Usage Of Waste Research Articles

A short study on the potential use and effect of bamboo leaf ash as reinforcement in MMCs

In an effort, to find more affordable ways to produce metal matrix composites, a number of attempts have been attempted to use the waste from industry and agriculture as reinforcement. The incorporation of agro-industrial garbage as reinforcement in MMCs has gained considerable attention as it improves the composite materials' mechanical and tribological characteristics. Employing such agro-industrial leftovers in a beneficial way lowers production costs and environmental degradation. An ample amount of work has been carried out on utilizing agricultural wastes including bagasse ash, rice husk, sawdust ash, corncob ash, straw husk etc. Very limited work has been reported upon the utilization of bamboo leaf as a reinforcement and its potential for any mechanical and/or tribological applications. This study provides an overview of the literature on the usage of agricultural waste i.e.,bamboo leaf ash in MMCs. It also illustrates the production procedure and characterization of BLA-induced MMCs. The current study also discusses potential applications for BLA and its reinforced composites.

Prebiotic characteristics of added-value polysaccharides from jackfruit peel waste during in vitro digestion and fecal fermentation

Food waste can be used more efficiently to increase food sustainability. Polysaccharides from jackfruit peel (PJP) are derived from agricultural waste, and little is known about their in vitro digestion and fermentation characteristics. This study aimed to elucidate PJP structural properties, the dynamic changes during in vitro simulated salivary gastrointestinal digestion and fecal fermentation, and its effects on the human intestinal microbiota. Structural analysis showed a typical polysaccharide structure with high stability in an amorphous heteropolysaccharide. The monosaccharides of PJP are glucose, mannose, galactose, arabinose, and rhamnose. In vitro digestion models, showed that the PJP can reach the colon intact. PJP degradation by the intestinal microbiota being during fecal fermentation, releasing free oligosaccharides, producing short-chain fatty acids, particularly acetic acid, and modulating the composition of intestinal microbes. PJP promoted the growth of beneficial flora Weissella, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus and Prevotella during the fermentation process. These findings could improve the usage of jackfruit peel waste, and create possibilities for its use as a potential prebiotic.

Extraction of Micro, Nanocrystalline Cellulose and Textile Fibers from Coffee Waste

Abstract Because of the environmental footprint of oil-based materials, the demand for bio-based renewable materials is hiked. The usage of agricultural waste to extract cellulose, minimized the dependent of hydrocarbon products which is an added value besides due to overpopulation the productivity is increased, which leads to an increase in agricultural waste that causes environmental pollution. In this work, various cellulosic materials, such as cellulosic textile fibers (CTF), microcrystalline cellulosic fibers, and nanocrystalline cellulosic fibers, were extracted from coffee waste to make them into valuable products. The morphological analysis of extracted cellulose is performed by scanning electron microscopy, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed to investigate the structure of extracted cellulose, which indicates the crystalline cellulosic components from the extraction process; X-ray diffractometer analysis shows the extracted cellulose was cellulose I and cellulose II. The cellulose that is extracted by ultrasonication with dimethyl sulfoxide has 88 % of cellulose with a crystallinity index of 74.5 %, and the thermal properties of raw coffee husk and extracted cellulose were compared by thermogravimetric analysis. Additionally, the dye uptake of the CTF shows its potential as a bio-adsorbent in the dye removal domain.

Investigation of CO2 sequestration performance and statistical analysis of dye removal efficiency of liquefied hornbeam based carbon foams: Effects of biomass/solvent weight ratio, tar contribution, and chemical activation

The preparation of carbon foams from bio-based polyols was a preferable alternative for the development of new materials from waste resources. The research described the usage of wood processing factory waste for the production of open-cell carbon foams with a high application potential. Bio-based carbon foams were developed by hornbeam tree sawdust, a low-cost and renewable material for dye removal via adsorption and CO2 uptake performance. In this work, the influences of the solvent type, and solvent/biomass weight ratio on the characteristics of carbon foams were investigated in the solvolytic liquefaction process. A chemical activation process with KOH was applied to the foams and this provided high porosity and surface area (up to 1454 m2/g). Carbon foams were found to have comparable compressive strengths; up to 1.080 MPa. As a result of the statistical analysis, according to the variance analysis performed with a confidence level limit of 95%, it was specified that pH had a negative coefficient and was the most significant factor in NH dye removal. According to the experiments carried out within the scope of investigating the usability of carbon foams in the removal of pollutants from gas and liquid systems, HCFTA-3 carbon foam exhibited a maximum removal efficiency of 55.2% for NH dye when pH was 2, and HCFA-3 carbon foam had the highest CO2 holding capacity at 0 °C as measured by 6.53 mmol/g CO2. This study provided an understanding of the sustainable bio-based carbon foams from industrial waste biomass for practical application of green chemistry.

