USB Interface Research Articles

Optimizing ultrasound Doppler measurement precision: a comprehensive experimental approach

Experimental studies were conducted utilizing advanced equipment comprising a generator, tubing system, pump module, sonographer, and PC. The generator serves as the central component connected by tubes to the pump, forming a closed circuit. A tee in the tubing set prevents Doppler fluid leakage, with the fluid poured through a special funnel into the circuit post-connection. The Doppler fluid is evenly mixed by shaking its bottle to enhance signal strength. The entire system is sealed. The centrifugal pump generates continuous flows; different power modes were tested for 30 minutes each, with frequency shifts measured at angles α=15°, 30°, and 60°. Pump disconnection from the power supply prevents liquid entry during tubing connection. The pump module housing includes ventilation holes. A 3 by 8 cm Doppler prism, treated with ultrasonic gel, was connected to the tubing to capture data. A sonographer emitting signals at 2 MHz, with a gain range of 10 to 40 dB, was utilized for sound spectra analysis. High-mode operation, 4 microseconds pulse duration, and a 32 microseconds receiver gate were set. The ultrasound apparatus dimensions were 230 x 236 x 168 mm, with a power consumption of 27 VA. Data visualization was facilitated by an LED panel, with adjustable acoustic signal volume. A USB interface enabled connection to a PC for ease of use and data analysis. Special software facilitated graph generation depicting frequency vs. time dependence measurements. Frequency analysis yielded average (f-mean) and maximum (f-max) frequency values, with f-mean utilized to measure Doppler effect frequency shift. The presented data showcases various pump speeds and incidence angles, each yielding distinctive frequency characteristics.

DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING PARAMETERS OF ACCUMULATOR BATTERIES AND THE CORRESPONDING DIRECT CURRENT NETWORK

Mobile devices for information, control and telemetry systems are powered by mobile generators through AC to DC converters, by batteries or, if possible, directly by solar panels. Solar panels typically work in a system that involves the usage of batteries to keep the systems running when the solar panels are not working or not providing enough power. The batteries can be recharged from the panels themselves if the solar panels have sufficient power or from an external direct current source. Also, for some mobile devices, power systems are used only with batteries, which are recharged from generators or, if possible, from standard electrical networks. All these options of power supply systems for mobile devices require operational control of battery parameters and corresponding direct current networks. The paper proposes a device for monitoring the following parameters: voltage of the direct current network from which the mobile device is powered or the batteries are charged; battery charge current control; control of insulation resistance of direct current circuits; control of the voltage of chargers; monitoring the status of chargers; protection of batteries from deep discharge; control of the state of switching nodes. The device is implemented as a two-processor system based on STM32F103 microcontrollers. A non-contact sensor of the LEM LA 100-P type is used to measure the direct current, which generates an analog signal proportional to the value of the direct current. This signal is passed to a 16- bit analog-to-digital converter. Given that these microcontrollers have integrated 12-bit analog-to- digital converters, an external 16-bit analog-to-digital converter of the ADS1115 type is used to ensure the necessary accuracy of direct current and voltage measurement, which transmits information to the basic processor via the I2C interface. The basic processor implements the main operating modes of the device, and the local processor provides information exchange with the general mobile power supply system through the RS-485 interface. The device is equipped with an indication system based on an LCD indicator of the VS1602A type and functionally programmable single LED indicators, a local keyboard for selecting control modes, a USB port for connecting additional modules and a SWD port for programming the Flash memory of microcontrollers and debugging programs in real time. During operation, parameters of non-standard events are stored in the device's non-volatile memory. The software of the basic and local processors has been developed, which ensures the functioning of the device in basic modes and performs periodic self-diagnosis of the device. The obtained results can be used in scientific research and in the design of real automated power systems for mobile information systems. Keywords: power systems of mobile information systems, batteries, battery charging, microcontroller, LCD indicator, I2C interface, USB interface, RS-485 interface, SWD interface.

