Electric Power Usage Research Articles

Fabrication of New Thermoelectric Block Floor for Power generator

This was the study and designing of the thermoelectric block floor for power generator that are normally used for footpaths, traffic islands, and gardening together with solar radiation heat. Physically, this thermoelectric block is an octagonal block with a size of 19.8 × 19.8 × 6 cm. The block was composed of two layers. The upper layer received the solar radiation and produced the thermoelectric module heat by synthesizing thermoelectric materials and creating 4 thermoelectric modules from Bi2Te3 for one composition set where an aluminum sheet was used for cooling. Additionally, the lower layer was exposed to the ground with low temperature to produce the usable electric power. The efficiency of this electric power was tested with the solar radiation heat of the thermoelectric block floor and by the Thai Industrial Standards (TIS) 827-2531: Interlocking Concrete Paving Blocks. After installing the thermoelectric block floor at the Faculty of Industrial Technology, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, it was found that the block was usable as defined by TIS 827-2531: Interlocking Concrete Paving Blocks; meanwhile, the test on the electric power of the thermoelectric block floor indicated that the maximum electric potential difference was 73.91 mV where the temperature difference was 6.2 K measured from the surface of the block. In addition, the maximum electric power was 88.25 mV where the solar radiation was 1124.5 W m-2. Notably, this electric power of the thermoelectric block floor was directly variable following the solar radiation value. However, if used for power generator or as an alternative energy for engineering activities, the thermoelectric block should be properly designed and developed to produce higher level of electric power and more of them should be created for both series circuit and parallel circuit.

Thermal Performance Curve Analysis for Enhancement of an Air Conditioner in Thailand

This study presents a method for analysing air conditioner efficiency by using a thermal performance curve. Enhancement techniques consisting of the use of a phase change material (PCM), a vapor compression heat pump (VCHP), ultrasound, drop-in refrigerant, a commercial R-32 air conditioner using ultrasound and a double-storage tank are reported under the weather conditions in Thailand. For the PCM, Rubitherm20 (RT-20) in the forms of a paraffin ball and a plastic pack was selected to cool the return air of the evaporator, which directly caused decreases in power consumption of 7.85% and 5.78%, respectively. The R-123 VCHP was integrated with the air conditioner at the condenser to receive and boost rejected heat to the hot water temperature of 60–70∘C. Ultrasonic wave generators at 42[Formula: see text]kHz frequency were installed at the evaporator to improve heat transfer characteristics and reduce the electrical power usage of the air conditioner by 8%. The R-32 drop-in refrigerant technique was tested in an R-410a air conditioner model. The R-32 unit showed the advantages of a smaller environmental impact and a higher cooling energy efficiency ratio (EER) compared with that of the R-410a unit. Moreover, the commercial R-32 air conditioner and a 40 kHz ultrasonic generator were integrated. The combined unit revealed a higher EER of 7.69% compared with that of the conventional commercial R-32 unit. For a double-storage tank, it was shown that the maximum hot water temperature in the storage tank was approximately 49∘C. The highest effective method to enhance the cooling capacity of air-conditioner is the technique of R-32 air conditioner and ultrasonic wave for increasing the cooling efficiency of 8.54%.

Design and Implementation of IoT Energy Meter to Monitor Energy Flow at the Consumer End

This paper presents a device that uses the evolving IoT technology to design and implement an internet-based energy meter. This meter, being cheap and easy-to-implement solution, enables consumers to monitor the daily usage of electric power easily. This work primarily concerns the energy-monitoring aspect of IoT, along with discussing other advantages of this meter, such as its ability to overcome human errors and reducing dependency on manual labor, besides reducing costs in energy consumption. The proposed design, which comprises a low-cost wireless network and protocol for smart energy along with a web application capable of automatically reading the unit and then sending the data automatically provides great advantages to users by allowing them to keep a track of their meter reading. This system will help users by allowing them to not only take steps to reduce power wastage but also bring down costs of consumption, along with minimizing the threat of power theft, which is incurs great losses to power companies. Experimental results of this study show that the proposed IoT meter works efficiently and has proven its potential in practical applications at substantially reduced costs.

Prototipe Sistem Monitoring Penggunaan Daya Listrik Peralatan Elektronik Rumah Tangga Berbasis Internet Of Things

Power consumption of PLN customers from household sector is quite large. It comes from the use of household appliances, such as refrigerators, televisions, dispensers, lights and air conditioners. The customers assume that their electricity usage is wasteful, but unfortunately it couldn’t be known in detail which household electrical appliances spend the most electricity. So that, difficult for the customers to monitor the power usage of each household electrical equipments. Regarding to this issue, this research focused on making a prototype of a household electrical power usage monitoring system. This system can be used by PLN customers of households sector to find out which household appliances use large power, so that the customers can manage the use of household appliances. In implementing that monitoring, it needs a capable wattmeter devices to measure the power usage of household electronic equipments The results of this measurement electric current, voltage, and power data measured through sensors. Those measurement data is sent to the database server system monitoring through the internet of things (IoT) device so that monitoring can be done through the system in a real time. This study produced a prototype of household electronic equipments power usage monitoring system based on IoT.

