Industrial Use Research Articles

Оцінка токсичної дії ультрадисперсних частинок порошків феромарганцю і феросилікомарганцю на організм щурів

Introduction. Alloys of iron and manganese (ferroalloys) are traditionally used in metallurgy in the production of steel and various types of cast iron. One of the largest ferroalloy enterprises in Europe operates in Ukraine — the Nikopol Ferroalloy Plant, which produces more than 11% of the world volume of ferroalloys and employs more than 7,500 workers. Industrial production and use of ferroalloys contribute to the entry of their components into the production environment and affect the health of workers. It is known that asthenia, disorders of nervous system and cases of bronchial asthma were registered in workers engaged in ferromanganese melting. There are few data on the effect of ferrosilicomanganese on the human organism. Therefore, the study of the peculiarities of the toxic effect of ferroalloy powders — ferromanganese and ferrosilicomanganese on the organism is a relevant issue for occupational hygiene and industrial toxicology. Aim. Investigation of the peculiarities of the toxic effect of ferromanganese and ferrosilicomanganese powders on the body of rats after a single intratracheal administration during dynamic observation. Materials and Мethods. The experiment was performed on male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of 160–180 g. Suspensions of ferromanganese and ferrosilicomanganese powders in distilled water were administered once into the trachea of animals anesthetized with sodium thiopental at a dose of 50 mg of powder (1/100 LD50) per kg of rat body weight. Control rats were similarly administered 1 ml of distilled water. After administration (in one week, one month and three months), the content of iron, manganese and silicon in the blood of control and experimental rats was determined using the method of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma with the Optima 2100 DV device. Biochemical parameters were determined in all groups of rats (activity of ALT, AST, ALP enzymes; glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, iron content, serum total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and percentage of serum iron saturation (TfS), indicators of non-specific natural immunity (phagocytic and bactericidal activity of blood neutrophils, the level of circulating immune complexes (CICs)). Statistical analysis of the data was performed using Microsoft Excel 2007. Results. A single administration of a suspension of ferroalloy powders into the trachea of rats led to an increase in the content of Fe and Mn in the blood, in particular of the Fe content after the administration of ferromanganese and ferrosilicomanganese at all observation periods, while an increase in the level of Mn was detected after one month. The content of Si in the blood of rats of both experimental groups during the experiment was at the level of control values. It was established that an increase in the Fe content in the blood of experimental rats caused disruptions in its metabolism (a decrease in blood TIBC and an increase in the TfS percentage). 3 months after the administration of the powders, an increase in the activity of enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP) was determined in the blood serum of both experimental groups of rats, as well as an increase in the content of uric acid, which may indicate damage to liver cells and the development of the inflammatory process. With the administration of both ferroalloys, a decrease in the phagocytic function of blood neutrophils and an increase in the formation of reactive oxygen species, an increase in the levels of low- and high-molecular weight CICs in the blood serum, especially one month after the administration, were determined, which indicates the activation of the humoral link of non-specific natural immunity against the background of a violation of the phagocytosis process. Conclusion. The established changes in biochemical and immunological indicators testify to the existing toxic effect on the body of ferromanganese and ferrosilicomanganese powders after their single administration into the trachea, and are caused by an increase in the content of Fe and Mn in the blood of experimental rats. The most pronounced changes were detected one month after the administration of both powders. More adverse effects on the body of experimental rats were caused by ferromanganese powder, the particles of which were smaller. Keywords: ferromanganese, ferrosilicomanganese, ultra disperse particles, toxicity.

Influence of Low‐Grade Solid Potash Mineral Composition on Potassium Extraction and Lithium Distribution During Solution Mining in Mahai Salt Lake, Qaidam Basin

