Use Of Cathode Research Articles

High capacity polycarbazole-sulfur cathode for use in lithium-sulfur batteries

The potential use of electrochemically polymerized polycarbazole as an additive in lithium-sulfur battery cathodes has been investigated. Optimization of the polymer properties considered solvent, electrolyte and current-time profile during electropolymerization. It was found that electrodeposition from LiClO4-acetonitrile electrolyte and constant-potential deposition (at 1.15 V vs Ag/Ag+) gives the highest initial discharge capacity. This is most likely due to an optimum combination of specific surface area and conductivity.To improve the quality of the cathode, a slurry of carbon disulfide and dimethyl formamide was devised to balance the dispersion of carbon black and the solubility of sulfur. In 2032-coin cells, against a lithium anode, a polycarbazole-sulfur (PCBz-S) cathode with 30% sulphur showed the highest initial discharge capacity. A very good coulombic efficiency of around 98% and a capacity retention of over 91% for 50 charge/discharge cycles were obtained for the optimized PCBz-S cathode. Based on the cycling performance, PCBz is a potentially useful additive to mitigate the polysulfide shuttle effect. In addition, the electropolymerized carbazole matches the performance of a commercial polypyrrole that has been widely used as a conductive binder.

Ion Beam Generation in a Vacuum Arc Ion Source with a Multicomponent Cathode

Vacuum arc ion sources are widely used for modifying the properties of various surfaces using ion implantation. The use of cathodes consisting of multicomponent compounds in these sources makes it possible to obtain beams of complex compositions, which expands their technological capabilities. An ion beam generated in a vacuum arc ion source with a two-component cathode made of a copper-chromium composite is studied under the conditions of a magnetic field applied to the discharge gap. It is shown that the charge state distribution of copper and chromium ions in the beam depends on their ratio in the cathode material, and the fractions of these ions in the beam correspond to their atomic content in the cathode. It is shown that the ratio of copper and chromium ions in the plasma, and, accordingly, in the ion beam, is independent of the magnetic field and corresponds to their atomic ratio in the cathode.

Effects of low doping on the improvement of cathode materials Na3+xV2−xMx(PO4)3 (M = Co2+, Cu2+; x = 0.01–0.05) for SIBs

In this work, we demonstrate the advantages of low doping in relation to the electrochemical properties of the NVP cathode for use in SIBs.

(Invited) Controlling the Size and Dispersion of Exsolved Catalyst Particles By Electrochemistry and By Strain

Increasing the performance of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs) for the production of hydrogen (H2) from water (H2O) splitting requires the use of cathodes with low polarization resistance. In-situ growth of metal catalysts from perovskite oxides (termed catalyst exsolution) has been proposed as a means to decorate the porous electrode with highly dispersed, nanometer-sized catalytic particles [1-3]. These particles are highly active towards reactions of interest and show increased resistance to agglomeration due to their socketed nature [4].In this work, we investigate the in-situ, on demand exsolution of catalysts by using fuel and electrochemistry as a means to decrease the temperature and duration required to grow catalytic particles on the surface of electrodes. We study the performance, stability, particle morphology and distribution as a function of electrochemical polarization applied at the electrode. Substantial improvement of reaction kinetics is found, consistent with previous reports [5]. In addition, we probe the effect of electrochemical and temperature conditions on the particle size, shape and distribution. In addition, we propose tuning the reducibility of parent oxides to be a good strategy in controlling the size and dispersion of the exsolved particles, and demonstrate this approach on epitaxial perovskite thin films. Moreover, our observations suggest oxygen vacancies to be the potential nucleation sites of the exsolved particles.The present study provides a new direction towards the generation of nanoparticle-size catalysts on the surface of perovskite oxides given the increasing demand for active and durable catalysts in the field of solid oxide cells and in other energy and fuels conversion processes.

Hydrogen evolving electrode with low Pt loading fabricated by repeated pulse electrodeposition

Reducing the Pt loading amount in an electrode is essential for the commercialization of water electrolyzers. We report a simple method for the fabrication of a low Pt loading electrode, using an electrochemical method named self-terminated electrodeposition, at room temperature and under ambient pressure. Controlling the deposition conditions enables the quenching deposition of Pt on a C-coated gas diffusion layer by H passivation at a highly negative potential. Repeating deposition pulses facilitate the facile control of the Pt surface composition and electrochemical surface area, which significantly affects their catalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction. The results presented show that the aforementioned Pt electrode can be a promising cathode for use in membrane-based water electrolyzers.