Analysis of Household Electricity Consumption in Nonresident Rent Halls Using Linear Regression Analysis Model

This paper is based on electricity consumption pattern in rental houses around Kibabii University (KU) situated in Western region of Kenya. Because of unexpected blackout faced by nonresident students at the time they need electricity most for their studies, this work intends to find out the directive measure to curb this crisis. Since the usage of electricity showed high relationship to the number of households sharing a common meter, Regression analysis prove to be the most effective method to model a solution to this problem. SPSS was used to analyze the data obtained. The results showed the consistency in linear trend of usage of electrical power on a monthly basis among students, it is observed also that the rate of consumption of power among nonresident students of KU is affected by the number of households sharing the meter. The consequence of this study is that with the correct data in place one is able to know the amount of power in kilowatt-hours needed for consumption throughout the semester and plan effectively so that power loss is not experienced. The results will be so useful to the KPLC (Kenya Power and Lighting Company) and KU fraternity for planning purposes.

Miniature holographic projector with cloud computing capability.

A fully functional miniaturized projection head below 5 cm3 is presented, using computer-generated holograms dynamically displayed on a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator. Spatial division of the modulator is used for color projection without color breakup, and specially designed, anti-reflection coated prisms ensure simple light paths with small losses. Real-time calculations are performed on a remote server with on-the-fly compression of holographic fringes. Cloud computing allows 1 W of local electrical power usage and apparent image brightness equivalent to 15-500 lm/W efficiency, depending on the displayed content. The properties of the projector allow future applications in handheld displays.

Fast network reconfiguration in harmonic polluted distribution network based on developed backward/forward sweep harmonic load flow

Power quality of distribution network is an emerging issue due to rapid increase in usage of non-linear loads on the one hand and utilization of sensitive devices on the other hand. Especially, harmonic emission is an important concern in both electric utilities and end users of electric power. Therefore, an accurate and rapid harmonic analysis method is of interest. In this paper, a non-iterative harmonic load flow (HLF) method is proposed based on backward/forward sweep technique. Proposed method is capable of performing harmonic analysis while considering linear loads and capacitor banks effects on harmonic emission in distribution network. Consideration of radial topology of distribution network in HLF, results in less computational time. Therefore, the method is more suitable for applications that needs thousands of HLFs such as network reconfiguration (NR). The proposed method is utilized in NR of capacitor compensated IEEE 69-bus distribution network while considering linear loads effects. The results confirm that the method is faster and more comprehensive than conventional HLF methods In addition, results show that the method of linear load modelling affects the reconfiguration results.

Chemical Insights into PbSe- x%HgSe: High Power Factor and Improved Thermoelectric Performance by Alloying with Discordant Atoms.

Thermoelectric generators can convert heat directly into usable electric power but suffer from low efficiencies and high costs, which have hindered wide-scale applications. Accordingly, an important goal in the field of thermoelectricity is to develop new high performance materials that are composed of more earth-abundant elements. The best systems for midtemperature power generation rely on heavily doped PbTe, but the Te in these materials is scarce in the Earth's crust. PbSe is emerging as a less expensive alternative to PbTe, although it displays inferior performance due to a considerably smaller power factor S2σ, where S is the Seebeck coefficient and σ is electrical conductivity. Here, we present a new p-type PbSe system, Pb0.98Na0.02Se- x%HgSe, which yields a very high power factor of ∼20 μW·cm-1·K-2 at 963 K when x = 2, a 15% improvement over the best performing PbSe- x%MSe materials. The enhancement is attributed to a combination of high carrier mobility and the early onset of band convergence in the Hg-alloyed samples (∼550 K), which results in a significant increase in the Seebeck coefficient. Interestingly, we find that the Hg2+ cations sit at an off-centered position within the PbSe lattice, and we dub the displaced Hg atoms "discordant". DFT calculations indicate that this feature plays a role in lowering thermal conductivity, and we believe that this insight may inspire new design criteria for engineering high performance thermoelectric materials. The high power factor combined with a decrease in thermal conductivity gives a high figure of merit ZT of 1.7 at 970 K, the highest value reported for p-type PbSe to date.

