 %. The use of carboxymethylcellulose as a protective polymer provides higher indicators of the studied properties than when using butadiene styrene latex as a protective polymer..

Facile synthesis of gold-nanoparticles by different capping agents and their anticancer performance against liver cancer cells

Herein, gold -nanoparticles (Au-NPs) were chemically synthesized by the use of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and one of the two capping agents: sodium citrate (SC) or polyethylene glycol (PEG). The prepared Au-NPs by SC (Au/CMC-SC) and PEG (Au/CMC-PG) were compared in morphology, crystallinity, chemistry via FESEM, SAED, FT-IR, XRD, UV–visible spectroscopy, and DLS. The different characterization tools prove the presence of the same chemistry as Au/CMC-NPs and change in the morphology and crystallinity. The morphology of Au/CMC-SC was found as particles in nano-size with a regular and spherical shape. Conversely, the morphology of Au/CMC-PG has irregular shapes. The same functional groups were found in both Au/CMC-SC and Au/CMC-PG which indicate the presence of the same chemical content in the prepared samples. Anticancer action of both prepared gold nanoparticles against liver hepatocellular cells (HepG2) has been investigated. The introduced AuNPs exhibited more significant anticancer action against HepG2 cells at 100 μg concentration of AuNPs. The inhibitory activity of Au/CMC-SC on Hep-G2 cancer cells is superior to that of Au/CMC-PG. The super anticancer activity of Au/CMC-SC is indicated by the extent of the convergence between the cell viability % values of Au/CMC-SC (18%) and the standard drug (9%) used for liver cancer at a dose of 100 μg. The present work provides a simple synthesis approach that will open up a novel probability of functionalized AuNPs for studies in biomedical applications (treatment of HepG2 cells).

Wind erosion control using carboxymethyl cellulose: From sand bombardment performance to microfabric analysis

Wind erosion is a global environmental challenge. Its financial adverse effects on the societies as well as human health have demanded scientists to search for new solutions. The common mitigation techniques have high CO2 footprints and are not sustainable. One of the environmentally friendly techniques for this purpose is the use of biopolymers, however, their production is costly. The present study proposes the use of carboxymethyl cellulose for wind erosion control. Since carboxymethyl cellulose can be obtained from various waste sources, it is not only a sustainable treatment material but also an economical one. Therefore, a comprehensive experimental study inclusive of wind erosion experiments, wet-dry cycles durability assessment, analysis of partial treatment, and soil microfabric was conducted on treated samples. In addition to aerodynamic lift experiments in the wind tunnel, samples were exposed to sand bombardment to mimic the saltation phenomena. Furthermore, the performance of guar gum, a widely used biopolymer, was compared against carboxymethyl cellulose. Results of sand bombardment indicate that a relatively low concentration of 0.3% carboxymethyl cellulose can effectively reduce the soil loss, whereas, the sample treated with 0.3% guar gum experienced a considerable soil loss. Durability tests showed that the guar gum generated soil crust was completely destroyed at the beginning of 10th cycle while the crust produced by carboxymethyl cellulose could diminish the soil loss to less than 3% highlighting its adequate durability. Finally, to mimic the field condition, samples with untreated parts were studied which underscored the effective performance of the carboxymethyl cellulose treatments.

Feed Additive of Binder Seaweed Grass in Fish Feed Formulation on Physical Characteristics and Efficiency

The study was designed experimentally using a Completely Randomized Design, five treatments were repeated three times included the use of carboxymethyl cellulose as a control as much as 5%, and the treatment of feed additives of seaweed as much as 5%, 75%, 10% and 12.5%. The parameters measured were feed efficiency, rupture speed test, sink speed test, durability test, stability test and moisture content test using Analysis of Variance and continued with Duncan's Multiple Distance Test. The results showed that seaweed binder additive feed increased (p <0.05) durability and stability in water, but did not show a significant difference (p> 0.05) on feed efficiency, breaking speed and sinking speed. Stability of pellets in water with the addition of seaweed binders of 10% is significantly higher (p <0.05) than other pellets, i.e. after 10 - 60 minutes ranging from 82.70% -97.40% with pellet durability of 98.24% and feed efficiency of 42.93%.

