USDA Human Nutrition Research Center Research Articles

Dietary Energy.

Journal Article Accepted manuscript Dietary Energy Get access Susan B Roberts, Susan B Roberts Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA Address correspondence to SBR (E-mail: susan.roberts@tufts.edu). https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1320-8460 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Valerie Flaherman Valerie Flaherman Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Advances in Nutrition, nmac092, https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmac092 Published: 27 August 2022

Associations of Low-Inflammatory Dietary Patterns With Psychological Health and Wellbeing During Weight Loss in Military Family Dependents

ObjectivesEmerging evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory dietary patterns may improve depression, stress, and quality of life. Similar benefits are observed during weight loss interventions; however, the effect of combining these dietary patterns with weight loss is not clear. We evaluated the association between dietary inflammation and measures of psychological health in female military dependents with overweight and obesity during a behavioral weight loss intervention. MethodsParticipants (n = 120) received a 6-month intervention recommending dietary patterns with an anti-inflammatory profile. An energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (DII) score was calculated from 28 food components collected using 3 interviewer-administered multiple-pass 24-hour recalls at each study time point. A negative score indicates a lower-inflammatory dietary pattern, and a positive score indicates a pro-inflammatory pattern. Self-reported symptoms of depression, stress, general health, vitality, and psychological quality of life were measured by validated questionnaires. Multivariable linear mixed models were used to assess the association between 6-month changes in DII and each outcome and were adjusted for age, ethnicity, military rank of spouse, body weight, and physical activity. ResultsOn average, females were 42.2 ± 11.8 years old with a body mass index of 34.9 ± 6.4 kg/m2. The average DII score was 0.07 (range: –4.3, 3.0) at baseline. Six-month improvements in DII scores (i.e., for a 1-unit reduction) were associated with fewer self-reported symptoms of depression (β: –0.87; 95% confidence interval: –1.43, –0.31; P = 0.003) and stress (–0.85; –1.44, –0.26; P = 0.005), as well as higher general health (0.57; 0.23, 0.91; P = 0.001), vitality (0.45; 0.12, 0.77; P = 0.008), and psychological quality of life (0.33; 0.11, 0.55; P = 0.004). No significant associations between weight loss or physical activity and any outcome were observed in these models that included the DII. ConclusionsAnti-inflammatory dietary patterns are associated with beneficial effects on a range of psychological health and wellbeing measures independent of weight loss. Funding SourcesJean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Doctoral Scholarship; Department of Defense (DoD) grant W81XWH-14–2-0005 (SBR). Author views do not reflect official DoD or Army policy.

Metabolic Adaptations to Weight Loss: Relative Changes in Resting Metabolic Rate and Energy Expenditure for Physical Activity and Association With Weight Loss Maintenance

Abstract Objectives There is persistent controversy over the extent to which different components of energy expenditure disproportionately decrease after weight loss and contribute to weight regain through decreased energy requirements. We conducted a secondary analysis of the CALERIE I study to test the hypothesis that decreased resting metabolic rate (RMR) and energy expenditure for physical activity (EEPA) after a 6-month calorie restriction intervention would predict weight regain at 12 months, with a greater decrease in RMR than EEPA. Methods Participants (n = 46) received all food and energy-containing beverages for 6 months. Outcome measures included total energy expenditure by doubly labeled water, RMR by indirect calorimetry, and body composition by BOD POD. Predictions for RMR and EEPA were derived from baseline linear regression models including age, sex, fat mass, and fat free mass. Baseline regression coefficients were used to calculate the predicted RMR and EEPA at 6 months. Residuals were calculated as the difference between measured and predicted values and were adjusted for body weight. The presence of metabolic adaptation was evaluated by a paired t-test comparing measured and predicted RMR at 6 months. Differences between 6-month RMR and EEPA residuals were evaluated by the same method. Linear regression was used to assess the association between 6-month residuals and weight loss maintenance (% weight change, 6 to 12 months). Results Mean weight loss was 6.9% at 6 months with 2.1% regain from 6 to 12 months. No adaptation in RMR was observed at 6 months (mean residual: 19 kcal; 95% confidence interval: −9, 48; P = 0.18). However, significant adaptation was observed in EEPA (mean residual: −199 kcal; −126, −272; P < 0.0001). In addition, the mean 6-month RMR residual was significantly greater than the mean 6-month EEPA residual (218 kcal; 133, 304; P < 0.0001). There was no significant association between 6-month RMR or EEPA residuals and weight regain at 12 months (P = 0.56, 0.34). Conclusions There was no measurable decrease in RMR with weight loss after adjusting for changes in fat free mass and fat mass, but there was a decrease in EEPA. Changes in RMR and EEPA with weight loss over 6 months did not predict weight regain at 12 months. Funding Sources Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Doctoral Scholarship; USDA agreement #8050–51000-105–01S