Experimental and theoretical investigation for shielding efficiency of self-compacted concrete containing lead smelting waste for gamma ray

Lead smelter waste is considered as one of the most hazardous waste that pollute the environment by releasing hazardous effluents, a lot of particle matter, and other different solid wastes. In this research lead smelter waste is used as a concrete additive and fine aggregate constituent in self-compacted concrete casting to be used as a gamma ray shield. Three types of traditionally used coarse aggregate (basalt, crushed dolomite, and gravel) were used in casting normal and high strength self-compacted concrete. The fresh and hardened concrete properties were investigated. The cast samples were tested for 137Cs and 60Co gamma rays with energies 0.662 and 1.25 Mev. The mass attenuation coefficients (µ/ρ) and linear attenuation (µ) were measured and calculated using WinXCom program for gamma rays. The experimental measurements and the used theoretical calculation method were highly compatible. The usage of lead smelter waste in concrete casting improved the concrete gamma rays shielding.

Valorization of agro-industrial waste in composite films for sustainable packaging applications

The increase in general awareness about environmental hazards caused by petrochemical plastics has substantially increased the necessity of eco-friendly substitutes for plastics. Conventional plastics in addition to being non-biodegradable are also derived from depleting non-renewable resources. Therefore, the production of packaging films utilizing agro-industrial waste has gained widespread attention as a sustainable alternative to conventional non-degradable plastic. The underutilized compounds from agro-industrial waste such as by-products of fruit and vegetable industries or the waste from sugar industries can serve as a great alternative for plastics owing to their low cost, availability and abundance of raw materials. They possess significant physical and chemical properties which make them good sources for producing biopolymers as well as cellulosic fillers. The processing and production of food products by agro-industries generate waste or by-products such as husks of various grains, leaves, gums, bagasse, offal and seeds, which contain an ample amount of plant-derived fibrous proteins such as pectin, starch and cellulose. They also have nutritional properties and peculiar sensory properties which are obliged to the bioactive compounds found in them. Therefore, these waste materials can be reutilized for recycling along with high value-added purposes which will reduce environmental stress and empower sustainable greener approaches. This review will provide a discussion on the usage of agro-industrial wastes for fabricating sustainable composite films with several reinforcements. Additionally, the significance of waste-derived biopolymers as films having value-added functional packaging properties over conventional packaging films will also be discussed. This usage of agro-industrial waste material in turn would aid in the circular economy flow, waste reduction along with generation of high-end usage and recycling of waste.

Influence of glass powder silica fume and scrapped ceramic waste on the mechanical properties of concrete

Carbon dioxide emissions from cement manufacture have a substantial environmental effect. The massive energy usage in the cement manufacturing process is also an issue. India is dealing with a major energy problem. Cement prices are rising on a daily basis. Furthermore, the usage of waste for the disposal and recovery of natural concrete components might harm the environment. Using trash not only decreases cement production and hence energy consumption, but it also helps to safeguard the environment. The goal of this study is to investigate the characteristics of concrete utilizing silica fume as a partial substitute for cement and glass powder in lieu of fine aggregate. These waste materials were used to replace some of the cement in the concrete samples, and their compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths were assessed. According to the results, the addition of glass powder and silica fume improves the mechanical qualities of the concrete, but the addition of discarded ceramic waste has the reverse impact. Furthermore, the combination of glass powder and silica fume outperformed each waste item alone. The trials were carried out using Concrete Mix M40, which had been modified by substituting 40% of the coarse aggregate with waste ceramic aggregate, 20% of the fine aggregate with glass powder, and 10% of the cement with silica fume cement. Following tests of the concrete's compressive, split, and flexural strengths at 7, 28, and 28 days, the appropriate replacement dose was considered. The load-bearing capability of the beams is approximately the same as that of conventional beams throughout the board for the 20% replacement levels applied. The research comes to the conclusion that natural coarse aggregate may be used in place of scrapped ceramic aggregates (SCA) in concrete. Other beam specimens and typical beam specimens (CM) deflected more with load than a beam specimen with 10% SF, 20% GP, and 10% SCA. Modern technology allows for the production of lightweight, high-strength concrete at a low cost. When compared to CA, SCA lowered aggregate weight.

