US Africa Research Articles

Differences in the measurement of cognition for the assessment of dementia across geographic contexts: Recommendations for cross‐national research

AbstractBackgroundAlthough 71% of individuals with dementia are projected to live and low‐ and middle‐income countries by 2050, most dementia research to‐date has been conducted in high‐income countries. Cross‐national studies are needed to understand how the causes and consequences of dementia may differ by country. However, factors such as urbanicity, language of administration or race/ethnicity, which vary across countries, affect the measurement of cognition. A better understanding of which cognitive items perform well across countries or within specific countries will allow researchers to optimize dementia measurement in future cross‐national and international studies.MethodWe used data from the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol surveys in the US, Mexico, India, England, and South Africa (combined N = 11,364). To define cognitive impairment consistently across countries, we compared participants’ cognitive performance with robust neuropsychological norms within each country. For each HCAP country, we assessed item performance by estimating associations between each cognitive item and cognitive impairment using logistic regression models, controlling for age and gender. We avoided circularity in the analysis by using an iterative quasi‐leave‐one‐out approach. We compared patterns of associations across countries using median odds ratios, and visually, using heatmaps.ResultThe associations between cognitive items and cognitive impairment were stronger in the US (Median Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.17) and England (Median OR = 0.19), in comparison to South Africa (Median OR = 0.23), India (Median OR = 0.29), and Mexico (Median OR = 0.28). Memory items, notably delayed recall tasks, had the most consistent associations of the largest magnitudes across countries. In comparison, there was variability in performance between settings for many language items (e.g. naming a hammer). Items requiring numeracy, including the Trail‐making test, did not perform well in countries with low educational attainment.ConclusionThe performance of cognitive items for the classification of cognitive impairment was not consistent across countries. Although items performing well in a single country could be used to improve measurement precision in specific settings, transporting items between countries without prior validation warrants caution. However, we did identify items that performed well across a range of countries (i.e. delayed recall, animal naming); these items may be of particular utility in future cross‐national research.

The Color of Justice: Segregation in the US and South Africa

The Color of Justice: Segregation in the US and South Africa

Black Theology and Insights from African Women's Theologies

AbstractThe rise in the public visibility of anti‐Black racism and intra‐Black xenophobia and racism has created a renewed thirst for responses that are unashamedly “Black centred” across disciplines and spheres. Can “Black theology” capitalize on this renewed thirst to recalibrate itself into a relevant response with the potential to impact lives outside of its traditional contexts of the US and South Africa? Using feminist methodologies, this article seeks to investigate the relationship between Black theology in Africa and African women’s theologies. Framed within similar concerns as feminist theologies, African women's theologies are also characterized by a commitment to prioritize women's experiences where traditionally, only men's experiences have been valued and prioritized. From this methodological approach, two critical questions will be brought to the fore: Where are the women in Black theology? What would Black theology look like if it considered gender a critical variable for theologizing? This article puts forward the following assertions: First, that Black theology in Africa has mainly been South African and failed to make its mark north of Limpopo due to its commitment to dismantle the political system of apartheid. Second, that Black theology in South Africa did not privilege gender as a variable worthy of pursuing because it focused more on what undermined the (South) African man. Third, that within Black theology lies the largely untapped potential to address not only growing waves of anti‐Black racism, but also, using an intentional intersectionality lens, to privilege gender, disability, and ethnicity in its purview.

Culture and the Historical Fertility Transition

Abstract The historical transition to a low fertility regime was central for long-run growth, but what caused it? Existing economic explanations largely focus on the economic incentives to limit fertility. This article presents new evidence highlighting the importance of cultural forces as a complementary driver of the fertility transition. We leverage a sharp change in fertility in Britain in 1877 and document large synchronized declines in fertility among culturally British households residing outside of Britain, in Canada, the US, and South Africa, relative to their non-British neighbours. We propose a plausible catalyst for the change: the famous Bradlaugh–Besant trial of 1877.