No Effect of the Dietary Inflammatory Index on Psychological Health During Caloric Restriction: A Secondary Analysis of the CALERIE Trial Data

Abstract Objectives Anti-inflammatory diets have been suggested to improve psychological health. This research evaluated the combined effects of consuming an anti-inflammatory diet and caloric restriction (CR) on changes in perceived stress and health-related quality of life in a healthy, non-obese population. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of the publicly available CALERIE data. Participants were randomized to a 2 year CR intervention (n = 143) or an ad libitum Control group (n = 75) and self-selected their dietary intake. An energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (DII) was calculated based on 28 components from self-reported food records. Self-reported stress and general health outcomes were measured using validated questionnaires. Linear mixed models were used to assess changes in each outcome from baseline to 12 and 24 months. Models were adjusted for age, sex, baseline outcome measure, change in body fat, and a treatment by DII interaction term. Results On average, participants were 38.1 ± 7.2 years old with a BMI of 25.1 ± 1.7 kg/m2. Baseline characteristics, including the DII, stress, and general health, did not differ with randomization. There was no significant association between temporal changes in DII and changes in stress or general health in the CR or Control groups. On average, both groups tended to report higher stress at 12 months; however, there was no difference in perceived stress between groups (adjusted mean difference [MD]: 0.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.4, 1.5; P = 0.25). There was an improvement in reported general health in the CR group at 12 months (MD: 4.1; 95% CI: 2.2, 6.0; P < 0.001), but not in Controls (MD: 1.6; 95% CI: −1.2, 4.3; P = 0.26). Yet self-reported general health was similar both groups (MD: 2.5; 95% CI: −1.3, 6.3; P = 0.16). The effect of a CR intervention on both outcomes did not differ with change in DII. Similar results were observed at 24 months. Conclusions There was no indication of any contribution of a low DII score on perceived stress and general health in the presence of CR. Additional research is required to enhance our understanding of the implications of dietary inflammation on a broad range of psychological health outcomes. Funding Sources Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Doctoral Scholarship; USDA agreement #8050–51,000-105–01S.

Dietary Sodium

Alice H. Lichtenstein, DSc, is a Gershoff Professor of Nutrition Science and Policy Director and Senior Scientist and director of the of Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Tufts University, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging. The author has no conflicts of interest to disclose. Correspondence: Alice H. Lichtenstein, DSc, Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Tufts University, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 ([email protected]).

Past Is Prologue

Johanna T. Dwyer, DSc, RD, is editor of Nutrition Today, a professor at Tufts University School of Medicine, and senior scientist at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts. The author has no conflicts of interest to disclose. Correspondence: Johanna T. Dwyer, DSc, RD, Box 783, Frances Stern Nutrition Center, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 ([email protected]).

Defining Nutritious Breakfasts and Their Benefits

Breakfast has long been considered the most important meal of the day, and recent research has reaffirmed its nutritional benefits, as well as other positive outcomes, including feelings of well-being immediately after consumption and longer-term improvements in overall diet quality. There is also intriguing, but less conclusive, evidence of improved weight management, reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, and better cognitive performance. 1 O’Neil C.E. Byrd-Bredbenner C. Hayes D. Jana L. Klinger S.E. Stephenson-Martin S. The role of breakfast in health: Definition and criteria for a quality breakfast. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014; 114: S8-S26 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (133) Google Scholar However, despite common belief in and scientific support for its importance, breakfast is frequently skipped, and the composition of a nutritious breakfast is poorly defined. J. Dwyer is professor of medicine, Tufts Medical School, and senior nutrition scientist, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA.