German Smart Meter Development and inspiration

The widespread use of smart meters provides electric power suppliers and power users with a number of innovative business models that add value. The new changes brought by smart meters include two-way communication capabilities, remote monitoring of the status quo of electricity use, transmission of real-time data information, and an increase in the frequency of meter reading, so that both the electricity supplier and the consumer can receive real-time data. These functions represent the corner of the smart meter’s potential, in fact smart meter technology can obviously become the basis of a series of innovative business models.

Offshore Powering with a Closed Loop and Bus: Coupling Energy Storage for Maritime Electrical Networks

The current usage of the term hybrid electric power, when referring to electrical networks installed on offshore and marine assets, describes the coupling of energy-transformation systems (ETSs) that utilize different technologies to exchange energy with the electrical network. An ETS is composed of an energy-transformation device (ETD) and, if necessary, an energy converter that is used to match the electrical characteristics of the ETD to those of the electrical network; the converter facilitates the exchange of energy between the ETD and the electrical network at the required rate. An ETS may also be considered a source if it is able to supply net positive energy to the electrical network for consumption by the loads.

Solar energy prediction and task scheduling for wireless sensor nodes based on long short term memory

Traditional wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with limited energy capacity suffer from bounded lifetimes, which have become a major restriction on the development of WSNs. As a common renewable energy, solar energy instead of ordinary batteries can solve energy supply problem in wireless sensor nodes by transferring ambient energy to usable electrical power. In the process of solar energy harvesting, energy prediction is an essential precondition to ensure the reasonable task scheduling of wireless sensor nodes. As the uncertainty of solar energy, we present a long short term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM-RNN) solar energy prediction method, to predict solar energy in the next three days based on historical solar energy collection data and environmental data. Based on energy prediction results, the predictive task scheduling strategy is put forward to improve the performance of wireless sensor nodes. Experimental results show that the proposed LSTM-RNN solar energy prediction method has higher precision and better convergence than other conventional methods. The predictive strategy significantly increases the task completion rate of the wireless sensor node by using the prediction energy information while maintaining an approximate survival time.

Mobile Application for Electric Power Monitoring on Energy Consumptions at a Campus University

This paper presents a research on electric power monitoring prototype mobile applications development on energy consumptions in a university campus. Electric power energy consumptions always are the issue of monitoring usage especially in a broad environment. University campus faces high used of electric power, thus crucial analysis on cause of the usage is needed. This research aims to analyses electric power usage in a university campus where implemented of few smart meters is installed to monitor five main buildings in a campus university. A Monitoring system is established in collecting electric power usage from the smart meters. Data from the smart meter then is analyzed based on energy consume on 5 buildings. Results presents graph on the power energy consume and presented on mobile applications using Live Code coding. The methodology involved the setup of the smart meters, monitoring and data collected from main smart meters, analyzed electrical consumptions for 5 buildings and mobile system development to monitor. A Live Code mobile app is designed then data collected from smart meter using ION software is published in graphs. Results presents the energy consumed for 5 building during day and night. Details on maximum and minimum energy consumption presented that show load of energy used in the campus. Result present Tower 1 saved most eenergy at night which is 65% compared to block 3 which is 8% saved energy although block 3 presents the lowest energy consumption in the working hours and non-working hours. This project is significant that can help campus facility to monitor electric power used thus able to control possible results in future implementations.

Research on assessment method of cascading hazard to substation by earthquake damage

This authors of this article analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of cascading hazard to substation, try to provide classification standard for hazard level of damage to substation, introduce hazard index, and explanatorily establish the method for rapid assessment of hazard level when substation suffers from earthquake damage considering earthquake damage, electricity load and voltage level as hazard factors. Then trial calculation of cascading hazard is carried out based on the data about damage to substations by Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008. The calculation result shows that this method has certain reliability and relatively strong operability, thus it can be used as reference for rapid assessment of cascading hazard situation of district electric power users caused by earthquake damage to substation and to determination of urgent and key targets of emergency rescue during earthquake.

IEEE ITRW: International Technology Roadmap for Wide-Bandgap Power Semiconductors: An Overview

The growth of electric power usage has continued to accelerate with the electrification of so many aspects of normal life in a modern world reliant on electricity for its prime source of energy. The increased take-up of sustainable energy production from photovoltaics and wind generation along with the ever-increasing demand for electricity from fossil fuel generation has more than doubled since the 1970 s, and power electronics plays a key role in converting these disparate forms of energy generation into electricity. Power electronics as a discipline covers a wide range of power conversion from grid-level transmission and distribution to power conversion by individual consumers

Rancang Bangun Pendingin Portable Dengan Menggunakan Konsumsi Daya Rendah

The need for air conditioning is currently increasing its use, especially with the global warming that occurs in every region. But there are still many that take into account the use of electrical power electrical energy required for this air conditioner. Therefore, in this study we will design a cooling device using peltier thermoelectric elements with low power electric power USAge by using 8 peltier elements to be combined in series-parallel to achieve more efficient power. Based on the result of series-parallel combination has been obtained 27,87 electric power. In this research tool more effective for long distance in this case that is 2 meter.