ABSTRACTAs high‐grade potash resources become increasingly scarce and lithium is recognised as a valuable co‐product, the low‐grade solid potash deposits in the Mahai Salt Lake, Qaidam Basin, have become increasingly significant targets for potash resource development. However, the inefficient release of potassium from these low‐grade ores constrains their economic feasibility for industrial use. This study addresses this challenge by employing x‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS), and observational borehole monitoring data to systematically analyse the mineralogical characteristics of these ores and their influence on potassium ion release during solid–liquid conversion. The results identify carnallite, sylvite, and polyhalite as the primary potash minerals, with a significant spatial variations across the study area that directly impact potassium ion release and migration. Sylvite and carnallite in shallow strata are more reactive with solvents, facilitating rapid potassium ion release, whereas polyhalite, hosted within the intercrystalline clastic materials of halite, demonstrates limited pore connectivity, resulting in a slower release rate. Monitoring borehole data indicate that variations in solvent injection volumes cause significant fluctuations in water levels and potassium ion concentrations, thereby affecting potash dissolution rates. As solution mining progresses, high‐lithium areas gradually expand, with lithium concentrations in brine reaching up to 120.4 mg/L and generally ranging from 20 to 70 mg/L. The spatial correlation between potassium and lithium distribution suggests that lithium can be effectively recovered as a co‐product. Adjustments in solvent injection rates and concentrations, based on mineral distribution and monitoring data, are essential for optimising the dissolution efficiency of both potassium and lithium during production.

Sustainable Management of Photovoltaic Waste Through Recycling and Material Use in the Construction Industry

Sustainable Management of Photovoltaic Waste Through Recycling and Material Use in the Construction Industry

Exploring Bio-remediation Strategies by a Novel Bacteria Micrococcus sp. strain HX in Cr(VI)-Contaminated Groundwater from Long-term Industrial Polluted

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) has emerged as a contaminant of heavy metal, owing to its wide use in industry. This study focuses on elucidating the interaction between microbial communities and environmental parameters in Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater near a factory in Henan Province, and evaluating the bio-remediation potential of microorganisms toward Cr(VI) reduction. The highest concentration of Cr(VI) in the groundwater is 208.08mg/L. The dominant microbes were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota, closely positively related to Cr(VI) and SO42-. Many of these genus have been proven to be chromium tolerant or have the ability to reduce Cr(VI). Two strains, Micrococcus sp. HX and Bacillus sp. HX-2, were isolated from contaminated groundwater, and Micrococcus sp. HX was used for the first time to reduce Cr(VI) in groundwater. The reduced ability of HX reached 90.18% at a Cr(VI) concentration of 100mg/L, while HX-2 achieved a reduction capacity of 63.8%. Micrococcus sp. HX shows the best reduction efficiency in alkaline environments (ph=8), which is close to the tannery industry wastewater. The reduction efficiency by Micrococcus sp. HX reached 67.26% in groundwater samples (Cr(VI)=26.08mg/L). Transcriptome analyses revealed oxidoreductase activity, ATP binding and the NAD(P) binding region protein-related gene expression were up-regulated. Binding reduction experiments indicated that most of the Cr(III) was detected extracellular, which suggests that the reduction of Cr(VI) by HX was mainly extracellular enzyme-catalyzed.

Enhancing Operational Performance through Digitalization and Industry 4.0: A Comprehensive Model for Data Reliability and OEE Optimization

In today's industrial context, three key elements are guiding the course of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) towards improved productivity, efficient operations, and sustainable growth. The introduction of Industry 4.0 signifies a groundbreaking shift, integrating state-of-the-art technologies into manufacturing processes and propelling industries towards heightened efficiency and competitiveness. This article deals with the crucial role of productivity measurement in SMEs and examines the impact of data reliability on operational performance assessment. It explores the strategic use of Industry 4.0 tools to enhance data reliability in processes like production, quality, and maintenance. The research focuses on designing a comprehensive model for data collection, reliability, and utilization, ultimately aiming to improve Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) within SMEs. By showcasing the synergistic integration of Industry 4.0 advancements, the article provides practical insights for SME stakeholders to optimize operational performance. The proposed model contributes to the understanding and implementation of efficient methodologies for data management, fostering sustainable improvements using calculation of OEE within SMEs. The case study was conducted in a plastics manufacturing SME that produces components for various industries. These findings can be enhanced and improved through additional case studies to refine the proposed model.