Modulation of paternal B vitamin intake does not affect tumorigenesis but does alter growth trajectory in Apc1638N mouse offspring (137.7)

Modulation of paternal B vitamin intake does not affect tumorigenesis but does alter growth trajectory in Apc1638N mouse offspring Sabet JA1,2, Mason JB1,2, Bronson RT3, Crott JW1,21Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, Boston, MA2Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA3Rodent Histopathology Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA It is well established that maternal nutrition can impact on offspring health and physiology; however the contribution of paternal nutrition to offspring health is less understood. We have shown that maternal B‐vitamin supplementation suppresses, while deficiency promotes, intestinal tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colorectal cancer. We sought to determine whether modulating paternal intake of vitamins B2, B6, B12, and folate similarly alters intestinal tumorigenesis in offspring. Male APC1638N mice were fed diets containing control, deficient, or supplemental quantities of vitamins B2, B6, B12, and folate for 8 wk before mating with control‐fed wild‐type females. APC1638N offspring were maintained on control diets until 28 wk of age. No differences in tumor incidence, size or grade were found between offspring of different paternal diet groups. Overall, male offspring exhibited a greater tumor incidence and burden than female offspring. Among female offspring, growth was significantly retarded in the progeny of deficient and supplemented fathers compared to control fathers. Modulation of paternal B‐vitamin intake prior to mating did not alter offspring intestinal tumorigenesis but did impact offspring growth in a sex‐specific fashion in APC1638N mice. Analyses to profile DNA methylation changes in sperm and gene expression changes in offspring liver are underway.Grant Funding Source: Supported by NCI grant 1 R03CA162505‐1

Neuronal stress following exposure to 56Fe particles and the effects of antioxidant-rich diets

Exposing young rats to particles of high energy and charge (HZE particles), a ground-based model for exposure to cosmic rays, enhances indices of oxidative stress and inflammation and disrupts the functioning of neuronal communication in critical regions of the brain [ 1]. These changes in neuronal function are similar to those seen in ageing [ 2, 3]. Although there is some recovery of function after exposure to 56Fe particles, particularly in changes observed 36 h following irradiation, long-term changes (75 days) have been observed, suggesting subcellular damage. Consequently, oxidative stress and inflammation induced by radiation could affect downstream events, such as changes in behavior and gene expression. Therefore, berry fruits high in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, such as blueberries and strawberries, may prevent the occurrence of neurochemical and behavioral changes that occur if fed prior to radiation [ 4].Rats were exposed to 56Fe (1000 MeV/n; 1.5 Gy) particles at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory at Brookhaven National Laboratory; other rats served as non-irradiated controls. The animals were fed either a control or a 2% blueberry or strawberry diet 8 weeks prior to radiation. Rats were then either euthanized at 36 h (short term) or 30 days following irradiation (long term). Before and after the irradiation, the animals were housed at USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston.The results of the experiments indicate that: (1) 56Fe exposure caused significant differential, neurochemical changes in critical regions of the brain, such as hippocampus, striatum, frontal cortex and cerebellum, particularly long term. (2) Neurochemical changes resulted in the disruption of autophagy, increased inflammation and increased oxidative stress protein markers. (3) Antioxidant-rich berry diets significantly reduced the accumulation of toxic cellular debris in critical regions of the brain, primarily at the 30 days post-irradiation time-point. (4) Susceptibility to inflammation, autophagy dysregulation, and oxidative stress were proportional to the levels of antioxidant enzymes in the respective brain regions. (5) Exposure to 56Fe radiation may cause the accumulation of disease-related proteins such as PHF-Tau, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.Irradiation with 56Fe, which causes substantial build-up of toxic cellular debris in critical regions of the brain, may overwhelm the innate antioxidant enzyme defense system [ 5]. Therefore, berry diets high in antioxidants may be used to counter these damaging effects by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and activating neuronal housekeeping, in addition to boosting endogenous antioxidant enzymes.This paper was presented at the NASA Session at Heavy Ion in Therapy and Space Radiation Symposium 2013.