Involvement in the Economic Circulation of Production Waste: Russian and European Experience

Introduction. The involvement in the economic circulation of production waste is one of the priority objects within which sustainable development is implemented. The purpose of the article is to explore the issues of waste generation and directions for their use in statistical, legal, strategic and economic contexts, to compare approaches to the involvement of waste in economic circulation in Russia and the European Union countries. Materials and Methods. The study used data from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and the Statistical Service of the European Union. Using the methods of descriptive statistics, the indicators of the generation and usage of waste in Russia and the European Union countries have been studied; the methods of comparative analysis made it possible to consider the directions of involving production waste in economic circulation by sectors of the economy and approaches to involving waste in economic circulation in Russia and the European Union countries. Using the method of generalization and synthesis of profits in transactions, the authors made the main conclusions. Results. It is concluded that, despite the discovery of unresolved problems with production waste, the European approach to identify waste achieves the certain results, in particular, sustainable waste management systems have been established and instruments aimed at preventing and reducing waste, increasing the content of recycling are being applied. In Russia, for the most part, this refers to promising areas, based on international best practices, in the specific experience of the European Union countries, it is assumed that the industry processing, utilizing and neutralizing waste will be observed and prescribed. Discussion and Conclusion. It has been revealed that the problem of waste exists both in Russia and in the European Union countries, but each time it is approached differently. In general, the countries have created a system for dealing with regulation of waste production, have designed targeted strategies aimed at creating a circular economy. The results of the analysis carried out are of practical importance, they can be taken into account by other countries in the process of developing and making a decision on the problem of production waste.

Thermochemical conversion of agricultural waste to hydrogen, methane, and biofuels: A review

With the depletion of fossil fuels, the energy crisis can now be visualized shortly. At the same time, waste production in various fields is also on the rise. This has led to a global waste management challenge. Agricultural wastes are produced in abundant amounts in various parts of the world, and they offer a potential substitute for fossil fuels. Agricultural wastes can be used to produce Methane, Hydrogen and biofuels along with various useful chemicals. This review provides insight into the composition of agricultural waste, the process of gasification, gasification agents, and challenges in the process. The fuels made from agricultural wastes, the pretreatment of agricultural waste and its challenges and future of energy production from agricultural waste are also discussed. The paper discusses in depth the reactions involved in the gasification process and the various types of gasifiers, their advantages and disadvantages. Energy production from agricultural waste is already being employed in few countries, but further research needs to make the processes more environmentally benign and eco-friendly. The logistics cost to transport the agricultural waste to biofuel plants is a major challenge that needs to be tackled. The feasibility of installing biofuel plants closer to agricultural fields is much better. For a smart usage of agricultural waste and to meet the sustainability criteria, it is necessary to integrate the available waste streams with local technical solutions.

Eco-Concrete in High Temperatures.

Concrete technology is becoming more and more sustainable and ecological following more extensive and focused research. The usage of industrial waste and by-products, such as steel ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), mine tailing, fly ash, and recycled fibers, is a very important step toward a good transition of concrete into a "green" future and significant improvement in waste management in the world. However, there are also several known durability-related problems with some types of eco-concretes, including exposure to fire. The general mechanism occurring in fire and high-temperature scenarios is broadly known. There are many variables that weightily influence the performance of this material. This literature review has gathered information and results regarding more sustainable and fire-resistant binders, fire-resistant aggregates, and testing methods. Mixes that utilize industrial waste as a total or partial cement replacement have been consistently achieving favorable and frequently superior outcomes when compared to conventional ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-based mixes, especially at a temperature exposure up to 400 °C. However, the primary emphasis is placed on examining the impact of the matrix components, with less attention given to other factors such as sample treatment during and following exposure to high temperatures. Furthermore, there is a shortage of established standards that could be utilized in small-scale testing.