Polymeric Nanocomposite-Based Herbicide of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Coated-Zinc/Aluminium Layered Double Hydroxide-Quinclorac: A Controlled Release Purpose for Agrochemicals

In this work, the use of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is highlighted in enhancing the controlled release behaviour of zinc/aluminium layered double hydroxide-quinclorac (Zn/Al-LDH-QC). The Zn/Al-LDH-QC-CMC nanocomposite were characterised using powder x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The release study was carried out in an aqueous solution of Na3PO4, Na2SO4 and NaCl, so as to mimic the environmental condition where the QC is frequently used. The Zn/Al-LDH-QC-CMC nanocomposites showed better performance in releasing QC, with prolonged release time ranging from 163–6083 min, compared to 99–2639 min for the uncoated nanocomposites. The hygroscopic nature of the CMC play a critical role in enhancing the release behaviour of the Zn/Al-LDH-QC-CMC. The kinetic study shows that the Zn/Al-LDH-QC-CMC follows the pseudo-second order kinetic model; hence the release mechanism occurred via dissolution of the CMC matrix and the ion exchange process. These results, therefore, indicate the potential of Zn/Al-LDH-QC-CMC in dealing with the downside effect of the excessive usage of herbicide in paddy cultivation.

Evaluating Alternatives to Cold Stabilization in Wineries: The Use of Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Potassium Polyaspartate, Electrodialysis and Ion Exchange Resins.

The tartaric stabilization of wines before bottling to avoid the precipitation of tartaric acid salts is an important and common step during wine production. The presence of precipitated salt crystals in bottled wines is detrimental to their quality and can even be a legal issue in some countries. Different methodologies are used in wineries to substitute the classical low-temperature stabilization process, which is an effective but costly process. This study comprises two years of experiments with red wines at an industrial scale. In the first year of the experiment, two subtractive methods (ionic exchange resins and electrodialysis) were tested, whereas two additive methods (potassium polyaspartate and carboxymethyl cellulose, both of them containing gum Arabic) were tested the second year. The tartaric stability of the wines, together with the oenological, chromatic and sensory characteristics, were followed during one year in the bottle. The results indicate that carboxymethyl cellulose and potassium polyaspartate (both combined with gum Arabic) were best at maintaining the sensory and chromatic characteristics during storage, with potassium polyaspartate providing a good tartaric stability to the treated wine and this wine being, in general, preferred in a sensory analysis test.

Hydrocolloids effect on coating batter and on organoleptic properties of rissol regenerated in oven and comparison with deep-frying process

Introduction: Consumers' preference for lower fat products continues to increase and there is a significant pressure on industry to reduce the use of frying processes. Objetives: Evaluate the effect of hydrocolloids on the Rissol coating, avoiding the pre-frying or frying processes. It’s also intended to compare physicochemical characteristics of the Rissol obtained, using oven regeneration process and traditional deep-frying, and consumer's acceptability of oven regenerated Rissol. Methods: Hydrocolloids such as carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylcellulose, xanthan, karaya and locust bean gums, were used alone in the coating system at concentrations of 0.5% and 1.5%(w/w), as well as the synergies established between pairs of gums to a final concentration of 1%(w/w). Rissol was regenerated in the oven (200°C, 18 minutes) and instrumental texture, colour, moisture and organoleptic properties (quantitative descriptive analysis) were measured.The contents in protein, carbohydrates, total fat, fibre, sodium chloride and moisture and consumer’s acceptability in Rissol with 0.5%(w/w) of carboxymethylcellulose were determined, to compare deep-frying and oven cooking processes. Results: The addition of 0.5%(w/w) of any of hydrocolloids studied to the coating system offers better prospects to produce an oven product without pre-frying. The formulations with 1.5%(w/w) of hydrocolloid showed a poorer appearance with cracks and lumps.Conclusion: The use of carboxymethylcellulose in coating batter could be an alternative to obtain a product with reduced total fat and with positive consumer acceptability results (with oven regeneration).

Designing high-power graphite-based dual-ion batteries

Dual-ion battery with the use of both cations and anions as means of energy storage promises high power, as the ions do not have to travel from one electrode to another during charge and discharge. Though, actual rate performance of an electrode is highly dependent on material, electrode configuration and electrolyte. Here, we have identified the key parameters governing the rate performance of PF6− intercalation into graphite. Capacity is increased by increasing the surface area of the graphite material. Electrical conductivity and stability are enhanced with carbon addition in the electrode with reduced cut-off voltage. Operating voltage is reduced by increasing the salt concentration, and ionic conductivity is improved with the use of carboxymethyl cellulose as binder. Optimized graphite electrode delivers a capacity of about 90 mAh g−1 at 10 mA g−1, and 90% of it can still be accessible at a rate of 500 mA g−1, with excellent cycle stability for at least 200 cycles. The dual-ion battery is demonstrated to give power density superior to that of lithium-ion battery, and energy density superior to that of supercapacitor.

