Use Of Bottles Research Articles

Common Complementary Feeding Practices Among Under-Five Children: The Case of Zambia

Introduction In the past several decades, Zambia has suffered high levels of under nutrition particularly stunting among children below 5 years of age. Although appropriate complementary feeding practices are reported to reduce child deaths by 6%, they have not received the adequate attention from programme officers and caregivers in terms of implementation. Objectives The objective was to investigate issues surrounding the common complementary feeding practices practised by caregivers of children below five years in health facilities and areas where high rates of malnutrition admission come from. Design A cross sectional research using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study used mostly proportions based mostly on global indicators on complementary feeding. Qualitative data was also analysed according to themes of global complementary feeding indicators Setting The study was conducted in five hospitals, namely Arthur Davison, Solwezi Central, Kabwe and Livingstone General, and University Teaching Hospital. Subjects The target populations were mothers whose children were admitted for malnutrition and those with children 0-59 months living in communities with the highest number of malnourished cases admitted to selected hospitals Results About45.2% (190) of caregivers introduced liquids before six months of age and 7.6% (32) after 6 months attributing child thirst, medication and advice from health worker as the main reasons. Slightly above half (54.2% of 224) of mothers/caregivers used cups to feed their babies. The use of feeding bottles was still common (8.2% of 34). Responsibility to feed the child is mostly left to the mother (86.4%, 362). In addition, children were being feed about 2.67 (SD 0-72) per day. Conclusions Child feeding practices were still poor. This contributes to poor child growth and health. More interventions should be planned to improve child care behaviour.

Prevalence and determinants of the use of pacifiers and feedingbottle: a study in Southwest Bahia

Abstract Objectives: to assess the use of pacifier and feedingbottle and their determinants in children from a municipality of Southwest Bahia. Methods: a cross-sectional study was performed with 354 children younger than 12 months old. The event was categorized in: exclusive use of pacifier, exclusive use of feeding bottle,use of pacifier and feeding bottle, and not use any of them. Multinomial analysis with logistic regression was applied, and those who did not use any artificial nipples were thereference variable. Results: it was observed that 11.9% of the children exclusively used pacifiers, 21.2% only use bottles and 32.8% used both of them. The following factors were associated with the exclusive use of pacifiers: low maternal schooling level (eight or less years of education), lack of previous experience with breastfeeding, difficulty in postpartum breastfeeding, and lack of incentive to breastfeeding in puericulture. The exclusive use of feeding bottle was associated with unmarried mothers, aged 35 years old or older, and with less years of education (eight or less years). Women who worked outside home and had difficulty in breastfeeding had greater chance of giving both artificial nipples to the children. Conclusions: the findingspresent different featuresrelated to the exclusive or combined use of pacifiers and feeding bottles, being important to direct health professionals conducts towards mothers’ orientation.

Community behavior and single-use plastic bottle consumption

Since plastic is considered as environmentally hazardous material, various programs aimed at educating the community on the impact of plastics pollution and consumption have been continuously conducted. Furthermore, the relationship between culture and community behavior regarding single-use plastic bottle consumption is important to be investigated for mitigating plastics pollution. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the quantity of single-use polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based plastic bottles are used daily and how communities are managing them in the waste stream. The data was collected from the family members of 100 households of various educational, social, economic, age, and lifestyle backgrounds. About seven local companies that work in plastic waste collection were also important participants in the data collection regarding plastics consumption. The study showed that almost 80 % of households reported one to four single-use plastic bottles consumed each day while the remaining 20 % used more than four single-use plastics bottles daily. From 88 respondents, only 10 % separated plastic bottles in their trash disposal. The result also showed that the increasing use of single-use plastic bottles are highly influenced by the behavior of the local community in plastics consumption and waste management.