Design and Application of Corpus in Computational Linguistics based on Multimedia Virtual Technology

In this paper a design and application of corpus in computational linguistics is proposed based on multimedia technology in order to solve the problem of the combination of corpus technology and multimedia teaching methods. The hardware interface circuit is created based on the USB interface board, and the S3C6410 CPU is chosen to build a multimedia embedded processor. The proposed study is primarily concerned with creating and using a corpus for computational linguistics that is based on multimedia virtual technology. Multimedia virtual technologies will be employed in this study to set up an environment that is appropriate for gathering and analyzing linguistic data. The goal is to offer a language analysis method that is more effective and efficient, as standard approaches have trouble dealing with complex and varied data sources. The accuracy, scope, and variety of the language data are anticipated to be improved by the suggested methodology. The research also suggests a possible way to improve the Corpus’s design and use in computational linguistics. In this study, encouraging results and an in-depth examination of important issues, such as reliability, validity, and efficiency, are examined. These issues should be measured when considering whether adopting a new technology is the right decision. According to the testing findings, the authors' shared system had the least reaction time-about 1.9 seconds. In conclusion, the author's corpus is more adaptable, usable, and practical for use in the classroom.

Development of the digital multichannel analyzer for liquid scintillation detection

The new digital multichannel analyzer (DMCA) based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology is successfully developed, and it is used for liquid scintillation detection. The performance of this system has been evaluated. The analog signal output emanating from the photomultiplier tube (PMT) is transformed into digital signals through the utilization of an amplifier and a high-speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Information about the energy, timing, and pulse shape characteristics of the radiation event is contained in the digital signal. Subsequently, this digital signal is directed towards the FPGA for digital signal processing. In order to reduce the thermal and electronic noise, the dual-channels configuration and the signal coincidence function are added to DMCA for optimizing the validity of signal. The signal coincidence unit is designed within the FPGA, optimizing the synchronization of signals. The measurement data is transmitted to a computer via USB interface. The energy spectra of gamma sources, namely 22Na, 60Co, and 137Cs, as well as the alpha source 232Th, were measured utilizing the newly developed system. Notably, thermal and electronic noise interference is reduced in the coincidence measurement mode, and the coincidence energy spectra are improved compared to the singles measurement. In contrast to commercially available systems, the advantages of our design in terms of miniaturization, cost-effectiveness, and expandability are demonstrated.

Smallest dual-color qPCR device

The global outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), necessitated the development of point-of-care (POC) systems for rapid and widespread population screening. Current POC systems, based on reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) methods, are unable to perform RNA target multiplexing, which is crucial for specific viral strain identification. This study presents a compact qPCR system capable of dual fluorescence channel gene multiplexing by simultaneously detecting two targets of the SARS-CoV-2 virus using 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM)- and TxRed-labeled probes. The device measures (110 × 83 × 41) mm3 and weighs 210 gm. It features four virtual reaction chambers, a thermal cycle system, a real-time optical signal detection module, a USB interface, and a Bluetooth wireless data transmission module. Moreover, it can perform single fluorescent channel detection of PCR using intercalating dye, followed by a melting curve analysis and loop-mediated isothermal amplification. The proposed compact dual-color qPCR device significantly broadens its potential for POC applications, such as diagnostics or field testing, molecular biology, microfluidics, and virus detection.

Setup of a 3D printed wind tunnel: Application for calibrating bi-directional velocity probes used in fire engineering applications