Advancing explainability of adversarial trained Convolutional Neural Networks for robust engineering applications

The great success of Convolutional Neural Networks has driven their widespread use in Industry 5.0, especially in safety-critical applications where model robustness is essential. While adversarial training is commonly used to make models more robust, it often changes how the model fuses features, leading to complex trade-offs and making its behavior harder to understand. This lack of transparency contradicts the demand for interpretable and trustworthy artificial intelligence systems in modern industry, where applications like autonomous driving and intelligent medical systems require model interpretability to assign post-accident responsibility and support legal and liability decisions. Our work introduces an innovative approach to enhance the interpretability of adversarially trained Convolutional Neural Networks, providing detailed and quantifiable insights through a six-dimensional semantic framework. This framework, which examines objects, parts, scenes, materials, textures, and colors, offers fine-grained explanations that closely mirror human cognitive processes. We conduct extensive experiments across multiple classical models, and the results reveal that adversarial training induces structure-dependent changes in feature preferences, offering insights into the trade-off between standard and robust accuracy in adversarially trained Convolutional Neural Networks. These findings provide rational support for the use of artificial intelligence in real-world applications and promote the development and implementation of explainable artificial intelligence in modern industries.

High-performance Rh@MgO catalysts for complete dehydrogenation of hydrazine borane: a comparative study

Rh@MgO catalyzes hydrazine borane dehydrogenation with 100% H2 selectivity and a TOF of 2005.34 h−1 at 50 °C, demonstrating excellent performance at low Rh content for cost-effective industrial use.

Utilization of refuse-derived fuel in industrial applications: Insights from Uttar Pradesh, India.

Urbanization and population growth in India have quickened, leading to an annual generation of around 62 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW). Improper management of organic waste presents a major environmental problem due to air and water pollution, soil contamination and greenhouse gas production. This research aims to develop refuse-derived fuel (RDF) as a viable option, converting waste into a high-calorific energy carrier for industrial use. The RDF samples were collected from five strategic locations in Uttar Pradesh: Morta Site, Pipeline Site, and Sector 146 Noida, covering various waste compositions found at these landfill sites. Proximate and ultimate analyses of the RDF prepared from these sources were conducted, followed by in-depth Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) to validate its suitability as a potential feedstock. Careful waste segregation and treatment for better fuel quality can help minimize the difference in calorific values between different sites. Based on RDF tests, the waste-to-energy technology can divert over 30% of solid waste from landfills and cut greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 25% compared to traditional disposal methods. Unlike RDF, which is part of the replacement line for coal in industrial furnaces such as thermal power plants, it eliminates over 15% and 20% of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Ensuring that RDFs support sustainable energy technologies and align with circular economy principles, the study's results could enhance energy efficiency in waste management and complement environmental policy goals across all states in India and worldwide.

Temporal development of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Baltic Sea sediments: Characterization of the pollution maximum.

The Baltic Sea, a semi-enclosed marginal sea with a catchment area four times its size, acts as a sink and continues to show detectable levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in its sediments. This is attributed to the synthesis and industrial use of commercial polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) products, as well as the widespread use and discharge of certain chlorinated pesticides into the natural environment during the last century. Our study investigates chlorinated hydrocarbon pollutants, the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites as well as hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in sediments based on several short sediment cores from different basins covering almost the entire Baltic Sea. In this study, we document the decline of PCB, HCB and DDT metabolites in Baltic Sea sediments, visible in a sevenfold reduction of pollution levels over a period of 50years since their maximum production in the mid-eighties of the last century. We reflect the pollution levels against the global regulations, especially the worldwide ban of the POPs at the beginning of the 21st century. Based on our results, we are now able, for the first time, to evaluate the fate of POPs in Baltic Sea sediments and to provide further explanation for the detection of POPs in previous and future studies.

Factors affecting mass inflow of quaternary ammonium compounds into Japanese sewage treatment plants.