A Worksite‐based Weight Loss Intervention for Obesity Prevention

Worksites are increasingly being used as locations for implementing healthy diet and weight loss interventions. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify programs that are both successful and sustainable. We conducted a 6‐month pilot randomized controlled trial in overweight and obese employees at 4 worksites (2 intervention; 2 delayed intervention sites) to examine the effects of a worksite‐based intervention on weight loss and changes in cardiovascular risk factors. The intervention combined recommendations to consume a high fiber, low glycemic load diet with education on nutrition and behavior change. Fasting body weight, cholesterol, glucose, and blood pressure were measured at baseline and 6 months in 118 subjects. Results were analyzed using an ANCOVA model with baseline values as covariates. Participants at the intervention sites (n=82) lost significantly more weight (−8.0±6.7 vs. +0.6±2.8 kg, p<0.0001) and had greater decreases in fasting total cholesterol (−13.2±25.0 vs. −2.4±24.2 mg/dl, p=0.0423), fasting glucose (−6.4±13.2 vs. +5.7±18.0 mg/dl, p=0.0006), systolic blood pressure (−8.6±12.6 vs. +5.5±10.8 mmHg, p<0.0001), and diastolic blood pressure (− 8.2±10.9 vs. −0.5±6.7 mmHg, p=0.0007) as compared to participants at control sites (n=33). This worksite intervention resulted in significant weight loss and improvements in cardiovascular risk factors relative to no intervention.Grant Funding Source: USDA Human Nutrition Research Center

Sarcopenia: biomarkers and imaging (International Conference on Sarcopenia research).

1. Gerontopole Toulouse, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse France, INSERM 1027; 2. Vice President, Clinical Research & Operations, Neuroscience & Neuromuscular Disorders, Cytokinetics, Inc. 280 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; 3. Neurotune AG, Wagistr. 27A, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; 4. Senior Scientist and Director, Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111 USA; 5. Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA; 6. Human Medicine Special Areas, Scientific Advice Section, European Medicines Agency (EMA), 7 Westferry Circus, Canary Wharf, London E14 4HB UK; 7. Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Fabrikstrasse 10-2.40.4, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; 8. Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine and GRECC, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri USA; 9. Department of Aging and Geriatric Research and Institute on Aging, University of Florida, 1329 SW 16th Street, Room 5161, Gainesville, FL 32608, PO Box 100107, zip 32610-0107, USA; 10.Translational Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA; 11. Associate Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Evidence-Based Nutrition-Managing Expectations

Alice H. Lichtenstein, DSc, Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts. Joseph Lau, MD, Tufts Evidence-Based Practice Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Correspondence: Alice H. Lichtenstein, DSc, Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 ([email protected]).

Vitamin K Content of Hispanic Foods

To provide a food composition database for nutrition studies of Hispanics—the largest and fastest growing minority group in the United States—NDL initiated an increase in the number of Hispanic foods in the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. In the first collections, samples of 21 foods were obtained from four Hispanic Community Health Study (HCHS) locations (Bronx, Miami, San Diego, and Chicago) plus the study diet center (Minneapolis). In 2009, a sampling plan with 12 locations, based on the Hispanic population of the U.S., was developed. Foods were identified from focus groups conducted with first generation immigrants from Cuba, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico, plus suggestions from the HCHS Diet Committee. Selected foods (19) are purchased from restaurants and markets in the 12 locations; composited at Virginia Tech and sent to the Vitamin K Laboratory at the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging for analysis. Phylloquinone content of the food samples was determined by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phylloquinone values for plantain chips (27 mcg/100g) were higher than potato chips (22 mcg/100 g). Other foods, like empanadas, showed variation (2–13 mcg/100 g). These data will facilitate assessing the vitamin K status of Latinos in large national studies such as the HCHS and NHANES. Funding: USDA and NIH, Agreement No. Y1CN5010.

Foreword

Foreword Get access Simin Nibkin Meydani, D.V.M., Ph D Simin Nibkin Meydani, D.V.M., Ph D Professor of Nutrition at the Tufts University School of Nutrition and Chief of the Nutritional Immunology Laboratory at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA. With Dr. Marc Weksler, she has acted as Guest Scientific Editor of this supplement. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nutrition Reviews, Volume 53, Issue 4, April 1995, Pages S1–S2, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1995.tb01509.x Published: 01 April 1995

Environmental and societal factors affect food choice and physical activity: rationale, influences, and leverage points.