Interview with Carol Pullen, Oro Agri

The company was started over twenty years ago by Erroll Pullen in South Africa. He started experimenting with orange oil and worked with Stellenbosch University to test it and after confirming that it had both fungicidal and insecticidal properties, which was unusual and therefore uniquely patentable, the company was started and its first product PREVAM was born. Another office was opened in the USA and then Europe, and it is now present in over 85 countries, with a physical presence in over 40. It has factories in the EU, US, Brazil and South Africa and supply globally. Four years ago the company was sold to a South African company Omnia Holdings who then sold it Rovensa Group, who are the current owners with one of the largest footprints in the biosolutions market, seeing the purchase of Oro Agri as an opportunity to broaden their portfolio and international footprint. With a vision of offering differentiated biocontrol solutions not only to the organic market, but especially to facilitate biological synergies with traditional crop protection products targeting more sustainable solutions, the OroBio-Pheno Science and Innovation Center, complete with indoor and outdoor phenotype system, is currently under construction and will provide development services to all the Oro Agri and ROVENSA group companies.

‘I See the Struggle against Race Supremacy and Racial Inequality as World-Wide’: Anti-Apartheid Campaigns, Civil Rights Struggles, and the 1961 Track and Field Tours of South Africa

ABSTRACT As the Civil Rights Movement in the US reached its apogee and apartheid in South Africa cemented its grip, the American Amateur Athletic Union in 1961 announced plans to send a team of athletics all-stars to the African nation. Following tours of South Africa by all-white American teams in 1931 and 1950, as well as a 1938 tour scuttled by racial disagreements, the 1961 proposal drew fire from Civil Rights leaders and anti-apartheid activists. In the early 1960s these two factions of fighters for racial justice through sport made common cause. Jack Roosevelt Robinson, the iconic leader of the crusade to desegregate American baseball, joined the anti-apartheid crusade and proposed a sporting boycott of South Africa. Robinson also lobbied Black athletes to boycott track meets that did not extend interracial inclusion to the stadium stands and local accommodations. Under pressure, the Amateur Athletic Union abandoned its 1961 tour, but the US Department of State sent a small, entirely white contingent of athletes to the apartheid state on a ‘goodwill’ mission. The 1961 incidents in the US and South Africa highlighted the growing intersection of racial justice crusades centred on sport that targeted both American segregation and South African apartheid.

Monetary policy and long-run share price reversals on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange

Purpose: The study expounds on the phenomenon of long-run reversal and monetary policy in the financial markets. The study used Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) data to determine whether the monetary policy changes implemented by the South African Reserve Bank impact long-run reversals in the JSE. Context: Long-run share value reversals have occurred in various regional financial markets in the US, Europe, Asia, and South Africa. Long-run share value reversals occur when firms with poor past performance rebound and produce superior returns compared to firms with good historical past performance. South Africa has a monetary policy of inflation targeting, leading to upward lending rate adjustments whenever consumer inflation threatens to exceed 6%. Methods: The regressions of the Fama-French three factors model and Fama-MacBeth model were used to estimate the relationship between the excess return of different portfolio returns and the Fama-French three factors. Furthermore, we split our sample under expansive and restrictive monetary conditions. We ran the regression of the Fama-MacBeth model again to see whether the monetary conditions will influence the long-run share price reversal. Results: The sample results over the near 15-year sample period showed that firms with poor past performance failed to outperform those with past solid performance. The gap is closed under restrictive monetary conditions that tighten the liquidity conditions of an economy. In addition, monetary policy changes led to long-run reversals among poor performing firms. Practical value: The study contributes to momentum theory. It is recommended that further research do a detailed examination of the relationship between firm characteristics and long-run reversals under various monetary conditions. Monetary conditions are worth watching for when constituting a portfolio because they create arbitrage opportunities for astute investors.

Minding the boundary: social–ecological contexts for fence ecology and management

Fencing is a globally ubiquitous yet largely underestimated human infrastructure. To date, most fencing‐related research and management has focused on its biophysical outcomes. However, fencing is often part of coupled human and natural systems, and inevitably affects social and ecological dynamics and the links between them. Drawing from three key case studies in the US, China, and South Africa, we delineate five social pathways through which fencing shapes social–ecological dynamics in a landscape. We show that the social functions and physical appearance of fencing conjointly form a positive feedback loop that stimulates the proliferation of fences across entire landscapes, rendering fencing a more impactful feature than expected from its ecological impacts alone. The emerging field of fence ecology and management must embrace the social–ecological complexities of fenced landscapes to minimize unanticipated social consequences.