Comparison of Large-bore Intercostal Catheter and Small-Bore Ambulatory Pleural Drain in the Management of Pleural Effusion

Background: The use of conventional chest tube and underwater seal bottle (CCT) for pleural drainage (PD) makes the treatment expensive, immediately un-affordable by more than 80% of the patients in Nigeria, and also immobilizes the patients with the attendant risks. To curtail the above mentioned problems, some researchers have reported the use of one-way valve and drainage bag for PD.
 Objective: To evaluate and compare PD using urobag versus CCT
 Methodology: Prospective randomized study of adult patients with pleural effusion who had PD with CCT and urobag respectively.
 Results: Before PD and at 30 minutes into the drainage, no patient in the two groups had normal respiratory rate (RR), but by 30 minutes before removal of the pleural drain, 80.5% in the CCT group and 69.2% in the urobag group had achieved normal RR. And by the 30 days follow up assessment, 100% in both groups maintained normal RR (p=0.459). The equivalent figures evaluating the patients for peripheral arterial oxygen saturation showed subnormal saturation in all patients in the two groups at 30 minutes before PD, normal saturation in 22% of patients in CCT group versus zero percent in the urobag group at 30 minutes after commencement of PD (p<0.0001). At 30 minutes before removal of pleural drain saturation was normal in 97.6% of the CCT and 84.6% of the urobag group. By 30 days follow up, saturation became normal in 97.6% of CCT group versus 100% of urobag group.
 Lung expansion assessed with chest radiographs at 30 minutes before pleural drainage showed that no patient in the two groups had fully expanded lung. However at 30 minutes after pleural drainage 46.3% in the CCT group versus 53.8% in the urobag group had complete lung expansion. These figures rose to 97.6% and 100% respectively at 30 minutes before removal of pleural drain and at 30 days follow-up (p=0.823). Duration of drainage of pleural effusion was less than 7 days in 92.7% of patients on CCT and in 92.3% of the urobag group. Length of hospital stay analysis showed that length of stay was shorter than 10 days in 97.6% and 100% of the CCT and urobag groups respectively. Complications attributable to the drainage systems were negligible.
 Conclusion: Pleural drainage with urobag and CCT all result in acceptable outcome of drainage.

The Concept of Development by Making Use of Waste Plastic Bottles in the Pojok Village in Central Java Province

This programs is an effort to utilize plastic bottle waste to become a container of viticulture planting media with external products in the form of a vertical garden and hanging plant garden. Starting from the abundance of used plastic bottles buried in the garbage bank of Pojok village and the existence of plant nurseries by the community and added enthusiasm and community participation in building the village. The object of this service was the people of Pojok village Central Java Province. This service program aims to increase public awareness in utilizing used plastic bottles that were previously only sold and as an effort to improve the agro-tourism opportunities. The method used in this activity is Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). PRA is an approach method in the process of empowerment and increasing community participation. The Pojok village community will be actively involved in identifying problems, prioritizing the problems to be resolved, making alternative solutions to problems, planning and implementing programs. In addition, the community is also involved in program evaluation. The analytical method is to measure changes in the knowledge and behavior of the pretest and posttest design using the Wilcoxon test. At the end it can be concluded that the program can be the best solution in utilizing the former plastic bottles into a park as well as an effort to make people aware and motivate the people in Pojok Village to be more creative in using former plastic bottles.

Assessing the relationship between water and nutrition knowledge and beverage consumption habits in children.

To examine the relationship between knowledge and beverage consumption habits among children. Cross-sectional analysis. Linear regression was used to identify sociodemographic, dietary and behavioural determinants of beverage consumption and knowledge, and to describe the relationships between children's knowledge and water and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption. Seventeen elementary schools in London, Ontario, Canada. A total of 1049 children aged 8-14 years. Knowledge scores were low overall. Children with higher knowledge scores consumed significantly fewer SSB (β = -0·33; 95 % CI -0·49, -0·18; P < 0·0001) and significantly more water (β = 0·34; 95 % CI 0·16, 0·52; P = 0·0002). More frequent refillable water bottle use, lower junk food consumption, lower fruit and vegetable consumption, female sex, higher parental education, two-parent households and not participating in a milk programme were associated with a higher water consumption. Male sex, higher junk food consumption, single-parent households, lower parental education, participating in a milk programme, less frequent refillable water bottle use and permission to leave school grounds at lunchtime were associated with a higher SSB consumption. Water was the most frequently consumed beverage; however, 79 % of respondents reported consuming an SSB at least once daily and 50 % reported consuming an SSB three or more times daily. Elementary-school children have relatively low nutrition and water knowledge and consume high proportions of SSB. Higher knowledge is associated with increased water consumption and reduced SSB consumption. Interventions to increase knowledge may be effective at improving children's beverage consumption habits.