Investigation of the recycling of ceramic sludge waste from wall tile production in ceramic factory

In ceramic production, vast amount of green process waste is created. Green process waste in other words, sludge waste creates a big environmental problem. It can create water pollution as well as create environmental problems having a big physical change of the stored area., Therefore, the use of sludge waste in the process as raw material is vitally important. The research programme was carried out to use the green process wastes as raw materials in the recipes of various products in Kaleseramik Research and Development Center in Turkey. Firstly, the long term samples were taken in order to observe the fluctuation of the created waste. Then, the chemical and mineralogical characterization of sludge wastes was carried out by using XRF and XRD. Different recipes were prepared by using green process waste. The behavior and the phases of fired products were evaluated by using a double-beam optical non-contact dilatometer and XRD. SEM and EDX were carried out for microstructural and micro-chemical analysis. Finally; the physical, mechanical and color properties of waste added recipes; such as water absorption, linear shrinkage, breaking strength and chromatic coordinates were measured. The results showed that it is possible to develop wall tile body with suitable technological properties by using appropriate mixture of process wastes in the body composition. The usage of sludge waste eliminates environmental problems and also provides the cost advantages as a raw material input. The full results of the case study performed at Kaleseramik Factory is illustrated in details.

PVC Mesh as Adaptable Recycled Textile Waste towards Innovative Tropical Building Façade

Textile fibres are commodity materials that society will continue to use in large quantities for various applications yet also generate massive waste. Through coating application, upcycled textile waste has significant potential in building construction. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the usage of PVC mesh textile waste as a novel textile facade for Malaysian structures. Content analysis is used to analyse various textile façade constructions that perform architectural tasks. The overall conclusion found that PVC mesh covers all features in balance as a creative building façade that responds to the needs of the Malaysian tropical climate.

Sustainable environment approach by the usage of ceramic pottery waste in geopolymer mortar

Sustainable environment approach by the usage of ceramic pottery waste in geopolymer mortar

Study on green concrete replacing natural fine and coarse aggregate by plastic waste – An experimental and machine learning approach

One of the most universally used materials in construction industries is concrete because of its accessibility, affordability, extended lifespan and resistance to damage against unfavourable weather conditions. However, there is a massive depletion of valuable natural resources for the concrete production. Further, plastic consumption as well as waste generation is increasing day by day which is very much challenging to be managed as it is non-biodegradable and creates various environmental pollution. Thus, the usage of plastic waste as a fractional substitution of natural aggregates in construction industry may mitigate the problems. For the present study, nine concrete mixtures of M30 grade concrete containing recycled plastic waste polyethylene (RPE) and plastic waste polyethylene-terephthalate (WPET) were prepared as a fractional volumetric replacement for both natural coarse aggregates (NCA) and fine aggregates (NFA). The replacement levels were 0%, 5 %, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% keeping constant the water-cement ratio (0.37).The usage of waste plastic aggregates for preparation of concrete were assessed through different fresh and hardened properties like slump, dry density, compressive strength (CS), flexural strength (FS), split tensile strength (STS) and ultrasonic pulse velocity. The test results corroborates that the slump increased with higher percentage replacement of waste plastic aggregate (PA) in concrete. Further, incorporation of WPET and RPE in concrete reduced the dry density by 10.59 % at 40% mix proportion. It is to be mentioned that, the CS decreases with with increase of partial replacement of natural aggregate with waste PA. The ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) also decreased with increase of the PA. The test result also depicted that up to 5% replacement the STS value is almost constant, after that it reduces. Further, in case of FS test, the replacement with waste PA concrete by 10%, the FS improved to 19.91%. Furthermore, the data prediction models of slump, CS, FS and STS were developed by artificial neural network. Moreover, the optimization of mix proportion was conducted by factor response optimizer with composite desirability of 0.65.