Role of metal 3D printing to increase quality and resource-efficiency in the construction sector

Demand for the construction of new structures is increasing all over the world. Since the construction sector dominates the global carbon footprint, new construction methods are needed with reduced embodied carbon and high resource efficiency to realize a sustainable future. In this direction, Metal Additive Manufacturing, also known as metal 3D printing, can be an opportunity. Many studies are underway to answer open questions about the metal 3D printing processes and products for high-tech industries. The construction sector must join the metal 3D printing research more actively to enrich the knowledge and experience on this technology, and correctly adapt the process parameters suitable to the construction sector requirements. This paper states the opinion of a research group composed of academics and practitioners from Europe, the US, Japan, and South Africa on how metal 3D printing can be a complementary tool/technology to conventional manufacturing to increase productivity rates, and reduce the costs and CO 2 emissions in the construction industry.

Precarity and progression during a pandemic. Preliminary findings from a study of early career academics’ information behaviour during COVID-19

COVID-19 has increased research, teaching and administrative pressures for all academics and, by doing so, exacerbated inequalities experienced by early career academics, who were already dealing with several sources of uncertainty in trying to establish their careers. This study sought to understand the experiences of the academics during the pandemic. We conducted semi-structured remote interviews with 18 participants (PhDs awarded in past 6 years), from a variety of countries; Canada, US, Australia, UK, New Zealand, and South Africa. Interviews were analysed using a reflexive inductive Thematic Analysis approach. Preliminary findings demonstrate that the pandemic has disrupted information acquisition and sharing among ECAs. The increasing amount of incorrect and irrelevant information disseminated by universities, alongside the de-prioritisation of information that is particularly valued by these academics (e.g., information related to professional development and career development) has led some to avoid information.The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the precarious situations faced. Universities need to acknowledge uncertainty, reduce information overload by providing relevant and useful information and provide useful information on and support for career progression.

The impact of monetary policy on long-run share price reversals on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange

Purpose: The study expands on the phenomenon of long-run reversal in the financial markets using Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) data. This study aimed to determine whether the monetary policy changes implemented by the South African Reserve Bank influence long-run reversals in the JSE. Context: Long-run reversals have occurred in various global financial markets in the US, Europe, Asia, and South Africa. Long-run reversals occur when firms with poor past performance rebound and produce superior returns to firms with good historical past performance. South Africa has a monetary policy of inflation targeting. It tends to increase interest rates whenever the change in the consumer price index falls above the upper limit of the range of 3–6%. Methods: The regressions of the Fama-French three factors model and the Fama-MacBeth model were used to estimate the relationship between the excess return of different portfolio returns and the Fama-French three factors. Furthermore, we split our sample under expansive and restrictive monetary conditions. We ran the regression of the Fama-MacBeth model again to see whether the monetary conditions influence the long-run reversal. Results: The sample results over the near 15-year sample period show that firms with poor past performance failed to outperform those with past solid performance. In addition, monetary policy changes did not lead to long-run reversals among poor performing firms. The gap is closed under restrictive monetary conditions. Practical value: The study recommends that one could do a detailed examination of the relationship between firm characteristics and long-run reversals under various monetary conditions. Monetary conditions are worth watching for when constituting a portfolio because they create arbitrage opportunities for astute investors.

848. Approaches to Optimize Recruitment of Historically Underrepresented Black and Hispanic/LatinX MSM, Transgender, and Gender Non-binary Individuals into the Lenacapavir for PrEP (PURPOSE 2) Trial