Dose exposure of Bisphenol- A on female Wistar rats fertility.

Background 2, 2-Bis (4-hydroxyphenyl propane [bisphenol A (BPA)] is one of the major environmental pollutants and has the adverse effects on human health. BPA mimics the structure of estrogen and binds to estrogen receptors and alters the secretion of the hormone. It is ingested in humans through the regular use of plastic containers, bottles and food cans. Materials and methods Female Wistar rats were exposed orally to 5, 50, 300, 600 and 800 mg BPA/kg body weight (bd. wt.)/week mixed in olive oil and administered every 168 h for 3 months continuing through the mating, gestation and lactation and its effects on fertility, reproductive organ weight and hormones [LH (luteinizing hormone), FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), estradiol (E2), progesterone (PROG) and PRL (prolactin)] were evaluated. Results The findings revealed that females exposed to BPA exhibited a decrease in female fertility rate and weight of reproductive organs (ovary and uterus) with significant decreased levels of LH, FSH, E2, PROG and PRL in the non-pregnancy phase whereas in cesarean and post-term females, no significance difference was found in fertility rate, reproductive organ weight and hormonal levels. Conclusions These data indicate an increased sensitivity to BPA needs careful evaluation of the current levels of exposure.

Sterility of Ethyl Chloride Spray After Use in the Clinic.

Background: Ethyl chloride spray is used frequently in the outpatient setting as a local anesthetic for injections and aspirations with varying consensus about the sterility of the spray. We hypothesize that ethyl chloride spray remains sterile and would show no bacterial growth during routine clinical use. Methods: Thirteen ethyl chloride bottles were collected for testing. Two unopened bottles were used as controls. Eleven unopened bottles were placed in orthopedic clinics and recollected after varying duration of use. The final volume and duration of use were recorded. Each bottle was sprayed in a separate test tube and allowed to evaporate. Trypticase soy broth was added to each tube and incubated for 48 hours. Control test tubes with broth alone were prepared and incubated under the same conditions. Cultures were evaluated at 24 and 48 hours. Results: The mean duration of ethyl chloride bottle use prior to culturing was 26 days. The average volume used per day was 1.9 mL. Each ethyl chloride bottle had an initial volume of 103.5 mL. Using the average daily volume usage, an extrapolated lifespan of each bottle was estimated at 7.7 weeks. None of the samples showed bacterial or fungal growth at 24 or 48 hours. Conclusion: Ethyl chloride bottles used in the clinical settings showed no bacterial or fungal contamination through their shelf life and routine use. The duration and amount of use did not affect sterility. Although the antimicrobial activity of ethyl chloride spray on skin is debated, ethyl chloride itself remains sterile through clinical use.

International Board Certified Lactation Consultants' Practices Regarding Supplemental Feeding Methods for Breastfed Infants.

According to the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, when supplementary feeding occurs, mothers should be counseled on the use and risks of feeding bottles and teats. To help support this initiative it is important to understand the supplementation practices of Internationally Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLC)®. To determine (1) if the location of an IBCLC's practice has any impact on supplemental feeding methods; (2) the preferred methods of and the main reasons for supplementation; (3) the level of an IBCLC's confidence with supplemental feeding methods; (4) who is making supplemental feeding decisions; and (5) if there are geographical differences among supplementation choices and reasons for supplementation. An exploratory, descriptive, cross sectional survey of IBCLCs was conducted to generate data about their use of supplemental feeding methods. The survey was sent via email invitation through the International Board of Lactation Consultant's Board of Examiners, with a response rate of 11.5% (N = 2,308). There was no standard method of supplementation among participants. Participants indicated that they were confident advising mothers on alternative feeding methods. Only 17.6% (n = 406) of participants reported that the IBCLC was the caregiver who recommended the method of supplementation used. The majority of participants believed the Supplemental Feeding Tube Device SFTD) best preserves the breastfeeding relationship, and this was their preferred method of supplementation. However, the bottle was ranked as the number one method used in the United States, Australia, and Canada. The use of alternative feeding methods may be overwhelming to the mother. Supplementation by alternative feeding methods might help preserve the breastfeeding relationship and help reach the World Health Organization's goal of increasing exclusive breastfeeding rates.