The research presented here focuses on the development of a 3D printed wind tunnel and the relevant equipment to be used for calibrating bi-directional velocity probes (BDVP). BDVP are equipment to be used for measuring velocity flow by determining the pressure difference of hot gases generated during fires. The manufactured probes require calibration to determine the calibration factor. The calibration is usually performed in wind tunnels which can be difficult to access due to costs, complexity and the various pieces of equipment required. The aim of the current study is to develop and assemble an inexpensive and easy-to-build bench-scale wind tunnel, with a data-logging system and fan control functionalities for fast and effective calibration of BDVP. A 3D printer with a PET-G filament is used, able to produce parts for the wind tunnel system which are durable and easy to handle and assemble. The system additionally includes an Arduino-based measuring unit with a hot-wire anemometer and temperature correction: Rev. P. This takes precise measurements; continuously logging data on a computer through a USB interface and capable of saving data on an SD card. This design provides users with parameters of velocity flow up to 4 m/s with standard deviation of 1.2 % and turbulence intensity of 1 %. The main advantages of this wind tunnel are its simplicity to build and portability.

Compact turnkey system for multi-contact diode lasers for portable spectroscopic applications

Diode laser-based light sources allow the implementation of features to meet specific application requirements. Besides output power and specific wavelength, this can also include spectral tunability, an alternating operation between two different wavelengths, or a well-defined parallel operation at two wavelengths. Potential applications involve spectroscopic systems and applications, e.g., in Raman spectroscopy, especially shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) or sequentially shifted Raman spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy, or the generation of THz radiation. To meet these demands, diode laser based light sources often use a multi-contact layout. Their operation may require multiple individually adjustable current sources, adjustable galvanically isolated current sources, regulated temperature stabilization and heat removal. Moreover, an interface, e.g., a fiber coupling unit is required to transfer the laser light to the experiment. In this paper, a compact turnkey system is reported meeting these requirements with up to 10 current sources, 2 galvanically isolated current sources, integrated temperature control and an interface for laser light transfer is presented. The system has dimensions of 177 mm × 124 mm × 48 mm and is controlled via a standard USB interface. It additionally provides a synchronization signal for implementation into multi-instrument setups. The current sources are based on implemented dual continuous wave p-type laser diode drivers. Ten current sources with 750 mA enabling switching frequencies up to 1000 Hz and four galvanically isolated current sources with 2 W are available. For temperature control, a TEC controller is used. An effective cooling system allows 10 W of thermal load to be removed. The integration of this turnkey-system into a portable shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy sensor system is briefly presented as an example application.

ON-LINE VIDEO PROCESSING EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOTIVE

Real-time processing for images is increasingly used in automotive industry. Video signals are nowadays used for different applications on traffic, such as measuring average speed, monitoring traffic congestion, detect red light crossing, but also for sign recognition, lane assist etc. The paper proposes an embedded system for image processing used for controlling climatization in cars. This system is also useful in case of an accident to activate the airbag if a person is on the seat or not to do it if a heavier object is placed on the seat, for example a bag. For this aim, a Raspberry Pi3 based system is proposed for real-time detecting of the number of passengers existing in a vehicle. The Raspberry Pi3 is used for acquiring frames from a video camera connected via USB interface and for on-line processing of images. The system uses an Haar cascade classifier algorithm (HCCA) for human face detection.

Design of a Low-Cost Measurement Module for the Acquisition of Analogue Voltage Signals

The aim of this work was to design and program a low-cost universal multichannel measurement card from scratch. The constructed device has analog inputs with the possibility of using them as differential inputs. This makes it possible to measure the analog signals for most of the available sensors. Thus, universality of the device is achieved. Simultaneously, the main assumption of the project and its novelty was to develop a measurement module. It is characterized by high measurement parameters, comparable to commercial products available on the market, with a very low production cost. The usability and assumed features of the measurement module were verified and tested using a functional generator and constructed test stand. During the tests, a sampling rate of at least 250 kS/s and a resolution of at least 14 bit were used. The module enables the acquisition of analog signals with voltages in the range of ±10 V and digital signals in the transistor–transistor logic (TTL) 5 V standard with a frequency of at least 250 kS/s. In addition, our device can be controlled via a computer, and data can be downloaded via the USB interface. It has 16 input channels with the possibility of differential measurements. The proposed solution is several times cheaper than commercial solutions while maintaining comparable parameters, as shown in the conclusion of the work.