BackgroundBlack and Hispanic/Latinx gay and other men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women (TGW), transgender men (TGM), and gender nonbinary individuals (GNB) have been historically underrepresented in HIV prevention trials despite being disproportionately affected by the disease. Therefore, studies of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a highly effective intervention for reducing HIV incidence, should include these individuals, and doing so would promote generalizability of the findings.MethodsPURPOSE 2 (GS-US-528-9023) will evaluate a twice-yearly long-acting subcutaneous, first in class capsid inhibitor, lenacapavir, for PrEP in MSM, TGW, TGM, and GNB in the US, Brazil, Peru, and South Africa. The study team adopted a multifactorial approach to address historic underrepresentation. This included a literature review to assess successful evidence-based approaches for increasing enrollment of Black and Hispanic/ LatinX MSM, TG, and GNB individuals. We engaged with community and patient advocates as well as key stakeholders to solicit feedback prior to protocol development.ResultsWe established a trial-specific Global Community Advisory Group and implemented their recommendations for site selection, investigator and staff diversity, and strong linkage with community-based organizations. We recruited new community-based research sites and principal investigators (PIs) to mirror historically underrepresented populations and emphasized mentorship of junior sub-Is by seasoned PIs to support enrollment and retention. We developed required trainings for all study and site staff on good participatory practices for PrEP, anti-racism and transgender cultural humility. We established recruitment goals of 50% Black and 20% Hispanic/LatinX MSM in the US, and 20% TGW study-wide. Our strategy to ensure achievement of these overall goals involves nuanced site-specific recruitment goals considering site capacity, local demographics, and HIV incidence data. We will review metrics weekly during enrollment and make any necessary adjustments. ConclusionUsing novel approaches, we have carefully chosen with whom, where, and how we will collaborate to increase the diversity, equity, and inclusion in the PURPOSE 2 trial.Disclosures Michelle Cespedes, MD, MS, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Research Grant or Support)GlaxoSmithKline (Scientific Research Study Investigator, Research Grant or Support) Jill Blumenthal, MD, Gilead Sciences (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator) Karam Mounzer, MD, Epividian (Advisor or Review Panel member)Gilead Sciences Inc. (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Research Grant or Support, Speaker’s Bureau)Janssen (Consultant, Research Grant or Support, Speaker’s Bureau)Merck (Research Grant or Support, Speaker’s Bureau)ViiV Healthcare (Consultant, Speaker’s Bureau) Moti Ramgopal, MD FACP FIDSA, Abbvie (Scientific Research Study Investigator, Speaker’s Bureau)Gilead (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Speaker’s Bureau)Janssen (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Research Grant or Support, Speaker’s Bureau)Merck (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator)ViiV (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Speaker’s Bureau) Ayana Elliott, DNP, APRN, FNP-C, NEA-BC, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) A.C. Demidont, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) C. Chauncey Watson, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Christoph C. Carter, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Alex Kintu, MD, ScD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Moupali Das, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Jared Baeten, MD, PHD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Onyema Ogbuagu, MD, Gilead Sciences Inc. (Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Research Grant or Support, Other Financial or Material Support)ViiV Healthcare (Advisor or Review Panel member)

Revisiting the Link between House Prices and Monetary Policy

Abstract This paper revisits the link between house prices and monetary policy using a data set on house prices provided by the Bank for International Settlements. It is found that a loose monetary policy unambiguously results in a rise in real house prices, and such an increase is statistically significant for 19 of the 20 countries studied here. Empirical results also show that for some countries (Belgium, Canada, Switzerland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, and South Africa), the interest rate shock can explain a large percentage of real house price movements. The response of house prices to monetary policy shocks varies between countries, and the strength of the relationship between house prices and monetary policy can be associated with financial liberalization. On the other hand, evidence shows that interest rate shock plays an important role in explaining recent house price hikes for Australia, Spain, Ireland, the Netherlands, the US, and South Africa. In particular, during 2002–2006, on average 24% of the house price hikes in the US can be attributed to monetary policy shocks. Finally, we also find evidence that central banks react to the housing market, particularly in those countries adopting a policy of inflation targeting.

Examining the competing effects of contemporary land management vs. land cover changes on global air quality