Sarah L. Booth, Ph.D., Vitamin K Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDAHuman Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA; James F. Sallis, Ph.D., F.A.C.S.M., Department ofPsychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA; Cheryl Ritenbaugh, Ph.D., M.P.H., Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, O R James 0. Hill, Ph.D., Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO; Leann L. Birch, Ph.D., Department ofHuman Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; Lawrence D. Frank, Ph.D., College OfArchitecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Karen Glanz, Ph.D., M.P.H., Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI; David A. Himmelgreen, Ph.D., Department ofAnthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Michael Mudd, Corporate Affairs, Kraft Foods, Inc., Northfield, IL; Barry M. Popkin, Ph.D., Department ofNutrition, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Karyl A. Rickard, Ph.D., R.D., C.S.P., F.A.D.A., Nutrition and Dietetics Program, School ofAllied Health Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Sachiko St. Jeor, Ph.D., R.D., Nutrition Education and Research Program, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, W, Nicholas P. Hays, M.S., Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA.

W.O. Atwater memorial lecture. Zinc: essentiality for brain development and function.

Journal Article Zinc: Essentiality for Brain Development and Function Get access Harold H. Sandstead, M.D. Harold H. Sandstead, M.D. USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nutrition Reviews, Volume 43, Issue 5, May 1985, Pages 129–137, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1985.tb06889.x Published: 01 May 1985

Nutrition in the elderly.

Journal Article Nutrition in the Elderly Get access Irwin H. Rosenberg, M.D. Irwin H. Rosenberg, M.D. Director of the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University and Professor of Physiology, Medicine, and Nutrition, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nutrition Reviews, Volume 50, Issue 12, December 1992, Pages 349–350, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1992.tb02476.x Published: 01 December 1992

History of the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University

History of the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University

Getting Started on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010

Johanna Dwyer, DSc, RD, is professor of medicine and community health at Tufts Medical School and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts and a Senior Scientist at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts. She is also the editor of Nutrition Today. Correspondence: Johanna Dwyer, DSc, RD, ([email protected]).

RESPONSE

Dear Editor-in-Chief: We appreciate Folland and William‘s comments regarding our recent paper (1). They suggest our method of calculating the central activation ratio (CAR) may have overestimated muscle activation. Multiple twitch interpolation (ITT) methodologies have been used to quantify activation during voluntary actions, each with its own advantages and disadvantages (2). They suggest, given our use of submaximal stimulation, the use of a different methodology to assess muscle activation-the ratio of the superimposed tetanus to passive tetanus. We agree that assessing muscle activation in this manner would also be appropriate. Applying this ratio to our data lowers average muscle activation from 92 ± 7 to 87 ± 13% (as indicated by Folland and Williams) and from 96 ± 4 to 89 ± 11% in the right and left thighs, respectively. This reduces the difference in muscle activation between ITT and the T2 MRI assessment employed in our study from 17 to 12% in the right thigh and from 22 to 15% in the left thigh. The difference in activation between methodologies, while remaining statistically different in the left thigh (P = 0.02), no longer reaches statistical significance in the right (P = 0.07). The 12% difference in muscle activation in the right thigh still represents a large effect (Cohen‘s D = 0.89) and suggests that the comparison was underpowered, particularly in light of the data from the left thigh. Indeed, when the data from the right and left thigh are pooled, doubling the sample size, the resultant 13% difference between the methods is significant (P = 0.002). We believe a revision of the data does not alter the conclusions of our recent study (1)-the ITT and T2 MRI methods yield markedly different values for muscle activation. It remains unclear whether the MRI method can detect differences in activation between clinical and healthy populations, as well as changes in voluntary activation that may occur with resistance training. However, given the lack of a gold-standard measurement of muscle activation, and the experimental and clinical importance of accurately assessing muscle activation, we hope the use of T2 MRI will be further explored in future studies. Tracee Kendall Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Tufts University Boston, MA Christopher D. Black Christopher P. Elder Department of Kinesiology The University of Georgia Athens, GA DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31804a8049