Thermoelectric heat exchange and growth regulation in a continuous yeast culture.

We have designed a thermoelectric heat exchanger (TEHE) for microbial fermentations that is able to produce electric power from a microbial continuous culture using the intrinsic heat generated by microbial growth. While the TEHE was connected, the system proved able to stably self‐maintain both the temperature and the optical density of the culture. This paves the way toward a more sustainable operation of microbial fermentations, in which energy could be saved by converting part of the metabolic heat into usable electric power.

Resonantly enhanced multiple exciton generation through below-band-gap multi-photon absorption in perovskite nanocrystals

Multi-photon absorption and multiple exciton generation represent two separate strategies for enhancing the conversion efficiency of light into usable electric power. Targeting below-band-gap and above-band-gap energies, respectively, to date these processes have only been demonstrated independently. Here we report the combined interaction of both nonlinear processes in CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals. We demonstrate nonlinear absorption over a wide range of below-band-gap excitation energies (0.5–0.8 Eg). Interestingly, we discover high-order absorption processes, deviating from the typical two-photon absorption, at specific energetic positions. These energies are associated with a strong enhancement of the photoluminescence intensity by up to 105. The analysis of the corresponding energy levels reveals that the observed phenomena can be ascribed to the resonant creation of multiple excitons via the absorption of multiple below-band-gap photons. This effect may open new pathways for the efficient conversion of optical energy, potentially also in other semiconducting materials.

Analisa pemakaian energi listrik dan cop pada AC split 900 watt menggunakan refrigeran hidrokarbon MC-22 dan R-22

Untuk mengetahui efisiensi kerja suatu peralatan AC perlu mengetahuikonsumsi energi listrik, efek refrigerasi dan coefficient of performance(COP). Kebanyakan sistem pengkondisian udara/AC memakai refrigeransintetik. Penggunaan refrigeran sintetik telah dilarang pemerintah menurutkeputusan Menperindag RI No. 79/MPP/Kep/12/2002 karena termasukOzone Depleting Substance (ODS), yaitu zat yang dapat menyebabkankerusakan lapisan ozon, disamping itu masih mempunyai potensi sebagai zatyang dapat menyebabkan efek pemanasan global karena memiliki GlobalWarming Potential (GWP) yang signifikan. Pada tesis ini ditinjaupenggunaan refrigeran yang ramah lingkungan, yaitu refrigeranhidrokarbon Musicool 22 /MC-22 sebagai pengganti R-22. Refrigeran MC-22 kompatibel dengan komponen AC yang menggunakan R-22. Dari hasilpenelitian AC Split dengan menggunakan R-22, pemakaian energi listrik 726Watt, efek refrigerasi 149.07 kJ/kg dan COP 4.9. Bila menggunakan MC-22pemakaian

Modeling a Distributed Power Flow Controller with a PEM Fuel Cell for Power Quality Improvement

Electrical power demand is increasing at a relatively fast rate over the last years. Because of this increasing demand the power system is becoming very complex. Both electric utilities and end users of electric power are becoming increasingly concerned about power quality. This paper presents a new concept of distributed power flow controller (DPFC), which has been implemented with a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. In this paper, a PEM fuel cell has been simulated in Simulink/MATLAB and then has been used in the proposed DPFC model. The new proposed DPFC model has been tested on a IEEE 30 bus system.

UPQC: A Custom Power Device for Power Quality Improvement

Power Quality (PQ) has increased concern amongst utilities at all levels of usage. The development of power electronic devices has made a notable impact on the quality of electric power supply. The operation of nonlinear loads generates harmonics and thus, deteriorates the quality of distribution system. In such cases both utilities and end users of electric power are gradually more concerned about the quality of power. This suggests that few course of action has to be taken so that the power quality can be improved. In this paper the main focus is on UPQC, which is a combination of series and shunt active power filters. The series APF alleviates voltage based distortions, while shunt APF mitigates current based distortions. UPQC alleviates the voltage and current based distortions concurrently as well as independently. UPQC improves power quality by compensating both harmonics and load current which thereby makes source current and load voltage sinusoidal at the required voltage level.The modelling of series APF, shunt APF and the UPQC has been carried out using MATLAB/Simulink.