Spectrofluorometric determination of clonazepam in dosage forms: Application to content uniformity testing and human plasma.

The present paper describes a developed and validated simple, highly sensitive and cost-effective spectrofluorometric method for determination of clonazepam (CNP). The proposed method depends on forming a highly fluorescent product through the reduction of CNP with Zn/HCl. The produced fluorophore exhibits a strong fluorescence at λem 350nm after excitation at λex 250nm. The use of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) greatly enhanced the fluorescence intensity of the produced fluorophore to the extent of about 100%. Calibration curve showed good linear regression (r2 >0.9998) within test ranges of 20-400ng ml-1 with a lower detection limit of 0.67ng ml-1 and lower quantification limit of 2.22ng ml-1 upon using CMC. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of CNP in its pharmaceutical formulations and the results were in agreement with those obtained using a reference method. Furthermore, the content uniformity testing of the tablets was also performed. The application of the proposed method was extended to determine CNP in spiked human plasma sample as a preliminary investigation and the results were satisfactory.

Thermal Properties, Structure, and Dye Absorption Ability of Carboxymethyl Cellulose/PP Composite Fibers

The present of this study aims to the use of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) improving the ability of fiber in the dyeing process. Carboxymethyl cellulose was synthesized from cellulose of banana leaves by esterification method. The effect of carboxymethyl cellulose contents on the structure, thermal properties and dye absorption were also investigated. Then, the CMC/PP composite fibers were obtained from single screw extruder at various contents of CMC (1wt%, 3wt% and 5wt%). The results from XRD showed that CMC were good compatibility with PP composite fibers. The results of thermal analysis showed that the incorporation of CMC into PP did not affect the melt temperature of the composite fibers. After dyeing, the dye however was absorbed by the CMC/PP fibers more than the pristine PP fibers. The results of absorption of dye on the CMC/PP fibers from spectrophotometer showed that dye absorbability were significantly increased with CMC contents.

Hydrothermal liquefaction of Miscanthus × Giganteus: Preparation of the ideal feedstock

Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) is a versatile thermochemical pathway that converts wet or moist biomass into a bio-oil with promising properties as a future replacement of fossil oil. Lignocellulosic biomasses are of particular interest as they are representative of almost all terrestrial plant material. The fibrous nature of lignocellulosic biomass may however induce clogging and damage in continuous HTL reactors systems. This study investigates the pretreatment of Miscanthus × Giganteus (a perennial grass) in order to achieve stable feedstock slurries. To this end, the stabilizing effects of homogeneous catalysts are studied as well as the use of carboxymethyl cellulose as additive to prevent sedimentation. Finally, the impact of the applied pretreatment methodologies on the HTL process was evaluated with particular emphasis on product distribution and carbon balances.

Identifying the Enzymatic Mode of Action for Cellulase Enzymes by Means of Docking Calculations and a Machine Learning Algorithm

Docking calculations have been conducted on 36 cellulase enzymes and the results were evaluated by a machine learning algorithm to determine the nature of the enzyme (i.e. endo- or exo- enzymatic activity). The docking calculations have also been used to identify crucial substrate-enzyme interactions, and establish structure-function relationships. The use of carboxymethyl cellulose as a docking substrate is found to correctly identify the endo- or exo- behavior of cellulase enzymes with 92% accuracy while cellobiose docking calculations resulted in an 86% predictive accuracy. The binding distributions for cellobiose have been classified into two distinct types; distributions with a single maximum or distributions with a bi-modal structure. It is found that the uni-modal distributions correspond to exo- type enzyme while a bi-modal substrate docking distribution corresponds to endo- type enzyme. These results indicate that the use of docking calculations and machine learning algorithms are a fast and computationally inexpensive method for predicting if a cellulase enzyme possesses primarily endo- or exo- type behavior, while also revealing critical enzyme-substrate interactions.