Usage Of Names Research Articles

Free Forms of Address and the Cases of Expressive Shift in Biblical Hebrew

This paper provides a descriptive analysis of address rules governing two nominal types of free forms of address (i.e., personal names and titles), which are used between two human beings in biblical Hebrew prose. Using the bi-dimensional power/solidarity model as a theoretical framework (Brown and Gilman 1960; Brown and Ford 1961), I attempt to show whether the usage of personal names and titles in biblical Hebrew exhibits unique rules and patterns or accords with their claim of “linguistic universal”—the linguistic form referring to an inferior is used mutually by intimate equals, while the form referring to a superior is used mutually by distant equals. After describing the general rules of address, I attempt to identify possible examples of what Brown and Gilman call “expressive shift,” that is, strategic violation of address rules to communicate the speaker’s temporary feelings and attitudes.

Prescription Pattern of Antibiotics in Admitted Patients of a Tertiary Care Government Teaching Hospital, Kerala, India

Introduction: Antibiotics have a remarkable role in prolonging life, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries. Insufficient knowledge among doctors, peer pressure and patient demands, diagnostic uncertainties, lack of communication between the doctor, pharmacist and patients all implicate inappropriate antibiotic prescribing practices. Irrational antibiotic prescription can lead to antibiotic resistance, marking a global crisis. Aim: To evaluate the prescription pattern of antibiotics in the admitted patients of a tertiary care teaching hospital and assess the prescriptions' rationality. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective record-based study done in the inpatients of Government Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala, India, for three months (1st October 2017 to 31st December 2017). Data was collected using a data collection checklist which included patient identity and demographic factors, name and route of the antibiotic prescribed, usage of multiple antibiotics, usage of prophylactic antibiotic, usage of generic names, adherence to National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) and rational use. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 and frequencies and percentages were determined for each variable. Results: Total 1,186 medical records were analysed, and 49.7% were prescribed antibiotics; 38.2% contained more than one antibiotic, and 64.8% contained parenteral antibiotics. Cefotaxime was found to be the most commonly prescribed antibiotic. An 88.3% of prescriptions were adhering to NLEM, and 29% contained generic names of antibiotics. Overall, 69 out of 589 (11.7%) were irrational prescriptions, and the use of multiple antibiotics with the same spectrum of coverage was found to be the most common reason for irrationality. Conclusion: In this study, the most drugs were prescribed from the NLEM. Cephalosporins were the most commonly used antibiotics for the inpatients in this hospital. Prescriptions with generic names of drugs were low. Irrational prescriptions contributed a minor percentage, and reserve antibiotics were too little.

Múltidéző utcaneveink

The street names in the Transylvanian towns remained unchanged from their first naming until the mid 19th century. Since then, street names have changed several times, mainly because of the border, regime, and ethnic changes. This makes the relevant period for studying street name changes in Transylvania the last 150 years (since 1867). This article begins with an overview of the technical terms used. Based on the naming process, streets could be named by convention or authorities. Based on the relation between the street and the name, the street name can be of a functional or symbolic name (it reflects the characteristics of the street, or there is no connection between them). Finally, based on the content of the name, a street name can be neutral or commemorative (independent or dependent of regimes). After this, the author presents two case studies: Cluj/Kolozsvár and Braşov/Brassó/Kronstadt, the first being typical of Northern Transylvania, the second of Southern Transylvania. Next, the author analyzes the changes of the street names in the two city centres, in each period, the proportions of changes, and the name categories (functional – neutral, functional – commemorative, symbolic – commemorative, and symbolic – neutral names). The article ends with a brief overview of the usage of official, minority, historical, and vernacular street names in Transylvania.

Sinonimiški bendrašakniai asmenų pagal profesiją pavadinimai: daryba, semantika, stilistika ir vartosena

The nominal names of persons belong to different categories of formation (for example, the names of persons possessing nominal features, the names of persons by profession, etc.). A total of 1,266 conjugate synonymous nominal derivatives (or possessing one of the components of nominal words) naming the persons by profession were collected from the Dictionary of Lithuanian Language and its electronic version, out of them 386 rows of derivative synonyms (derivative variants) were formed. The derivatives were analysed in terms of formation, semantics, stylistics and usage. To achieve the aim, the methods of derivation, semantic analysis, calculation, descriptive-analytical, substitution were employed. The analysis of the material shows that the rows of derivative synonyms (derivative variants) formed from the names of the persons by profession and close to them derivatives can be divided into semantic groups: denoting an object required for business and work or craft (53,37 per cent of all derivatives); the person’s own business and work or craft, a person who makes a product (36,79 per cent of all derivatives); a place specific to the work (9,84 per cent of all derivatives).
 The analysis of the empirical material revealed that realia specific to ethnicity can be found in all semantic groups. Names of persons by profession can be associated with forest, plants, agriculture, animals, crafts, etc. The small number of usage of names of persons by profession suggests that they become uncharacteristic of the current language, either because the phenomenon itself no longer exists (then the names of persons also disappear) or because the phenomenon exists, but persons can be named differently (other formations are used).