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), ecotoxic organic chemicals linked to multidrug resistance, are being used increasingly, for example to prevent the transmission of infections such as covid-19, in households, hospitals, and industry. To understand the locations, fluctuations, and fractions of QACs entering sewers, we monitored 14 QACs (benzalkonium chloride [BAC]-C8, C10, C12, C14, C16, and C18; dialkyldimethylammonium chloride [DDAC]-C8, C10, and C12; alkyltrimethylammonium chloride [ATAC]-C12, C16, and C18; benzethonium chloride; and cetylpyridinium chloride), and a disinfectant (chlorhexidine) in influent at four Japanese sewage treatment plants (STPs) five times throughout a year. Mass inflows were relatively stable throughout the year, indicating that the recent seasonal covid-19 epidemic did not greatly influence them. The differences in mass inflows among the STPs were normalized successfully by sewered residential population (most relative SDs were <30%), implying households to be the main source. Per-capita mass inflows accounted for 58%-73% of the per-capita consumption of BAC-C12+C14+C16, 28%-59% of that of DDAC-C10, 52%-70% of that of ATAC-C12, 86%-99% of that of ATAC-C16, and 64%-82% of that of ATAC-C18, indicating that a large proportion of their consumption entered sewers. The high contribution of ATAC-C16 agreed with its limited use in primary and secondary industries, little of whose wastewaters enter sewers, whereas the low contribution of DDAC-C10 is attributable to its substantial use in animal husbandry. Our first observation of fractions of QACs entering sewers will advance the management of environmental risks.

Waste-heat harvesting using a thermoelectric generator coupled with a hygroscopic hydrogel for use in the energy industry

An integrated thermal management system containing a TEG and a hygroscopic hydrogel was proposed in this work. The TEG can capture waste heat and convert it into electricity with the assistance of hygroscopic hydrogel.

Survey Paper on Smart Home: Unified Environmental Safety System

This presents a Gas Leakage and Air pollutionDetection System using IoT technology, integrated with TinyML and a React Native mobile application. It is enhanced by an AI-powered chatbot to monitor gas leaks and air quality in real-time. The system is designed for domestic and industrial use, employing MQ2 and MQ135 sensors to detect gases such as LPG, methane, and pollutants. By integrating these sensors with equipment monitoring, the system promptly identifies leaks and reduces risks from hazardous emissions. Data is transmitted through a NodeMCU microcontroller to an IoTplatform for continuous tracking and analysis. Users receive instant mobile alerts when dangerous levels are detected, promoting safety. The application includes auser-friendly safety while raising environmental awarenessand safeguarding public health.

Reticulating Crystalline Porous Materials for Asymmetric Heterogeneous Catalysis

AbstractAsymmetric catalysis is essential for addressing the increasing demand for enantiopure compounds. Recent advances in reticular chemistry have demonstrated that metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) possess highly regular porous architectures, exceptional tunability, and the ability to incorporate chiral functionalities through their open channels or cavities. These characteristics make them highly effective and enantioselective catalysts for a wide range of asymmetric transformations. The chiral microenvironments within these frameworks facilitate precise control over reactant orientation and transition states, enhancing both catalytic activity and enantioselectivity, thereby offering significant advantages over traditional systems. This review overviews recent developments in chiral MOFs (CMOFs) and chiral COFs (CCOFs), focusing on their design strategies, and synthetic methods, and highlights the structure–property relationships that connect key structural features to asymmetric catalytic performance. Additionally, the current challenges and future prospects in this field are addressed, highlighting the pivotal role of reticular chemistry in the creation of chiral porous materials. It is anticipated that this review will inspire further research into the application of crystalline porous materials in asymmetric catalysis and promote the rational design of novel chiral heterogeneous catalysts for industrial use.