Effects of electrokinetic phenomena on the load-bearing capacity of different steel and concrete piles: a small-scale experimental study

To date, the electrokinetic (EK) method has only been used to increase the bearing capacity of steel piles. This study analysed the impact of EK on the bearing capacity of reinforced cement concrete piles (RCCP), reinforced lime-cement concrete piles (RLCCP), and steel piles located in kaolin clay. The performance of four different cathodes was also evaluated, and the iron electrode was found to be the most effective cathode for use in the EK process. Unlike RLCCP, the bearing capacity of 7 day cured RCCP with 5 day EK decreased due to corrosion in the pile body. However, the addition of lime to RCCP significantly increased the pile bearing capacity by 57.8% with 8 day EK and prevented damage and corrosion in the pile body. It is concluded that EK can effectively increase the bearing capacity of both metallic and even concrete piles.

Silver coated cathode for molten carbonate fuel cells

Within this study, a layered cathode for use in a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) has been developed. The substrate layer and reference MCFC cathode made of porous nickel was covered by a porous silver film with defined porosity and pore size. Both layers were fabricated using the tape casting method and further fired in a reductive atmosphere. The new cathode was assembled with other reference cell components to form a single MCFC, which was subjected to performance and durability tests. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the microstructure of the materials before and after tests. The reference cathode was also studied for the comparison.The results show that the porous silver layer was able to enhance the electron transport between the cathode and current collector. It was also found that oxygen reduction is enhanced due to the presence of silver in the gas supply. As a result, the power density of the cell was increased by 50%. On the other hand, due to the separation from electrolyte by the NiO layer, no significant degradation of the silver layer, identified by SEM or electrochemical tests, was found after 1000 h.

(Invited) Controlling the Size and Dispersion of Exsolved Catalyst Particles By Electrochemistry and By Strain

Increasing the performance of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs) for the production of hydrogen (H2) from water (H2O) splitting requires the use of cathodes with low polarization resistance. In-situ growth of metal catalysts from perovskite oxides (termed catalyst exsolution) has been proposed as a means to decorate the porous electrode with highly dispersed, nanometer-sized catalytic particles [1-3]. These particles are highly active towards reactions of interest and show increased resistance to agglomeration due to their socketed nature [4].In this work, we investigate the in-situ, on demand exsolution of catalysts by using fuel and electrochemistry as a means to decrease the temperature and duration required to grow catalytic particles on the surface of electrodes. We study the performance, stability, particle morphology and distribution as a function of electrochemical polarization applied at the electrode. Substantial improvement of reaction kinetics is found, consistent with previous reports [5]. In addition, we probe the effect of electrochemical and temperature conditions on the particle size, shape and distribution. In addition, we propose tuning the reducibility of parent oxides to be a good strategy in controlling the size and dispersion of the exsolved particles, and demonstrate this approach on epitaxial perovskite thin films. Moreover, our observations suggest oxygen vacancies to be the potential nucleation sites of the exsolved particles.The present study provides a new direction towards the generation of nanoparticle-size catalysts on the surface of perovskite oxides given the increasing demand for active and durable catalysts in the field of solid oxide cells and in other energy and fuels conversion processes.

Structural engineering of hydrated vanadium oxide cathode by K+ incorporation for high-capacity and long-cycling aqueous zinc ion batteries

Vanadium oxides are promising candidates for cathode materials in aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) with low cost and high capacity yet requirements for long cycling necessitate the development of increasingly stable structure. This study reports a structural engineering method by incorporating K+ into hydrated vanadium pentoxide (V2O5·nH2O, VOH) to achieve unique hydrated vanadate (KV12O30-y·nH2O, KVOH). In contrast to previously reported works, K+ introduction leads to a new phase of KVOH with faster ion diffusion kinetics and better long-term cycling stability. This work establishes an understanding of the role of K+ incorporation in KVOH which goes beyond its conventional categorization as an agent for interlayer spacing adjustment, reflecting in maintaining structure flexibility for effective Zn2+ insertion/extraction even at high rates, improving materials conductivity by the electron hoping of V4+/V5+ and acting as a stabilizer to accommodate structural contraction/expansion with smaller voltage hysteresis and higher reversibility. KVOH displays a remarkable capacity of 436 mAh g−1 at 0.05 ​A ​g−1, maintains 227 mAh g−1 at 10 ​A ​g−1, which is better than VOH and the majority of reported monovalent and multivalent metal ions introduced in vanadates. KVOH exhibits excellent cycling stability with 92% capacity retention over 3000 cycles at 5 ​A ​g−1, high energy density (308 ​Wh kg−1) and power density (7502 ​W ​kg−1), as well as improved energy efficiency. These characteristics recommend KVOH cathodes for use in high-performance aqueous ZIBs.