Authentication of fish species served in conveyor-belt sushi restaurants in Taiwan using DNA barcoding

Fish fraud is a problem worldwide. Not only does it erode customer confidence, but it also jeopardizes public health. Typically, it is difficult to authenticate fish species identity based on morphological characters after food processing. Fortunately, DNA is relatively resistant to processing methods, and DNA barcoding has proven useful for species identification. Although fishery product mislabeling is recognized as an issue in Taiwan, a respective study on sushi has not yet been conducted. Here, we successfully DNA-barcoded 121 out of 122 sushi samples from eleven chain restaurants of the conveyor-belt type in Taiwan, revealing an overall mislabeling rate of ~17.36%. We found that capelin roe is commonly used to replace other fish roe, such as herring. Tuna, which is susceptible to fraud, was always correctly labeled. We also noted inconsistent usage of Chinese common names, conflict between Chinese and English names, and ambiguous usage of Japanese kanji in Chinese labels, all serving to confuse species identity. Moreover, spurious reference sequences in the BOLD database and the lack of a standard list of common names of fishes with their corresponding scientific name both impede investigations of fish substitution. We advocate that the responsible authorities establish a reliable barcoding database for molecular authentication of fishes, publish a respective standard for common and scientific names, and legislate for more comprehensive labeling regulations based on experience in other jurisdictions to facilitate mislabeling investigations and to deter food fraud. • A high successful rate in amplifying full-length DNA barcodes from sushi samples. • “Correctly” labeled items may not have matched customer expectations. • A reliable barcoding database is required. • A “Taiwanese Fish Names Standard” is appealed to be constructed. • A comprehensive labeling regulations is needed for food fraud investigations.

Lowercase or uppercase letter in the names of fairytale heroes and literary characters (from the materials of the academic description of Russian spelling)

This article aims to create a rule explaining the choice of a lower-case or upper-case letter to spell literary characters’ names. The rule should be unambiguous, intrinsically logical, and it should not contradict the codified lexical material. Several formulations of the rule given in reference books were analysed; discrepancies between the rule and dictionary codifications were identified. Additionally, questions and answers related to this issue and obtained from the Russian language query services were studied. As a result, the research revealed types of discrepancies in the recommendations given in the rule and in dictionaries, ambiguous rule formulations that can be interpreted in two ways, and textual conditions that permit different understandings of proper name boundaries. The analysis of the real usage of proper names and their combinations with appositions, attributes, and accompanying words in different types of texts (i. e. in texts created by authors, in fairy tales, byliny, and other authorless texts) resulted in determining several textual conditions which permit or prohibit using this or that combination in the function of a proper name. As for authorless texts, it turned out important to consider the character’s name not only in the work under analysis, but also in the cultural context in its entirety, in the entire fairy tale or heroic epic world. Another significant factor is understanding the boundaries of the proper name and the common nouns accompanying it accepted in this world. Authors are free from the tradition of naming a character in the texts they produce, but at the same time they should take into account the intratextual conditions governing the choice of either a proper name or a common noun. As a result, a special note to the general rule concerning proper name spelling was formulated for the new edition of "The academic rules of orthography". This note identifies different options to understand the boundaries of proper names for various structures. The choice of spelling proper names with a lower-case or a capital letter in a given text depends on the chosen way of understanding the proper name boundaries.

An updated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) present in Algeria, with assessments of doubtful records and problematic species.

An updated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Algeria based on records published from 1903 to 2021 is presented. Fifty-three species belonging to seven genera are known with reasonable confidence to occur in the country, including Aedes (15 species), Anopheles (15), Coquillettidia (2), Culex (14), Culiseta (5), Orthopodomyia (1) and Uranotaenia (1). Two additional species, Culex simpsoni Theobald, 1905 and Uranotaenia balfouri Theobald, 1904, are provisionally regarded as present in Algeria. Published records are listed for each species, with indication of synonymous usage and variant spelling of names where applicable. The type locality of Aedes biskraensis Brunhes, 1999 is restricted to Seriana in Sidi Okba District in Biskra Province. Problematic species and doubtful occurrence records based on apparently misidentified specimens and confused taxonomy are discussed. Notes on taxonomy and medical importance are provided for the more important species.