Household Contamination of Baby Bottles and Opportunities to Improve Bottle Hygiene in Peri-Urban Lima, Peru.

Feeding of infant formula using contaminated bottles may be an important transmission pathway of enteric pathogens during early life. Determinants of suboptimal bottle hygiene and the feasibility and acceptability of intervention strategies have not been well assessed. We evaluated the extent of bottle contamination, its contributing factors, and options for promoting improved bottle hygiene in a Peruvian shantytown. During Phase 1, we sampled from bottles and caregiver hands (n = 48) and processed for enumeration of total coliform and Escherichia coli colony-forming units. A semi-structured questionnaire captured bottle use and hygiene practices. Phase 2 involved the identification of candidate practices to recommend to caregivers. Phase 3 consisted of a behavioral trial in which 14 caregivers were educated about improved practices for bottle disinfection and later reported on their experiences implementing them. Fecal bacteria were detected in 43.8% of bottles sampled during Phase 1 and in 21.7% of hands. Caregivers overall did not use effective methods for disinfecting bottles, displayed misunderstandings surrounding hygienic practices, and few had ever discussed bottle hygiene with a health provider. Findings from the behavioral trial indicated that the improved practice of brushing the bottle with dish detergent for 30 seconds after every use is preferable to boiling the bottle for several minutes daily as caregivers reported that the brush was simple to use, efficient, and practical. The promotion of a bottle brush and detergent is a feasible and acceptable intervention strategy in peri-urban settings, and future research should evaluate its long-term effectiveness for reducing bottle contamination.

Nutritive and non-nutritive sucking patterns associated with pacifier use and bottle-feeding in full-term infants

BackgroundThe current literature does not provide accurate information about the association between use of artificial nipples and sucking patterns in infants. AimsWe aimed to investigate whether pacifier use and/or bottle-feeding were associated with nutritive sucking (NS) and non-nutritive sucking (NNS) patterns. Study designCross-sectional study. Subjects429 full-term infants/mothers. Outcome measuresData were collected through a questionnaire and observations of NS during breastfeeding and NNS (finger sucking). Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the adjusted associations between artificial nipple use and between NS and NNS changes. ResultsThere were higher frequencies of changes in the NNS and NS patterns in the group that used artificial nipples. Regarding the type of artificial nipple, pacifier use had a greater influence on changes in the NNS pattern whereas the use of a baby bottle presented a greater number of associations with changes in the NS pattern. ConclusionThe findings suggest that the use of artificial nipples may be associated with changes in the sucking patterns of infants, demonstrating the possible existence of nipple confusion and its effect on breastfeeding.

Methods to simplify cooling of liquid Helium cryostats

Liquid Helium is used widely, from hospitals to characterization of materials at low temperatures. Many experiments at low temperatures require liquid Helium, particularly when vibration isolation precludes the use of cryocoolers and when one needs to cool heavy equipment such as superconducting coils. Here we describe methods to simplify the operations required to use liquid Helium by eliminating the use of high pressure bottles, avoiding blockage and improving heating and cooling rates. First we show a simple and very low cost method to transfer liquid Helium from a transport container into a cryostat that uses a manual pump having pumping and pressurizing ports, giving a liquid Helium transfer rate of about 100 liters an hour. Second, we describe a closed cycle circuit of Helium gas cooled in an external liquid nitrogen bath that allows precooling a cryogenic experiment without inserting liquid nitrogen into the cryostat, eliminating problems associated to the presence of nitrogen around superconducting magnets. And third, we show a sliding seal assembly and an inner vacuum chamber design that allows inserting large experiments into liquid Helium.

Identification of microbial contaminants in sinus rinse squeeze bottles used by allergic rhinitis patients.