Shaped Beams from Diamond Field-Emitter Array Cathodes

Diamond field-emitter arrays (DFEAs) are arrays of diamond pyramids with exquisitely sharp tips and micrometer-scale bases that produce high current densities. These arrays can be fabricated in arbitrary shapes, ranging from single tips to many millions of tips, so that they produce an inherently shaped electron beam. Each tip emits a modest current, but the large dense array can produce many Amps. We are investigating these cathodes for use in dielectric wakefield accelerators; however, they may also be applicable to vacuum microwave tubes. Recently, shaped beam production and transport have been demonstrated in the 1.3-GHz RF gun at the Argonne Cathode Test Stand at the Argonne National Laboratory. The charge was measured on a Faraday cup and the beam imaged on a YAG screen with peak electric field gradients on the cathode ranging from 12 to 35 MV/m. Three cathode geometries were tested: one 1-mm equilateral triangle with 7- $\mu \text{m}$ base pyramids and 10- $\mu \text{m}$ pitch, one 1-mm equilateral triangle with 10- $\mu \text{m}$ base and 25- $\mu \text{m}$ pitch, and one sparse $5\times 5$ square array with 20- $\mu \text{m}$ base and 400- $\mu \text{m}$ pitch. The two triangular arrays emitted 35 nC in an RF macropulse at 35 MV/m and 13-nC charge at 27 MV/m, respectively, while the sparse array emitted 0.060-nC charge at 15 MV/m. This article presents the results of the triangular array experiments, including damage due to breakdown in the RF gun and initial models of tip-to-tip shielding.

Porous hydrated ammonium vanadate as a novel cathode for aqueous rechargeable Zn-ion batteries.

Development of suitable cathodes for use in aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries has attracted extensive interest. Herein, the electrochemical and structural changes of a novel porous hydrated ammonium vanadate (AVO) cathode in an aqueous ZnSO4-based electrolyte are reported. The AVO/Zn system exhibits a high reversible capacity of 418 mA h g-1, excellent long-term cyclability, and outstanding storage performance. Moreover, an interesting insertion mechanism with ternary carriers in a Zn/AVO aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion battery has been demonstrated for the first time.

Study of ZrSiB Coatings Obtained by Magnetron Sputtering of ZrB2-20%Si and ZrB2-50%ZrSi2 Cathodes

A comparative study of ZrSiB coatings obtained by magnetron sputtering with the use of cathodes of different phase composition is carried out. The optimal compositions from the point of view of maximum heat resistance are revealed.

Multifold pressure-induced increase of electric conductivity in LiFe0.75V0.10PO4 glass

We investigated the impact of high pressure and high-temperature annealing on lithium-vanadium-iron-phosphate (LiFe0.75V0.10PO4) glass materials, proposed for the use in cathodes for high-performance batteries. The treatment was carried out below the glass transition temperature (Tg ≈ 483 °C) at P = 1 GPa pressure, in an argon atmosphere. It led to the multifold electrical conductivity increase. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) measurements before and after the process revealed the strong DC-conductivity increase across the whole studied frequency range by two orders of magnitude. The phenomenon is explained using Mott’s theory of polaron hopping in disordered solids containing transition metal oxides. The pressure evolution of the glass transition temperature and the crystallisation temperature above Tg is shown.

P2-Na0.66Li0.18Fe0.12 Mn0.7O2, a High-Performance Cathode Material for Sodium Ion Batteries