RECRUITMENT PROCESSES AS PART OF THE POLICY PURSUED IN TOURISM ENTERPRISES IN A POST-COVID ENVIRONMENT

Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the impact of the recruitment processes carried out in the tourism industry on the policy-making of tourism enterprises in a post-pandemic world by identifying the recruitment problems in the implementation of tourism activities, which are driven by HR and recruitment problems. In the paper, the links between recruitment processes are highlighted, as well as the evolution of tourism services in the face of the industry crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The extent to which these problems impede effective operations in the market was investigated, as in service companies the qualifications and quality of staff are vital, especially when providing tourism services. The aim was to check what recruitment methods and tools the surveyed representatives of the tourism industry use as a method of counteracting staffing problems. Recruitment problems were analysed in terms of the deterioration of the quality of tourist services, the impact on the image and financial situation of tourist companies. The analysis consisted in determining in which areas the effects of existing recruitment problems occurred.Method. The research was carried out through individual in-depth surveys, in which managers of tourism companies – regardless of their casual statements – were asked to answer 13 pre-prepared questions relating to recruitment problems accompanying entrepreneurs in the previous 24 months (2020-2022). The questions concerned the recruitment of staff for positions related to tourist services. Ten Polish businesses representing the main sectors of the tourism industry were surveyed, including travel agencies (organisers and brokers/agents), hotels and leisure tour operators.Findings. It was found that recruitment problems existed, to a greater or lesser extent, in virtually all the surveyed companies. These are largely due to the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The nature and source of these problems, and whether and if so, what impact they may have on the implementation of the country’s tourism policy, were verified.Research and conclusion limitations. The qualitative studies were conducted on a small sample of entrepreneurs from Poland.Originality. In the paper, the relatively rarely discussed topic of recruitment problems is dealt with, including the methods used to counteract this phenomenon pointed to the COVID-19 pandemic as a factor intensifying the importance of difficulties on the labour market in the tourism industry.Type of paper. The results of empirical (qualitative) research are presented in this paper.

A method for determining initial strip width in roll forming of thick-walled steel pipes

This paper proposes a novel method for determining the initial strip width for thick-walled steel pipes in roll forming. The method introduces three criteria to define the minimum initial width, maximum initial width, and a refined selection within the specified range. An industrial roll forming line is simulated using the commercial finite element software Abaqus. The accuracy of the finite element model is validated by comparing its results with measurements from the production line. Subsequently, the appropriate initial strip width is determined for producing pipes from St37 steel, with an external diameter of 219.1 mm and thicknesses of 6, 10 and 14 mm. This determination is based on criteria defined for circumferential reduction, edge buckling and relative curvature of the strip deforming at the fin-pass forming stage. The results demonstrate that a thicker pipe requires a lower initial width but a higher reduction ratio in the fin-pass station. In conclusion, the proposed method shows great potential for use in the pipe industry.

Mathematical modeling of a perforated continuous steel-smelting unit

Relevance. The volume of steel production in Russia and in the world has doubled over the past 20 years, the cost of steel in Russia in the period from October 2018 to March 2020 increased from 45 thousand rubles to 105 thousand rubles. This determines the urgency of developing energy-efficient steel production technologies that will reduce the cost of production. The most common technology for the producing steel of the full metallurgical cycle involves iron reduction in blast furnaces and characterized by significant emissions of pollutants into the environment. One of the most promising areas of environmentally friendly and energy-efficient steel production is non-straw production. At the moment, there are about a hundred different iron recovery processes, some of them have been brought to industrial use. Aim. To develop a fuel supply system in a perforated hearth, eliminating heat losses in the steelmaking unit by organizing a perforated hearth, which allows heat to be returned to the working space of the furnace by heating the reducing agent. Methods. Numerical modeling by Volume of Fluid (VOF) and Euler-Euler (EE) methods. Results. The authors have determined the rate of supply of reducing gas, which ensures its conversion to carbon and hydrogen at the entrance to the working area of the furnace. It was found that the surface temperature of the perforated hearth on the gas side is 380°C, on the melt side does not exceed 1313°C, which is significantly lower than the melting point of the refractory material.

Exploiting lipid droplet metabolic pathway to foster lipid production: oleosin in focus.

In the past decade, there has been an emerging gap between the demand and supply of vegetable oils globally for both edible and industrial use. Lipids are important biomolecules with enormous applications in the industrial sector and a major source of energy for animals and plants. Hence, to elevate the lipid content through metabolic engineering, new strategies have come up for triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation and in raising the lipid or oil yield in crop plants. Increased levels of energy density can be achieved by single and multiple gene strategies that re-orient the carbon flux into TAG. Transcription factors and enzymes of the metabolic pathways have been targeted to foster lipid production. Oleosin, a structural protein of the lipid droplet plays a vital role in its stabilization and subsequently in its mobilization for seed germination and seedling growth. Maintenance of increased lipid content with optimal composition is a major target. Knowledge gained from genetic engineering strategiessuggests that oleosin co-expression can result in a significant shift in carbon allocation to LDs. In this review, we present a detailed analysis of the recent advancements in metabolic engineering of plant lipids with emphasis on oleosin with its distinct patterns and functions in plants.