Evaluation of pediatric prescriptions using WHO indicators in a tertiary care hospital in Pune city, India

Context: The study provides comprehensive insight on the use of World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators in the pediatric population in a tertiary care hospital. Aims: The aim was to evaluate pediatric prescriptions as per WHO prescribing indicators. Settings and Design: This study was a prospective observational study, conducted at Pediatrics Outpatient Department (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital for 6 months. Materials and Methods: This included consent form and data collection form. Statistical Analysis: Spearman’s rank correlation and Mann–Whitney U-test were performed to evaluate whether prescribing indicators are statistically dependent on age and gender, respectively. P-values less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results: A total of 418 prescriptions were included in the study. The majority of the patients were female (70.09%). The mean age of the patients was 5.87 (SD±4.32) years, with a range from 3 days to 17 years. The average number of drugs per prescription was 2.4 (SD±1.022). Only 4.21% of medicines were prescribed by generic name. Antibiotics and injections were prescribed in 7.65% and 0.23% of prescriptions, respectively. Drugs prescribed from the essential drug list (EDL) were 60.45%. Conclusion: The study necessitates the need to follow the optimal values set by WHO prescribing indicators. The percentage of prescriptions with antibiotics and injections was in the optimal range as set by WHO. However, the average number of drugs/prescriptions, usage of generic names, and prescriptions using the EDL were not in the optimal range. The prescribing indicator did not statistically depend on age and gender.

Neural responses to rapidly selecting color names with different novelty.

It is well known that different names of color can lead to distinct attractions to people. To study the neural mechanism underlying this phenomenon, an implicit association test task was designed for color names, in which participants were required to select the possible meanings of a Greek phrase from two color names (in Chinese). The behavioral results showed that the participants were more likely to select novel names for long Greek phrases and dates names for short Greek phrases. The EEG results showed that the mean amplitude of N1 was greater for selections of novel color names than selections of dates names for Greek phrases. Meanwhile, the mean amplitude of N3 for novel color names was more negative than that of dates color names. Significant interaction effect of N3 was also found for the four kinds of selections between Greek phrases and Chinese color names. Moreover, a frontal-positive and occipital-negative distribution for scalp topography of N1 was found, while the scalp topography of N3 was opposite as frontal-negative and occipital-positive distribution, suggesting the importance of visual cortex for perception of the color names and prefrontal cortex for integration and decision of selection. In summary, the results here indicated that colors with novel names could easily attract people's attention than colors with dates names, which might shed light on the usage of color names in real life.

Opinion 2472 (Case 3754) – Circus assimilis Jardine & Selby, 1828 and Circus approximans Peale, 1848 (Aves, Accipitriformes): usage conserved

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has conserved current usage of the specific name of Circus assimilis Jardine & Selby, 1828 for the Australo-Wallacean spotted harrier by designating a neotype for this nominal species. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has also conserved current usage of the specific name of Circus approximans Peale, 1848 by suppressing, for the purposes of the Principle of Priority, its objective synonym Circus juxta Peale, 1848, which was published simultaneously with it but was designated as the senior synonym by the first reviser.

Case 3835 – Charopus rotundatus Erichson, 1840 (Coleoptera, Melyridae, Malachiinae): proposed conservation of current usage by designation of a neotype

The purpose of this application, under Article 75.6 of the Code, is to conserve the current usage of the name Charopus rotundatus Erichson, 1840 for a species of soft-winged flower beetle from Sardinia and North Africa by setting aside all previous type fixations for this nominal species and designating a neotype. One of the two existing syntypes is in fragmentary condition and the other is not in taxonomic accord with the prevailing usage of the species name because it belongs to another taxon of the same family, Troglops brevis Erichson, 1840. Stability and universality are threatened unless the existing type series for C. rotundatus is set aside and a neotype conforming to the original and current species concept is designated.

Opinion 2471 (Case 3752) – Curculio antirrhini Paykull, 1800 (currently Rhinusa antirrhini; Insecta, Coleoptera, Curculionoidea, Curculionidae): usage conserved

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has conserved current usage of the specific name of Curculio antirrhini Paykull, 1800 (currently Rhinusa antirrhini) for a common Palaearctic weevil species by giving this nominal species precedence over its little-used older subjective synonym Curculio noctis Herbst, 1795, whenever the two are considered synonyms.