Room temperature Na-ion batteries (NIBs) hold great promises in grid-scale electric energy storage1. An in-depth and fundamental understanding of the structure-property relationship in the electrode materials is pivotal to the rational design of electrodes and batteries with improved performance. As a group of high capacity cathode materials for NIBs, P2-NaxFeyMn1-yO2 compounds typically undergo a phase transition from P2 to O2 (or OP4) phase accompanied by the creation of defects and dislocations at the grain/domain boundaries, upon sodium extraction up to 4.2 V2 -4. Such phase transition greatly hinders the kinetics of sodium insertion/extraction and leads to mechanical damage of the cathode materials and thus poor cycling stability of the battery. Herein, a novel cathode material for sodium ion batteries, namely Na0.66Li0.18Fe0.12Mn0.7O2 was designed based on the strategy of using lithium to stabilize the deeply charged structure and was successfully synthesized. This material shows high discharge capacity of ~210 mA g-1 and the excellent cycle stability. Analysis based on in situ XRD and and ex situ solid state NMR results revealed that two factors are key to the achievement of the high performance: 1) the irreversible P2-O2 phase transition is eliminated within a wide voltage range of 1.5–4.5 V, so to achieve a highly reversible phase evolution pathway and small volume change. 2) lithium is effectively kept in the lattice as Li ions can reversibly migrate between the transition metal layer and alkaline metal layer in the charge-discharge cycle. The high performance of Na0.66Li0.18Fe0.12Mn0.7O2 demonstrated the effectiveness of Li doping and opens up opportunities of designing layered oxide cathodes with higher capacity and longer cycle life. Reference Larcher, D.; Tarascon, J. M., Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage. Nature chemistry 2015, 7 (1), 19-29.Yabuuchi, N.; Kajiyama, M.; Iwatate, J.; Nishikawa, H.; Hitomi, S.; Okuyama, R.; Usui, R.; Yamada, Y.; Komaba, S., P2-type Na(x)[Fe(1/2)Mn(1/2)]O2 made from earth-abundant elements for rechargeable Na batteries. Nature materials 2012, 11 (6), 512-7.Thorne, J. S.; Dunlap, R. A.; Obrovac, M. N., Structure and Electrochemistry of NaxFexMn1- xO2 (1.0 ≤ x ≤0.5) for Na-Ion Battery Positive Electrodes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2012, 160 (2), A361-A367.Pang, W. K.; Kalluri, S.; Peterson, V. K.; Sharma, N.; Kimpton, J.; Johannessen, B.; Liu, H. K.; Dou, S. X.; Guo, Z., Interplay between Electrochemistry and Phase Evolution of the P2- type Nax(Fe1/2Mn1/2)O2 Cathode for Use in Sodium-Ion Batteries. Chemistry of Materials 2015, 27 (8), 3150-3158.Singh, G.; López del Amo, J. M.; Galceran, M.; Pérez-Villar, S.; Rojo, T., Structural evolution during sodium deintercalation/intercalation in Na2/3[Fe1/2Mn1/2]O2. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3 (13), 6954-6961.Dose, W. M.; Sharma, N.; Pramudita, J. C.; Kimpton, J. A.; Gonzalo, E.; Han, M. H.; Rojo, T., Crystallographic Evolution of P2-Na2/3Fe0.4Mn0.6O2 Electrodes during Electrochemical Cycling. Chemistry of Materials 2016, 28 (17), 6342-6354. Figure 1

Use of carbon sorbents in process of Hg-ions removal from treated wastewater

Studies on the analysis of composition of wastewater from chlorine and alkali production process, sampled at the treatment different stages, treated by electrolysis and the mercury cathode use, are presented in this paper. It is demonstrated that Hg-content range in the wastewater entering the post-treatment stage is 14.06–14.15 mg/dm3. Hg-ions sedimentation and filtration allow to reduce such content to 0.005 mg/dm3, while the final post-treatment stage with use of the anionite of АВ-17-8 type allows to achieve Hg-concentration in effluents discharged to water bodies with range of 0.001–0.002 mg/dm3. In addition to mercury, the wastewater contains relatively high concentrations of sodium, potassium, iron, aluminum and calcium ions. The main anion type in waste water is a chlorine anion; its content can be significantly reduced only after the post-treatment with the anionites. Experimental studies were carried out on the use of carbon sorbents in the process of wastewater post-treatment with regard to Hg-ions after the sedimentation and filtration stage. Tests of modified carbon sorbents for Hg-ion removal from standardized test solutions with different concentrations were carried out under static conditions. It was demonstrated that the higher post-treatment degrees were achieved with active carbons of АГ-3 and АГ-5 types, modified with HNO3 and MnS. Purification degree was 97–99% with 1,0-11,8 mg/dm3 Hg-concentration in treated solutions. Usage effectiveness of active carbons of АГ-3 and АГ-5 types (produced at “Sorbent JSC” Perm, Russia), modified with active compounds, was demonstrated.