Abstract. Our work explores the impact of two important dimensions of land system changes, land use and land cover change (LULCC) as well as direct agricultural reactive nitrogen (Nr) emissions from soils, on ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in terms of air quality over contemporary (1992 to 2014) timescales. We account for LULCC and agricultural Nr emissions changes with consistent remote sensing products and new global emission inventories respectively estimating their impacts on global surface O3 and PM2.5 concentrations as well as Nr deposition using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model. Over this time period, our model results show that agricultural Nr emission changes cause a reduction of annual mean PM2.5 levels over Europe and northern Asia (up to −2.1 µg m−3) while increasing PM2.5 levels in India, China and the eastern US (up to +3.5 µg m−3). Land cover changes induce small reductions in PM2.5 (up to −0.7 µg m−3) over Amazonia, China and India due to reduced biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and enhanced deposition of aerosol precursor gases (e.g., NO2, SO2). Agricultural Nr emission changes only lead to minor changes (up to ±0.6 ppbv) in annual mean surface O3 levels, mainly over China, India and Myanmar. Meanwhile, our model result suggests a stronger impact of LULCC on surface O3 over the time period across South America; the combination of changes in dry deposition and isoprene emissions results in −0.8 to +1.2 ppbv surface ozone changes. The enhancement of dry deposition reduces the surface ozone level (up to −1 ppbv) over southern China, the eastern US and central Africa. The enhancement of soil NO emission due to crop expansion also contributes to surface ozone changes (up to +0.6 ppbv) over sub-Saharan Africa. In certain regions, the combined effects of LULCC and agricultural Nr emission changes on O3 and PM2.5 air quality can be comparable (>20 %) to anthropogenic emission changes over the same time period. Finally, we calculate that the increase in global agricultural Nr emissions leads to a net increase in global land area (+3.67×106km2) that potentially faces exceedance of the critical Nr load (>5 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Our result demonstrates the impacts of contemporary LULCC and agricultural Nr emission changes on PM2.5 and O3 in terms of air quality, as well as the importance of land system changes for air quality over multidecadal timescales.

4 - The Quagmire of US Militarism in Africa

In the period of the so-called War on Terror, US militarism in Africa has intensified to include the weaponisation of finance, the weaponisation of trade, psychological warfare, information warfare and the deployment of private military contractors in the so-called ‘security sector reform’. In the face of African resistance, the deployment of the US Africa Command (AFRICOM) has unleashed disaster after disaster, from the catastrophic failures in Libya to the sequences of failure in the Sahel region. The death of four US service personnel in Niger in 2017 along with the killing of non-white soldiers in Africa by white supremacists in the US military have similarly exposed the deficiencies and racism inherent in the US security establishment. In the context of US military involvement in the Middle East, currency wars and capital flight from Africa, the US travel ban on Muslims exposed the contradictions of African allies and sharpened their clear alliance with the empire despite the overt racism of Making America Great Again. The quagmire of US militarism is now exposing the current manifestations of white supremacy. In addition to contextualising and accounting for these developments across the continent, this article argues that progressive scholars cannot be bystanders in the struggles against militarised global apartheid. Africans must grasp the lessons of global racism to re-ignite the progressive pan-African traditions that were able to roll back apartheid in its crude form. Horace G. Campbell, International Peace and Justice Scholar and Professor of African American Studies and Political Science, Syracuse University, New York, USA. Email: hcmombara@gmail.com

Investigation of Stress Response Genes in Antimicrobial Resistant Pathogens Sampled from Five Countries

Pathogens, which survive from stressed environmental conditions and evolve with antimicrobial resistance, cause millions of human diseases every year in the world. Fortunately, the NCBI Pathogen Detection Isolates Browser (NPDIB) collects the detected stress response genes and antimicrobial resistance genes in pathogen isolates sampled around the world. While several studies have been conducted to identify important antimicrobial resistance genes, little work has been done to analyze the stress response genes in the NPDIB database. In order to address this, this work conducted the first comprehensive statistical analysis of the stress response genes from five countries of the major residential continents, including the US, the UK, China, Australia, and South Africa. Principal component analysis was first conducted to project the stress response genes onto a two-dimensional space, and hierarchical clustering was then implemented to identify the outlier (i.e., important) genes that show high occurrences in the historical data from 2010 to 2020. Stress response genes and AMR genes were finally analyzed together to investigate the co-occurring relationship between these two types of genes. It turned out that seven genes were commonly found in all five countries (i.e., arsR, asr, merC, merP, merR, merT, and qacdelta1). Pathogens E. coli and Shigella, Salmonella enterica, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the major pathogens carrying the stress response genes. The hierarchical clustering result showed that certain stress response genes and AMR genes were grouped together, including golT~golS and mdsB~mdsC, ymgB and mdtM, and qacEdelta1 and sul1. The occurrence analysis showed that the samples containing three stress response genes and three AMR genes had the highest detection frequency in the historical data. The findings of this work on the important stress response genes, along with their connection with AMR genes, could inform future drug development that targets stress response genes to weaken antimicrobial resistance pathogens.