Waste to Wealth: Vegetable market waste to generate electricity, a design proposal suitable for any medium scale vegetable market in Indian cities

A biogas plant is current energy source and is reasonable to the necessities representing things to come. With the suitable use of the processing innovation, the improvement of financially plausible natural waste biogas digesters which produces power isn't entirely unachievable. The central purpose of the study is to design the proper power generation unit based on organic waste and to calculate the efficiency of power generation at Monda market of Secunderabad, Telangana by taking exemplary and prototype case of Bowenpally market and implementing it. The development of biogas by anaerobic processing of natural waste is an experienced skill that might introduce unmistakable advantages to society. Natural biogas innovation can lighten many grave issues in the agricultural nations, “The model that has been decided for the review, Bowenpally vegetable market, Hyderabad, India has gotten Prime Minister Narendra Modi's consideration for its creative waste administration framework. Modi lauded the one-of-its-sort bioelectricity, bio fuel and bio compost age project in his 73rd episode of radio program Mann Ki Baat on Sunday. The project has scope to foster in areas, for example, country energy shortage, low horticulture yield and waste administration department. Moreover through the usage of biogas innovation harmful ranch waste can be appropriately dealt \ hrough anaerobic processing, age of regular composts and eventually lead to an productive outcome and expansion in result and pay. From examination it will become obvious that markets utilizing digesters frameworks have more prominent profit or advantages than those markets who don't bringing about the conservation and increment practicality of the natural waste.

Morphology of household waste on the example of Sri Lanka and Poland — case study

Household waste is a global problem that many countries cannot cope with and deal with difficulty. In many regions of the world, a dynamic increase in the amount of waste generated is observed, which causes significant environmental pollution and excessive use of non-renewable resources. In the case of household waste, important indicators are not only its quantity per person but also its morphology. This study compares the amount of waste generated and its morphology by a household in Sri Lanka (Colombo) and Poland (Tarnów). The presented data comes from 2022, during a time of economic crisis caused initially by the COVID-19 pandemic and then due to the war between Russia and Ukraine. Currently, Sri Lanka is going through one of the greatest economic crises in its history. Poland is currently experiencing high inflation and reduced demand for many consumer goods due to continuous price increases. These events significantly affect the demand for various types of consumer goods and, paradoxically, this may reduce the amount of waste generated. It is important to identify and implement new strategies to recycle or optimize the usage of waste and develop value added products that would, in turn, have a positive impact on the domestic waste awareness. The results of the conducted research indicate a significant share of biodegradable waste in the stream of generated waste, especially in Sri Lanka. The vast majority of generated waste can be recycled, but sorting is required. Comparing the data obtained from this case study, 71% of food waste is generated in Sri Lanka, whereas 22.1% is generated in Poland. This indicates that Poland produces a significant amount of processed food. Moreover, the recorded plastic waste produced by Polish families is twice that of Sri Lanka. Furthermore, both countries indicate a positive trend to generate more waste in the future despite economic challenges faced locally as well as globally. Therefore, it is vital to understand the amount and morphology of waste as well as to implement more efficient and economical strategies to eliminate negative impacts.

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND AT GALUGA LANDFILL FOR LEACHATE TREATMENT: A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH

Aim: This study aims to treat leachate by using the constructed wetland. Moreover, the study of the usage of solid waste as a part of constructed wetland was also carried out to analyze the potential of solid waste utilization as filter media. Methodology and Results: Two different alternatives were proposed to obtain the best system, i.e., conventionally constructed wetlands with gravel, sand, and rock as the filtration media, and constructed wetlands that utilize solid waste as the media. The leachate was treated in a constructed wetland using the pandan plant through a phytoremediation process. The results showed that constructed wetlands were able to reduce BOD, COD, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations up to 87.3%, 87.7%, 86%, and 99.7% in a conventionally constructed wetland, also up to 77.1%, 76.9%, 98%, and 98.9% in constructed wetland using solid waste. The analysis results show that the TSS value still exceeds the quality standard due to suspended particles in the water. Conclusion, significance, and impact study: The results showed that constructed wetland significantly affected the reduction of BOD, COD, nitrate, and phosphate but did not significantly reduce TSS. Therefore, additional technology, such as a sedimentation tank, is needed. This ecologically constructed wetland is the first step in achieving sustainable development.