Wireless Sensor Networks-based Smart Agriculture: Sensing Technologies, Application and Future Directions

With the advent of the latest sensing technologies, agricultural tasks can be performed so quickly andadequately and termed Smart agriculture. In this paper, a system based on sensor networks has been designed tomonitor agricultural parameters wirelessly. The proposed system has been deployed in a Wheat field. The aim of this workis to increase the quality and productivity of the Wheat crops and minimize the extensive field visits of the farmers. Thissystem enables precision agriculture by periodically measuring the three most key parameters (temperature, light, andwater level) for achieving a remarkable increase in quality, productivity and growth of the Wheat crops. Thus, this systemhelps the agriculturists, landowners and research experts to monitor these parameters at the base station without goingto the field site. A GUI tool is also designed to display the measured data and stored it in the database accordingly. Whiledesigning this system; IRIS mote, MDA100 data acquisition board, and MIB520 USB interface board are employed. Weuse TinyOS operating system for the development of codes for wireless nodes and the GUI tool is designed in MicrosoftVisual Studio. ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4 protocol and direct topology are used for the communication of nodes with the basestation.

Development and Implementation of Portable Ultrasonic Sensor Circuit with USB Interface and Signal Processing to Detect Damages in the Mild Steel Structure

Mild steel is one of the widely used structures for commercial use. In this paper, we present a PZT-based portable ultrasonic wave interfacing circuit with a USB interface to detect the damages in the mild steel structure. The designed circuit amplifies and shifts the level of the ultrasonic waves. The wave is then digitized by the microcontroller with a sampling rate of 2 MHz. The digitized wave is then transferred to the PC via USB communication. The CDC class was used in USB communication to generate a virtual com port and capture the data in real-time. The wave was then filtered and processed in the PC to detect damage to the structure. The dimension and weight of the used mild steel are 570mm x 205mm x 10mm and 10 kg respectively. To detect the damage to the structure, the 200 kHz tone-burst signal was induced in it through the PZT actuator. The ultrasonic wave was then captured in both intact and damaged conditions of the structure. The induced damage was of dimension 1mm x 10mm x 5mm. The RMS value of the captured wave in intact condition and the undamaged condition was calculated. This run-in of the RMS values in the intact and damaged condition of the structure solidifies the capability of the device to gather the ultrasonic wave correctly.

Implementation of a New Versatile Bio-Potential Measurement System

In this paper, a novel system for measuring bio-potentials, including electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG) and electromyography (EMG) signals, was implemented. This system is based on the high-precision (24-bit) analog front-end ADS1299 with eight input channels. The aim of this work is to provide a low-cost platform for researchers in neuroscience, brain–computer interfaces, ECG pattern recognition and myoelectric control for Robotic Hand-Assisted Training, etc. Compared to the existing systems, this design uses a module called ESP-WROOM-32 based on a 32-bit dual-core Xtensa LX6 microprocessor in which all control and communication functions have been integrated into a single package, giving the possibility to interface the system with the Raspberry Pi via the USB interface or via the wireless interface (Wi-Fi and Bluetooth). The paper presents a detailed study of the system in terms of hardware and software implementation. In addition, an experimental process has been conducted with the aim of evaluating the proposed prototype. With a common mode rejection ratio higher than 110[Formula: see text]dB and an input referred noise less than 2[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]V (peak-to-peak) as well as the good quality of the measured biopotentials during all the proposed scenarios, the model can be qualified to be functioning properly following the recommendations of the ADS1299 manufacturer. Finally, a conclusion is made to summarize the results achieved while highlighting the future study and the suggestions for improving the presented design.

DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASURING CHANNEL FOR LOW CURRENTS INTEGRATING ON ANALOG DEVICES COMPONENTS AND ARDUINO MODULES FOR PHYSICAL EXPERIMENTS

The development of low currents measuring channel necessary to ensure the operation of the experimental complex based on a linear electron accelerator with energy of 30 MeV at IHEPNP NSC KIPT for fundamental and applied research on the interaction of high-energy electrons with amorphous and single-crystal structures is described. The channel makes it possible to measure currents of the order of 0.1 nA and less, with an accuracy better than 0.1 %, and is connected to an upper-level computer via the USB interface.