Opinion 2474 (Case 3760) – Chrysomela tenebricosa Fabricius, 1775 (currently Timarcha tenebricosa; Insecta, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): specific name conserved

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has conserved current usage of the specific name of Chrysomela tenebricosa Fabricius, 1775 for a common and widespread species of European bloody-nosed beetle in the genus Timarcha (Chrysomelidae) by giving it precedence over the misinterpreted and unused senior synonym Tenebrio laevigatus Linnaeus, 1767.

Case 3812 – Choeridium latum Boucomont, 1928 (currently Ateuchus latus) (Insecta, Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae): proposed conservation of the specific name

The purpose of this application, under Article 23.9.5 of the Code, is to conserve current usage of the specific name of Choeridium latum Boucomont, 1928, a junior primary homonym of Choeridium latum Blanchard, 1846. These names are currently used as valid in combination with different nominal genera: Blanchard's species with Canthidium Erichson, 1847, to which it was transferred in 1869, and Boucomont's with Ateuchus Weber, 1801, a generic combination that was implicitly established in 1946 but first explicitly used as such only in 2000. These two primary homonyms have never been considered congeneric, and it is highly unlikely that they could ever be. It is proposed that Choeridium latum Boucomont, 1928 be conserved by ruling that it is not invalid by reason of being a junior primary homonym of Choeridium latum Blanchard, 1846.

Quest for the type species of the genus Hepatozoon – phylogenetic position of hemogregarines of rats and consequences for taxonomy

The genus Hepatozoon is the most diversified and prevalent of all hemogregarine genera, which leads to a range of taxonomic challenges. Under-sampling and missing molecular data from rat-originating Hepatozoon muris, the type species of the genus Hepatozoon, complicated all efforts of systematic revision of individual subclades. To clarify the taxonomy of Hepatozoon at the genus level and to restrict the usage of this generic name to a particular clade of hemogregarines, we analysed 18S rDNA sequences of Hepatozoon from three species of rats from two isolated island populations. To assess the genetic variability, we analysed complete mitochondrial genome sequences of the two closely related isolates. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the position of both closely related Hepatozoon genotypes within the 18S rDNA clade including rodent/amphibian/reptile sequences, seriously challenging the validity of the previously proposed genus Bartazoon.

Conflicting and ambiguous names of overlapping ORFs in the SARS-CoV-2 genome: A homology-based resolution

At least six small alternative-frame open reading frames (ORFs) overlapping well-characterized SARS-CoV-2 genes have been hypothesized to encode accessory proteins. Researchers have used different names for the same ORF or the same name for different ORFs, resulting in erroneous homological and functional inferences. We propose standard names for these ORFs and their shorter isoforms, developed in consultation with the Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. We recommend calling the 39 codon Spike-overlapping ORF ORF2b; the 41, 57, and 22 codon ORF3a-overlapping ORFs ORF3c, ORF3d, and ORF3b; the 33 codon ORF3d isoform ORF3d-2; and the 97 and 73 codon Nucleocapsid-overlapping ORFs ORF9b and ORF9c. Finally, we document conflicting usage of the name ORF3b in 32 studies, and consequent erroneous inferences, stressing the importance of reserving identical names for homologs. We recommend that authors referring to these ORFs provide lengths and coordinates to minimize ambiguity caused by prior usage of alternative names.

САКРАЛЬНІ НОМІНАЦІЇ В ТЕКСТАХ ПРО НАЦІОНАЛЬНО-ВИЗВОЛЬНИЙ РУХ УКРАЇНИ: КОМПАРАТИВНИЙ ПІДХІД

The article describes the main provisions of the theolinguistic science, its defining criteria and objects of further research. Theoretical bases of the concept of religious discourse and its connection with ethnocentrism of the analyzed material have been stated. A comparative analysis of the peculiarities of the semantic-associative motivation for use of sacred-type coreferents in the twelve texts of works about the national liberation movement of Ukraine with their functioning in the text of the Bible have been conducted. Categorically analyzed names of the sacred coreferents have been divided according to the eschatological-ontological connotative directions, designations of religious things of use and the names of passional sacral type. Nine names of biblical anthroponyms have been singled out in the analyzed twelve texts of works about the national liberation movement of Ukraine, which determine the objectification of the sacred conceptosphere. The variable component of the biblical anthroponyms functioning (St. Peter, Joseph of Arimathea and John the Baptist) in the analyzed texts of works about the national liberation movement of Ukraine and their various translations of the Bible have been clarified. The functional and stylistic features of the writers' usage of Old Testament and New Testament precedent biblical names and their common and distinctive features of functioning in the texts of various translations of the Bible have been highlighted. The category of the sacred onyms′ functionality has been realized through the words′ connotative-associative layers (Jeremiah and lexical units of weeping, sobbing; King David ‒ psalms), comparison (Moses ‒ Ivan Franko), the characteristics of activities (betrayal of Judas) and identification of Adam with the Fall, and Christ with eternal life.

