The connection between biomedical science and space technology has historically been very strong and often led to significant scientific/technological evolutions. The ISS has been for years the perfect environment to study and test many biomedical applications. Long duration space travels need further development of reliable, portable and miniaturised medical support systems. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of space start-ups/spin-offs specifically dedicated to health, with the aim of commercialising the results of research. For example, the use of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) to treat brain tumours, fibre optic probes to detect cataracts, or the development of wearable devices for clinical and leisure use.We review the devices for cardiovascular control and how space scientific and technological experiments contributed to the evolution of terrestrial applications and vice-versa. For a systematic approach, we combined the standardised taxonomy of ESA Technology Tree, which provides a classification of all technological expertise available for space activities, with the Italian National Classification of Medical Devices (the CND). In particular, we focused on technologies related to Life & Physical Science, Environmental Control Life Support (ECLS) and In-Situ Resource Utilisation (ISRU). The CND taxonomy is also aligned with the existing relevant classifications at the International level, such as the Global Medical Device Nomenclature (GMDN). By using specific keywords, our review considers both patent and scientific literature data (2010–2020) on cardiovascular control devices for space applications as well as space developments that may have contributed to the improvement of terrestrial activities. We analysed global trends, International Patent Classifications (IPC), country distributions, top assignees and funding sponsors. As a result, we identified that both scientific literature and patents have witnessed a general increase for the period under examination. China and the United States maintain the leading positions in both scientific literature and patenting publications. Similarly, European community member States (particularly Germany, Italy, Spain and France) and United Kingdom are very active. The most recurring technological protected domains include diagnosis, surgery, measurement and pharmaceuticals technologies. Therefore, patent and literature indicators, integrated with market information, provide a clear assessment of the related technology trends and readiness levels.