Research on University Financial Accounting Management System Based on Big Data and Blockchain Data Fusion

The majority of traditional finance management in colleges and universities is manual. This backward management mode brings a lot of inconvenience to financial processing. An essential concern in the daily financial administration of colleges and universities is how to efficiently gather, handle, and evaluate this important financial information and apply this beneficial knowledge to the daily management of colleges and universities. College and university finance administration has become increasingly complex due to the rapid growth of these institutions. The standard financial accounting management system is far from adequate for the daily needs of colleges and universities as their size grows. As a result, a new financial accounting management system for universities is being developed based on the combination of big data and blockchain data. The embedded processor, DDR2 memory chip, network interface, and USB interface are all designed by the hardware section. The software element examines the needs of university financial accounting management before designing a model based on big data and blockchain integration for university financial accounting management. Finally, the financial accounting management function module and database are designed and tested. The experimental results show that the designed financial accounting management system can effectively carry out financial management, has good performance, and has certain application value.

Real-time multi-fusion perceptron architecture for autonomous drones

ABSTRACT In this paper, a multi-fusion perceptron architecture and real-time algorithms are proposed for AMR (Autonomous Mobile Robot). Traditionally, AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle) has been used in a large number of indoor logistics warehousing, factory automation, and thus, the corresponding sensor environment must be deployed. AMR needs to have various functions, like autonomous navigation, intelligent control, intelligent visual positioning, intelligent detection, etc., to automatically work in different conditions for traditional required fields. In a factory, there are several modes of operations, multi-machine cooperation, heterogeneous machine cooperation, This paper discusses unmanned machines with sensor elements to collaborate and to establish the complementary spatial information lacking in 3D unmanned carriers. A factory-validated multi-aware fusion of small drones is constructed, and a framework with front-end and back-end design is used for multi-computer communication, information analysis, and decentralized collaborative computing. The whole multi-fusion sensor serial platform is proposed and the system consists of a Logitech C270 USB interface Camera, the V4L2 (Video4Linux) universal driver protocol for communication, and a YDLIDAR G4 laser device serial connection. Through the UART communication interface and microcontroller platform, package information exchange and establish the underlying sensor information acquisition with Ethernet/Wi-Fi for remote sensing, algorithm verification, and real-time image confirmation.

Diffuse Reflectance Spectrophotometers Based on C12880MA and C11708MA Mini-Spectrometers Hamamatsu

Diffuse reflection spectroscopy with spatial resolution is a promising direction of non-destructive control of the properties of a number of scattering fine-dispersed materials, including food products. It can find wide practical application only in the presence of compact, easy-to-use and inexpensive spectrophotometric equipment. The aim of the article is to investigate the possibility of creating portable spectrophotometers based on Hamamatsu mini-spectrometers, which work together with modern computing facilities.The schematics for connecting the C12880MA and C11708MA mini-spectrometers to portable computing devices are reviewed. Shows the feasibility of using a small-sized microprocessor board ARM STM32F103C8T6 (Blue pill) on the chip STM32F103C8T6. Its use in the connection scheme has simplified data exchange with the control computer via USB interface and the formation of all the signals that are needed to control the mini-spectrometer.Two experimental samples of spectrophotometers based on C12880MA and C11708MA mini-spectrometers and STM32 microprocessors were created and their characteristics were studied. The calibration procedure and features of the software for these spectrophotometers are presented. The described features ensure the efficiency of software modification for the spectrophotometric problem to be solved. The presence of distortions of the registered spectra in the short-wave part of the spectral range of C12880MA was revealed. They arise due to focusing by the concave diffraction grating of a part of the radiation scattered by it into zero order.Approbation of developed portable spectrophotometers based on Hamamatsu mini-spectrometers indicates the possibility of their use in portable spectrophotometric equipment and devices for spectral control of optical properties of scattering materials. The described calibration technique allows you to determine the range of the spectrum, in which the distortions of the recorded spectra are minimal. The proposed solutions significantly reduce the cost of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy devices with spatial resolution and expand the possibilities of their use in various branches of science and industry.