Comparison of ZnO buffer layers prepared by spin coating or RF magnetron sputtering for application in inverted organic solar cells

We compared the electrical, optical, structural, and morphological properties of radio-frequency (RF) magnetron-sputtered ZnO and solution-processed ZnO nanoparticle (NP) buffer layers on ITO cathodes for use in inverted polymer solar cells (IPSCs). Continuous sputtering resulted in integration of the ZnO buffer layer in the ITO cathodes, which were then used as transparent cathodes for IPSCs. Although the electrical, optical, and morphological properties as well as work function of RF-sputtered ZnO film were similar to those of solution-processed ZnO NP film, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of IPSCs with an RF-sputtered ZnO buffer layer was much lower than that of IPSCs with a solution-processed ZnO NP buffer layer due to vertical phase segregation of the organic active layer. However, intentional bias sweeping of IPSCs with an RF-sputtered ZnO buffer layer improved performance due to diffusion of PC70BM through the PV-D4610 donor layer and formation of a suitable heterojunction structure. Based on transmission electron microscope examination and dark current-voltage curves, we suggest a possible mechanism to explain the difference in behavior of RF-sputtered ZnO and solution-processed ZnO NP buffer layers in IPSCs.

Recent advances toward high voltage, EC-free electrolytes for graphite-based Li-ion battery

Lithium-ion batteries are a key technology in today’s world and improving their performances requires, in many cases, the use of cathodes operating above the anodic stability of state-of-the-art electrolytes based on ethylene carbonate (EC) mixtures. EC, however, is a crucial component of electrolytes, due to its excellent ability to allow graphite anode operation—also required for high energy density batteries—by stabilizing the electrode/electrolyte interface. In the last years, many alternative electrolytes, aiming at allowing high voltage battery operation, have been proposed. However, often, graphite electrode operation is not well demonstrated in these electrolytes. Thus, we review here the high voltage, EC-free alternative electrolytes, focusing on those allowing the steady operation of graphite anodes. This review covers electrolyte compositions, with the widespread use of additives, the change in main lithium salt, the effect of anion (or Li salt) concentration, but also reports on graphite protection strategies, by coatings or artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) or by use of water-soluble binder for electrode processing as these can also enable the use of graphite in electrolytes with suboptimal intrinsic SEI formation ability.

Assessing the environmental footprint of the production of rare earth metals and alloys via molten salt electrolysis

Much attention has been given in recent years to the rare earth elements, considering their significance in a number of high-tech and clean energy applications. Despite the environmental destructive operations to produce rare earth elements, limited life cycle assessment investigations have yet been carried out. This is specifically true regarding the reduction of rare earth compounds to produce rare earth metals and alloys. In combination with mass/energy balance and stoichiometry, life cycle inventories of molten slat electrolysis process were developed in this study using industrial datasets gathered from different facilities in China and the Ecoinvent v3 database. The results showed that although mining, chemical treatment, and solvent extraction stages are the dominant contributors to the whole neodymium metal production process for most impact categories, molten salt electrolysis significantly impacts ecotoxicity, carcinogenics, non-carcinogenics, and eutrophication categories. Moreover, neodymium fluoride production, electricity consumption, and molybdenum use in cathodes are the dominant contributors in the molten salt electrolysis process. In addition, the neodymium metal production at facilities which produce larger amounts of heavy rare earth metals/alloys demonstrates relatively lower impacts on all impact categories compared to the production of neodymium metal at refining facilities which produce light rare earth metals/alloys.

Ag surface-coated with nano-YSZ as an alternative to Pt catalyst for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Herein we propose silver surface-coated with nano-scale yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as a high-performance cathode for use in low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT-SOFCs). YSZ was coated on the Ag cathode surface by sputtering of Y/Zr alloy films followed by thermal annealing for oxidation of YSZ. An electrolyte-support type SOFC was fabricated on 350-μm-thick gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) pellets. The yttrium concentration and sputtering time for obtaining the YSZ coating layer was varied to optimize the cathode composition. It was determined that the GDC SOFCs with optimized Ag-YSZ cathodes significantly outperform cells with bare silver or platinum cathodes, which are considered to be the best-performing catalysts at low temperatures. The peak power density obtained using cells with Ag-YSZ cathodes was as high as ∼100 mW/cm2 at 450 °C, 3–4 times greater than the performance of cells with Ag or Pt cathodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed during fuel cell testing to compare polarization and charge transport performances of the Ag-YSZ cathodes. The long-term stability of the Ag-YSZ cathode was evaluated by monitoring the change in cathode morphology compared to the bare Ag and Pt cathodes.