ObjectiveTo identify whether irrigation devices become contaminated when used by patients with allergic rhinitis (AR).MethodsTen AR patients with no clinical or endoscopic evidence of active sinonasal infection were given a sinus rinse system and instructed on its proper use, cleaning, and storage. Two squeeze bottles (bottle A and bottle B) were given to each patient for twice-a-day rinsing. Bottle A was used in the morning and analyzed after four weeks. Bottle B was used in the evening and analyzed after 8 weeks of use. Microbial contaminants were cultured from the nose pieces and the inner surface of the bottles obtained from patients.ResultsSeventeen sinus rinse devices (17/20) from all individuals in this study grew bacteria commonly in the nozzles. Twenty-four bacterial isolates consisting of 14 different species were cultured and identified with most common organisms being bacilli and staphylococcus. In addition, no correlation was apparent between the length of bottle use and the degree of contamination (r = 0.13, p = 0.76). During the study period, no patient developed acute sinus infections.ConclusionMicrobial contamination of the sinus rinse system occurs commonly, even in uninfected AR patients; however no evidence exists linking this to clinically relevant sinus infections.Trial Registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01030146.

Principles of Hydration

Principles of Hydration

The utility of anaerobic blood culture

Anaerobic bacteria have been implicated in many significant human infections, with a reported mortality of up to 38% in bacteraemia. Current data suggest anaerobic pathogens account for 0.4–7% of all positive blood cultures. Notwithstanding this data there is no consensus with regards to the utility of anaerobic blood culture. The counter argument is a low incidence and predictable risk factors and therefore potential limited therapeutic gain. The aim of our study was to determine the incidence of anaerobic bacteraemia and the causative organisms at our facility. From 2000 to 2017, 18,411 positive blood cultures were reviewed. A total of 408 (2.2%) anaerobic isolates were identified, with 322 (1.7%) deemed clinically significant. The most commonly isolated anaerobic genera were Bacteroides, Propionibacterium, Clostridium, Peptostreptococcus and Fusobacterium. The anaerobic bottle was singularly positive in 279 (95%) of cases. Therefore, although anaerobic bacteraemia is infrequent at our facility, omission of anaerobic blood culture bottles is likely to result in missed diagnoses and potentially inadequate therapy. Given the high mortality of anaerobic bacteraemia, routine use of both aerobic and anaerobic blood culture bottles is justified.

The view of parents and teachers about the occurrence of deleterious oral habits in a group of preschool children

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the parents and teachers views about the occurrence of deleterious oral habits in preschool children. Methods: a cross - sectional study with a quantitative analysis. Parents and teachers answered a self-administered questionnaire regarding the deleterious habits of preschool children and signed the Informed Consent Term. At the end, 221questionaries were included. The data were submitted to Chi-square test, Fisher exact and McNemar tests. Results: according to the parents, the most frequent habit was the bottle with 52.04%, followed by the pacifier with 24.09%. According to the teachers, the pacifier was the most frequent one, accounting for 20.36% of cases, followed by the use of bottle (7.69%). In the present sample, 90.95% of the children were breastfed. When related to oral habits, it was observed that the longer the breastfeeding time, the lower the use of pacifiers and bottles. By comparing the questionnaires, it was verified that the parents noticed, more frequently, the oral habits than did the teachers. Conclusion: in the group studied, the parents reported more the presence of deleterious oral habits than did the teachers. It is important that parents, and especially teachers, have information about the harm caused by the prolonged presence of such habits, so that they can encourage their interruption, thus, avoiding possible damages to the stomatognathic system and the performance of orofacial functions.

Feeding Practices of Potential Risk to Dental Caries in Early Childhood and its Relationship with Sociodemographic Variables and Prematurity