Experimental study on usage of (PET) waste plastic incorporating with (TIO2) titanium dioxide for the construction of plastic roads

Plastic waste, which is observed to be very harmful for the habitat, is found to be occur around 5% in municipal solid waste (MSW). Currently a critical problem is the discarding of plastic waste. These waste plastics are everlasting, which in turn contributes to the immense environment contamination and public health troubles. The several researches at different institutes advised that this waste plastic can be utilized for the purpose of construction of asphaltic pavements. The usage of this plastic waste for constructing pavements is depended on the economic, technical and ecological criteria. If this waste plastic be used properly for the manufacturing of roads, discarding and problems of contamination will be diminished to a great extent. The main aim of this study is to find out the maximum proportion of plastic waste which will be added in the constructional mix for getting the mandatory strength. The main focus of this study is to how the amount of waste plastic will be increased when a suitable amount of an admixture like tio2 will be blended to the normal plastic waste mix which will be utilized for the manufacturing of waste plastic pavements. Two kinds of plastic waste samples were casted, with Tio2 and without Tio2. Both kinds of samples were prepared according to Marshall Mix design prescribed by MORTH (IV revision) on both types of samples, tests like Marshall stability test and indirect tensile strength test were done and then the results were compared. It was observed that the value for both the Marshall stability and indirect tensile strength test shows a huge increase in their respective value of plastic samples blended with Tio2 when compared to the normal plastic waste samples at 17% of waste plastic, the Marshall stability value observed to be the maximum and however for the indirect tensile strength at 17% of plastic waste blended with 17% Tio2 shows the highest values when compared to normal plastic waste samples. It was seen that utilizing Tio2 as an admixture has given outstanding results and demonstrated maximum values for engineering and rheological properties like Marshall Stability, Deformational flow, density, water resistance and indirect tensile strength etc.

Biomethane Production from the Mixture of Sugarcane Vinasse, Solid Waste and Spent Tea Waste: A Bayesian Approach for Hyperparameter Optimization for Gaussian Process Regression

In this work, sugarcane vinasse combined with organic waste (food and wasted tea) was demonstrated to be an excellent source of biomethane synthesis from carbon-rich biowaste. The discarded tea trash might be successfully used to generate bioenergy. The uncertainties and costs associated with experimental testing were recommended to be decreased by the effective use of contemporary machine learning methods such as Gaussian process regression. The training hyperparameters are crucial in the construction of a robust ML-based model. To make the process autoregressive, the training hyperparameters were fine-tuned by employing the Bayesian approach. The value of R2 was found to be greater during the model test phase by 0.72%, assisting in the avoidance of model overtraining. The mean squared error was 36.243 during the model training phase and 21.145 during the model testing phase. The mean absolute percentage error was found to be under 0.1%, which decreased to 0.085% throughout the model’s testing phase. The research demonstrated that a combination of wasted tea trash, sugarcane vinasse and food waste may be a viable source for biomethane generation. The contemporary methodology of the Bayesian approach for hyperparameters tuning for Gaussian process regression is an efficient method of model prediction despite the low correlation across data columns. It is possible to enhance the sustainability paradigm in the direction of energy security via the efficient usage of food and agroforestry waste.

Evaluation of mechanical properties of tea dust filler reinforced polymer composite

Abstract Nowadays, environmental sustainability is the responsible of engineering community for which the usage of waste or recycling is essential towards ecological sustainability, for which green materials are considered widely in all sectors. Because of the significance of characteristic filler supported composites in the advancement of lightweight materials, this research exploration centers around utilizing biodegradable garbage such as used tea dust powder reduces the impact of environmental pollution. In this study, effect of organic residue, tea dust is effectively recycled/utilized for fabricating polymer composite to find its suitability in engineering applications. Epoxy polymer is considered as matrix material and different volume fractions of used tea dust powders (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 vol%) are used as reinforcement. Hand-layup approach is adopted for fabricating the polymer composite and the samples are tested for their mechanical properties viz., impact, flexural and tensile strength. Based on the mechanical strength the best combination is found to be 40% vol. in epoxy matrix; higher addition than 40% reduces the strength due to lower bonding between the powders and matrix.