The Effects of Artificial Intelligence on the Fashion Industry—Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Transformation

ABSTRACTArtificial intelligence (AI) is crucial in the fashion industry nowadays. It facilitates innovation in design, production, e‐commerce, personalisation and supply chain management, improving efficient operations and providing opportunities to support sustainability. The research aimed to identify the current use of artificial intelligence in the fashion industry and its arrangement and determine to what extent AI is used to support fashion sustainability. Data collection and selection were according to PRISMA guidelines and were retrieved from Scopus and WoS (January 2017–October 2024; n = 82 (from 234 identified items)). Data analysis was performed using six steps of thematic analysis, including topic modelling (in the MAXQDA 24 programme). The identified themes revealed the current effects of AI use in the fashion industry (RQ1): data‐centric design, forecasting using big data, and experience‐oriented services. AI technologies are predominantly utilised in fabric production and B2B distribution. Experience‐focused services are enhanced through precise image searches and chatbot support. Platforms like SaaS, generative fashion, and Science4Fashion enable the creation of new designs. Applications such as Style. Me serve as personal stylists, facilitating customised outfit selection and streamlining the purchasing process. The last theme (RQ2) allowed to establish that sustainable development requires innovation based on AI technology. Despite optimistic forecasts, available solutions are only used to a limited extent. The main barrier is that companies put economic goals above sustainable development goals. Models that combine commercial and environmental perspectives are essential in developing beneficial change strategies. Therefore, it is important to monitor progress in this area.

Strategic Resource Extraction and Recycling from Waste: A Pathway to Sustainable Resource Conservation

This study examines calcium extraction from Bottom Ash (BA) and the use of Solid Residue (SR) as a substitute for White Lump Clay (WLC) in brick production. Experimental analyses identified calcium and silicon as the main elements in BA, with 50% of calcium carbonate recovered through leaching. SR was a viable alternative to WLC in ceramic bricks, as SEM-EDS and FTIR analyses revealed changes in composition and microstructure. This approach promotes circular economy principles by recovering resources and reducing waste. Calcium extraction from BA can produce 29,000 tons of CaCO3 annually for industrial use, while substituting SR for WLC in brick production could replace 30% of clay, saving 1500 tons of clay and producing millions of bricks annually. Less than 50% of incinerated Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) would require landfilling. The process supports sustainable construction by conserving natural resources, reducing landfill waste, and lowering CO2 emissions. It offers annual cost savings of 2,639,250 USD and preserves 74,812.5 tons of resources through waste and clay reduction. By demonstrating a scalable model for waste valorization, this research aligns with global goals for sustainable development, resource efficiency, and ecological balance.

Characterization and Optimization of Boride Coatings on AISI 1137 Steel: Enhancing Surface Properties and Wear Resistance

This study investigates the optimization of boron coating parameters for medium-carbon steels, specifically AISI 1137, and their subsequent effects on mechanical properties, which are crucial for industrial applications. Despite extensive research on boronizing processes, an understanding of the optimal conditions that enhance wear resistance and hardness while maintaining structural integrity is still lacking. To address this gap, we systematically examined the impact of boronizing temperatures (850 °C and 950 °C) and durations (2, 4, and 8 h) on the structural and mechanical properties of AISI 1137 steel. Our findings indicate the need for improved surface properties in medium-carbon steels used in demanding environments, such as automotive and machinery components. The boronizing process was carried out using Ekabor 1 powder, with characterization performed through optical microscopy, pin-on-disk wear tests, and Vickers hardness analysis. Results showed that the thickness of the boronized layer ranged from 50.6 μm to 64.8 μm, with wear resistance increasing by 1.8 to 3.9 times at 950 °C compared to at 850 °C. The measured hardness of the boronized surface layers varied between 1963.7 HV and 219.3 HV, decreasing from the boronized layer toward the base material. The optimal parameters for wear resistance and hardness were found to be a temperature of 950 °C and a duration of 8 h, facilitating the formation of FeB and Fe2B phases, which significantly enhanced the steel’s mechanical properties. This research provides valuable insights into the boronizing process and establishes a foundation for the optimizing of surface treatments to extend the lifespan and performance of medium-carbon steels in industrial use.