SLMP® for Pre-Lithiation and Ultra-Thin Lithium Foil Anode Applications

Due to low first cycle coulombic efficiency, pre-lithiation techniques are accepted as a necessary enabling technology for high energy anodes such as Si/C composite materials. An independent source of active lithium can be combined electrochemically, chemically or physically with the anode to partially pre-lithiate and reduce first cycle inefficiency therefore increasing cathode utilization. (1) Electrochemical, ex-situ techniques, for example, roll-to-roll electrochemical baths and other techniques, including oversized cathode, lithium rich cathodes, sacrificial salts or in line short circuiting have been proposed. Among the physical techniques are vacuum deposition, sputtering, thermal spraying, and mechanical milling. (1) However, to-date, chemical pre-lithiation techniques have shown the most promise. Specifically, the ex-situ addition of metallic lithium to the anode material. The use of FMC’s advanced material, Lectro® Max Powder (SLMP) has been demonstrated worldwide as an effective and efficient pre-lithiation material. (1),(2),(3) SLMP can deliver capacity close to the theoretical lithium capacity of 3860 mAh/g and, after addition of the electrolyte, reacts with the anode material in-situ, and thus exists in the lithium ion form in the cell. (3) Because of its high capacity, addition of SLMP causes negligible increase in cell mass or volume unlike the case of sacrificial salts or oversized cathode use, which deliver lower capacity per unit mass and leave inactive phases after lithium extraction which might lower overall energy density of the cell. (1) In addition to use as a pre-lithiation agent to enable high energy anode materials SLMP could also be used to fully lithiate anode materials and thus allow the use of new cathode materials. (4) Most of beyond lithium ion chemistries and next generation lithium ion chemistries will require thin lithium metal anode use to achieve targeted volumetric energy density. Today, production of thin lithium foil involves extrusion of lithium metal followed by rolling to achieve desired thinness, which is complicated and expensive; thus, no commercially viable source of thin foil exists. SLMP-derived thin Li foil offers the possibility of achieving thin foil with width being limited only by the substrate used. In this work, we show the effectiveness of SLMP in improving the performance of commercially available silicon-based anode material. The anode composition is 85% SiO/C composite material and 15% Polyimide binder. The cathode composition is LiCoO2 (90%) + carbon black (5%) + PVdF (5%). Surface application technique was used to apply SLMP slurry onto the surface of prefabricated SiO electrodes. Single layer pouch SiO/LiCoO2 cells were assembled and 1M LiPF6 /EC+DEC (1:1) was used as the electrolyte. The pouch cells were conditioned at room temperature for 24 hours before the battery test. The pouch cell test protocol was: constant current charge at C/10 to 4.3 V, constant voltage charge at 4.3 V to C/100; constant current discharge at C/10 to 3.0 V. SLMP utilization has been evaluated based on its ability to compensate first cycle irreversible capacity. Figure 1 below shows the effect of SLMP on first cycle efficiency of SiO/LiCoO2 pouch cells. One of the important properties of SLMP is its specific capacity. SLMP contains at least 97% metallic lithium which can be fully utilized. To demonstrate this, an electrochemical system has been designed to test SLMP’s capacity, Li/Electrolyte/SLMP+Cu. About 1 mg of SLMP was deposited onto a half-inch Cu disc using a slurry of SLMP. After the solvent was fully evaporated, the electrode was calendered using 12,000 lbs pressure creating SLMP-derived thin Li foil. The electrodes were used to assemble coin cells with lithium foil counter electrode. 1M LiPF6/EC+DEC was used as the electrolyte. The cells were charged at 0.1 mA to 3.0 V. Figure 2 shows the voltage profiles for the cells comprised of SLMP-derived thin foil. The voltage profiles and the SLMP capacity are reproducible. Close to theoretical lithium capacity can be extracted from the SLMP derived thin foil. We will also discuss a novel SLMP delivery system which can be used at commercial scale to safely and economically incorporate SLMP into existing LIB systems as well as being used to produce ultra-thin lithium foil for solid state lithium applications. References Florian Holtstiege, Peer Bärmann, Roman Nölle, Martin Winter, and Tobias Placke, Pre-Lithiation Strategies for Rechargeable Energy Storage Technologies: Concepts, Promises and Challenges, Batteries 2018, 491), 4Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Manuel Weinberger, Novel strategies towards the realization of larger lithium sulfur/silicon pouch cells. Electrochimica Acta, Volume 191, 10, February (2016), p. 124–132.Y. Li, B. Fitch, Electrochem. Commun., 13, (2011) 664.K.B. Fitch, M.V. Yakovleva, Y. Li, I. Plitz, A. Skrzypczak, F. Badway, G.G. Amatucci, and Y. Gao, ECS Transaction 2007 Figure 1