Secure forensic data transmission system in cloud database using fuzzy based butterfly optimization and modified ECC

AbstractData forensic is the investigation of digital data which illustrates how it is created and utilized. It is composed of detection, preservation, retrieval, and analyzing digital information. These data are stored in different domains. When storing the data in a cloud database it is ineluctable to circumvent the data leakage. Several deep learning approaches were conducted to resist data leakage. However, optimized security was not obtained. To address the aforementioned issues we have proposed a novel modified elliptic curve cryptography based secure forensic data transmission system (MESFDT) in the cloud database. The conventional ECC selects the keys used for the encryption and decryption process randomly. This might cause the generation of countless keys and can be easily hacked by a malicious user. Therefore we adopted fuzzy based butterfly optimization algorithm (FBOA) for the generation of keys. Thus the ECC is modified to form modified elliptic curve cryptography (MECC). The proposed method is comprised of a MECC integration unit, wireless transceiver, USB interface, MECC unit, smart card reader. This helps to transfer the forensic data from the user to the cloud database securely and also circumvent the duplication of data. The experimental study depicts that the proposed method increases the security of forensic data and mitigates the encryption and decryption time more gently than the other existing approaches.

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Pouzdanost prenosa podataka serijske komunikacije prilikom korišćenja Uart-Usb konvertora

During the design of the device that is based on a central microcontroller for measurements and an additional computer for graphical presentation and storage of measurement results, it often happens that there are not enough available USB ports. Therefore the need for using particular serial converters arises. This paper presents the results of reliability testing of serial UART-USB communication using UM232R converter. The development environment Tiva TM4C1294XL microcontroller Launchpad sends temperature measurement results using UART communication to UM232R converter which is connected to ROCK PI 4 single board computer via USB interface. The user application is based on Java programming language and jSerialComm library. The communication is tested using packets of 100, 1 000 i 10 000 arrays of 50 characters. Time intervals used for tests are 10mS, 100mS, 500mS, and 1s. Each test is repeated 10 times to improve test validity. The average data loss is 50%, while the proposed algorithm reduced the loss up to 30%.

Data acquisition and monitoring system for KSTAR VUV spectrometer systems

To facilitate the stable monitoring of impurity species, an I&C system has been developed for the automated data acquisition and remote control of KSTAR VUV spectrometer systems, which provide the monitoring of impurity species of plasmas with regards to the machine protection and the plasma control. All controller computers for VUV cameras were relocated from the KSTAR main torus hall to the diagnostics room far from the tokamak, and optical converters were utilized to overcome the short communication length of USB interface for VUV cameras. An automated data acquisition code for Andor cameras was developed using C++ which runs on Linux, and an additional Windows-based GUI code using C# and .Net platform was developed for a legacy PI(Princeton Instruments) camera. The EPICS process variables are monitored and the data acquisition codes execute necessary actions based on the values of process variables. EPICS IOC, as well as OPI for the data acquisition parameters, were implemented, which enables the monitoring and configuring of the data acquisition parameters of VUV spectrometers over the network. These data acquisition codes store the acquired VUV spectrum into the KSTAR MDSplus server as the central data repository. The vacuum and power components of VUV spectrometers are controlled by PLC, and the EPICS IOC, as well as EPICS OPI as an HMI, was built for the remote control of PLC from the control room. Several interlocks were implemented on PLC to protect KSTAR main vacuum from the failure of the local vacuum system of VUV spectrometers as well as to protect VUV spectrometers from an incident of the KSTAR main vacuum.