Objective: To verify the relationship of feeding practices of potential risk to dental caries in early childhood with sociodemographic variables, prematurity and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admission (NICU). Material and Methods: Data from medical records of infants and preschool children, including feeding practices (breastfeeding, bottle feeding, feeding during sleep, introduction and frequency of sugar use), sociodemographic variables, prematurity and NICU admission were collected. Chi-square, Fisher and Maximum Likelihood Ratio tests were used. Results: The number of medical records was 222 in the age group of 01-45 months. Breastfeeding was not present in 66.7% of preterm infants (p=0.003) and 66.1% of infants admitted at NICU (p=0.011). The use of feeding bottle occurred in 58.4% of infants whose mothers work / study; 58.4% of preterm infants and 60.9% of children admitted at NICU (p<0.001). Feeding during sleep occurred in 70.5% of infants aged 1-24 months (p<0.001); 51.4% were single children (p=0.010) and 76.7% did not attend daycare centers (p=0.003). The introduction of sugar occurred in 60.6% in the age group of 01-24 months. The use of sugar more than 3x / day occurred in 52.6% of infants aged 25-45 months (p=0.003) and; 51.8% with mothers whose schooling corresponded to elementary school (p=0.039). Conclusion: Among caries-risk feeding practices, there was relationship between breastfeeding and prematurity and NICU admission; use of feeding bottle and mothers who worked and / or studied, prematurity and NICU admission; feeding during sleep and younger children, single child and those who did not attend daycare centers; and higher frequency of sugar use and older infants, and maternal schooling corresponding to elementary school.

Feasibility of Reusable Glass Bottles in Bottled Water Small Industry (Case Study: Academic Enterprise Unit of Bogor Agricultural University)

Increasing demand for bottled drinking water (BDW) has led to an increase in the number of industries which has resulted in an increase in the amount of packaging wastes that pollute the environment. Therefore, efforts to minimize waste need to be carried out, one of them is the use of reusable glass bottles (RGB) that involve packaging returns to producers (reverse logistics). Feasibility analysis covered market, technical and management, environment, and financial aspects of the products is required before RGB is applied. Analysis of Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) on market aspects showed that consumers are very satisfied with the quality of service, but there are several attributes that need to be improved. Conjoin analysis showed the consumers like BDW RGB products of prices less than Rp 5,000, volume 600 ml, collector empty bottles are agents, and fines are not applied. Analysis of technical and management aspects showed that it is feasible. The impact on using RGB to the environment is smaller than PET (plastic bottle). Judging from the financial criteria for internal rate of return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), Net Benefit Cost ratio (B/C), and Payback Period (PBP), the use of RGB is more feasible. Keywords: bottled drinking water, feasibility analysis, reusable glass bottles, environmental impacts DOI : 10.7176/JESD/10-2-04

A single-visit feeding plate for a 14-day-old neonate with cleft palate

Cleft palate is the most common congenital maxillofacial defect, compared to clefts of other facial structures. A feeding plate is a prosthetic aid designed to obturate the cleft so that the infant can generate negative pressure within the oral cavity, which is necessary for sucking. A 14-day-old infant, with no contributory medical and family history, was referred to the department of prosthodontics. The mother reported that the infant was not able to suckle milk properly even with the use of typical cleft nipples or squeezable bottles. The final impression was made with very high-viscosity condensation silicone rubber base impression material. The secondary impression was poured with dental stone to obtain a master cast, blocking out the undercuts with pink wax, and then, the plate was fabricated using self-cured acrylic resin. The feeding plate was checked in the dental clinic, and the patient's mother was asked to feed the baby. Instructions were provided on how to use, clean, function, and maintain the feeding appliance. The feeding plate was delivered on the same day considering high anxiety of the mother regarding the diminished weight of her infant relative to his age.

Application of Bottles as a Sustainable Material in Building Construction

The cost of construction in building the world house is important factor in field of construction. It depends upon the individual requirements and if people are below poverty line then it is difficult for them. Also the increase in urbanization has developed the non-renewable products like plastic bottle. This products can be used in construction. So that the Eco-friendly construction can be done forming the suitable thermal resistance to structure. Plastic bottles are generally used to store different material for consumption and for many other uses. When bottles are incinerated the huge amount of toxic fume are produced which are harmful to nature. Recycling is only survival option because only PET bottles can be recycled all other bottles are discarded and only 1 out of 5 bottles are sent to the recycle bin. So this tends to need for constructive use of waste plastic bottles in environment friendly way. This paper consist of use of plastic bottle as sustainable material i.e. as a substance similar to brick in nature, which is filled with compacted sand, fly ash and combination of both, different testing on them comparative to bricks and economic advantages over the traditional brick so that idea of safe and Ecofriendly construction can be incorporated and a wise step towards environment saving can be take place.