Impact investing and philanthropic foundations: strategies deployed when aligning fiduciary duty and social mission

ABSTRACT This article investigates the factors that prevent and facilitate impact investing strategies for philanthropic foundations to align their capital with their mission. Using qualitative data from foundations in both the US and South Africa, we identify five factors (i.e. mandate and country legislation, internal skills capacities, supporting infrastructure, market capacity and strong leadership) that pertain to the international foundations located in the North, and three factors pertaining to foundations in the South (i.e. understanding of fiduciary duty, the role of financial advisors and tax legislation) which influence the deployment and uptake of impact investing strategies. Findings also suggest that the adoption of a total portfolio management approach is the most adequate strategy to align fiduciary duty and mission, and therefore resolve this ethical tension that can be present in foundations. It concludes with suggestions for future theory and practice.

The History Bubble

The History Bubble

Children’s education in secure custodial settings: Towards a global understanding of effective policy and practice

This unique editorial paper is one of the first that discusses the education of incarcerated young people in an international education journal. We review the eleven papers in the Special Issue on children’s education in secure custodial settings to provide key insights with the aim of moving towards a global understanding of what effective policy and practice may look like. In examining the range of cross-disciplinary papers from a range of different cultural contexts including the UK, Germany, UAE, US, Nigeria and South Africa, we are able to illuminate some of the commonalities in the education of young people who are incarcerated as well as some of the background characteristics – many of which are strikingly similar. We employed the ideas of the bio-socio-ecological systems model to explore the proximal and distal systems that interact to affect the educational experiences of the young people. These included at the microsystemic level the importance of relationships in engaging the young people with education and learning and that, the relationships between the key actors (mesosystem) as well as the importance of effective leadership (exosystem) were critical elements in improving the experience of education in custodial settings. But rather predictably, the structural disadvantages (macrosystem) that young people who come into contact with youth justice face and how these are not appropriately addressed that came into sharp focus, possibly because many countries take a punitive approach to youth offending. We argue that there are things that can be done at each systems level but that in order to make the changes to genuinely improve the lives of these young people, we make a bold call upon the global community (macrosystem), through the UNCRC to challenge themselves for a radical overhaul of youth justice approaches which put the child as child first and offender second in order to meet the commitment in Article 28.

Brief Report: Seroadaptive Behaviors Varied Among Geographically Diverse iPrEx Participants.

Seroadaptive behaviors refer to a wide range of harm reduction practices to decrease HIV transmission risk. Effective implementation of seroadaptive behaviors is dependent on knowledge of one's own serostatus and that of one's sexual partners. Partner-level and environmental-level attributes may affect seroadaptation practices. We assessed factors associated with seroadaptive behaviors. Men who have sex with men and transgender women were recruited from an HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis clinical trial (iPrEx) with study sites in the US, Peru, Ecuador, Brazil, Thailand, and South Africa. Partnership-level data were collected at the baseline visit for the 3 most recent partners. Participants were considered to have practiced seroadaptive behaviors if: (1) they believed their partner to be HIV-negative, that is, serosorting; or (2) no condomless receptive sex occurred with an HIV-positive or unknown status partner, that is, seropositioning. Of 2331 participants, 41% always practiced seroadaptive behaviors, 36% sometimes did, and 23% never did. Participants enrolled at study sites in the US (P < 0.001) and Peru/Ecuador (P < 0.001) were more likely to practice seroadaptive behaviors, whereas transgender women were less likely to do so (P < 0.001). Seroadaptive behaviors were more likely to occur in relationships with steady partners (P = 0.005) and emotionally close relationships (P = 0.013). Seroadaptive behaviors were more frequently observed among iPrEx participants from the US, Peru, and Ecuador study sites and among participants in relationships with partners who they were more committed to and felt emotionally close to. Our findings suggest that seroadaptive behaviors may be influenced by social norms that vary geographically and culturally.