Proper Names in Oral Poetic Tradition in the Light of Folklore Lexicography

The paper uses three cases of folklore lexicography to substantiate its applicability and the methodological capacity it holds in the study of onomastic elements of different folklore genres. It is this original lexicographic approach that gives a new perspective and brings new results to the solution of some recurrent problems connected with the poetic language of folklore. The research builds on the lexicographic projects by Kursk linguists, focused on folklore studies: a dictionary of the language of bylinas and the concordances of Russian non-ritual lyric songs. The present study employs the overlay technique for comparing dictionary entries and gives three cases of its application. The first compares lexicographic descriptions of the Dunai (Danube) river name as one of the key images of Russian folklore, and how it is used in non-ritual lyric songs of the 19th century. This has allowed the authors to identify semantic differences in the river name across the regions. The second case illustrates that, lexicographically, the body of folklore proper names has a capacity to verbalize the emotional experience of the ethnic group that has both regional and gender-based specificity. The third case considers the meaning, usage, and derivational potential of exotic place names. Based on bylinas texts, the authors illustrate transformations of borrowed words in the vocabulary of Russian folk-tale narrators. On the general scale, embracing a lexicographic approach to the study of folklore vocabulary can solve a number of long-standing issues related to semantics, word-formation, generic and territorial features of the national poetic language. Apart from that, the authors conclude that folklore lexicography can open new interesting areas of onomastic research and gives a tool to explore them.

Wanted: Standards for FAIR taxonomic concept representations and relationships.

Making the most of biodiversity data requires linking observations of biological species from multiple sources both efficiently and accurately (Bisby 2000, Franz et al. 2016). Aggregating occurrence records using taxonomic names and synonyms is computationally efficient but known to experience significant limitations on accuracy when the assumption of one-to-one relationships between names and biological entities breaks down (Remsen 2016, Franz and Sterner 2018). Taxonomic treatments and checklists provide authoritative information about the correct usage of names for species, including operational representations of the meanings of those names in the form of range maps, reference genetic sequences, or diagnostic traits. They increasingly provide taxonomic intelligence in the form of precise description of the semantic relationships between different published names in the literature. Making this authoritative information Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR; Wilkinson et al. 2016) would be a transformative advance for biodiversity data sharing and help drive adoption and novel extensions of existing standards such as the Taxonomic Concept Schema and the OpenBiodiv Ontology (Kennedy et al. 2006, Senderov et al. 2018). We call for the greater, global Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) and taxonomy community to commit to extending and expanding on how FAIR applies to biodiversity data and include practical targets and criteria for the publication and digitization of taxonomic concept representations and alignments in taxonomic treatments, checklists, and backbones.

Gender, sex, and society. On the formation and usage of feminine forms in Polish and Slovenian

The aim of this article is to highlight selected differences in the formation and usage of feminine names, mainly names of professions, titles, and positions, between Polish and Slovenian. Apart from the traditional ones, I shall also discuss more recent modes of derivation of feminine names in both languages and their formal characteristics. The issue of sex is related in both languages to the grammatical category of the gender of personal nouns, though it is more common in Polish. In the language, which, in fact, is referred to by its native users as ojczysty (adjectival form with the stem ‘ojciec’ meaning ‘father’) while a Slovenian would refer to their native language as materinski (derived from mother), there exists an additional opposition of names of men vs. names of non-men (including women), which means there is a special privileged position of masculine personal forms over other forms, one which is not found in Slovenian. In Slovenian, the previously used neutral masculine form when referring to both men and women, being the shortest and morphologically least complicated, is no longer viewed as non-marked, and in some documents, it is being replaced with the feminine form. I shall discuss the changes which have occurred in terms of the formation and application of feminine forms, starting with their masculinisation as a sign of women’s emancipation, through the intention to eliminate the asymmetry in the word formation of those names viewed within the context of gender/sex issues in language, to the reasons for blocking feminine derivation. I shall also mention the modes for neutralising gender and the device of splitting, the rules of which, in both languages, have not yet been sufficiently defined.