Urine Of Schizophrenics Research Articles

Plasma free fatty acid concentrations (FFA) in chronic schizophrenia before and after insulin stimulation

NUMEROUS investigations have suggested various abnormalities of carbohydrate metabolism in schizophrenic patients. A number of authorsclp”) have described a delayed or decreased response of blood glucose to injected insulin in schizophrenic patients. Others have noted decreased oral glucose tolerance,( l, O) or intravenous glucose tolerancecl, i, in certain patients. Two studiesc4, 5, have described abnormal Exton-Rose glucose tolerance tests in schizophrenic patients resembling diabetic curves after the second glucose load. In 1942, an anti-insulin effect of the plasma of certain schizophrenic patients was described(s) in which rabbits injected with insulin plus the plasma of schizophrenic patients had a smaller drop in blood glucose than did animals given equal amounts of insulin and normal plasma. Extracts of urine of schizophrenic subjects injected into rabbits intraperitoneallyc”) appeared to cause sustained elevation of blood glucose over a 4-hr period in the majority of animals while such sustained elevation was not observed when the same animals received extracts of normal urine. WALKER and MAYER-GROSS(‘@ in 1951 confirmed this hyperglycemic factor and associated the potency of the extract with the amount of amino acids in it. MORGAN and PILGRIM in 1952(ll) again confirmed the presence of a hyperglycemic factor in schizophrenic urine. MEDUNA and MCCULLKK(~~) defined a subgrouping of schizophrenia called “oneirophrenia” by certain psychiatric and physiologic criteria. Confusion and clouding of the sensorium clinically separated the patient with “oneirophrenia” from other schizophrenic patients. Moreover, three abnormalities were noted typically within this group: delayed or decreased glucose response to injected insulin, the urinary hyperglycemic factor, and decreased tolerance to oral and intravenous glucose. MAYER-GROSS(~) in 1952 confirmed the presence of these abnormalities in many schizophrenic patients, but could not demonstrate that they were more frequent in any clinical subtype or that they occurred together with more than random frequency. Other changes have been noted in the carbohydrate metabolism of schizophrenic patients. HENNEMAN et NI.(~:~) described abnormal changes in citric acid, a-ketoglutaric acid, inorganic

Isolation and Characterization of a Compound from the Urine of Schizophrenics

THE systematic screening of schizophrenic and normal urine in this laboratory has led to the identification of a biologically active compound in urine of schizophrenics. This compound is of particular interest since it does not have the usual sympathomimetic actions of the closely related catecholamines, but does have a depressant effect on the central nervous system1.

Paper chromatographic studies on the urine of schizophrenics and healthy subjects before and after DOPA administration

Slow intravenous infusion of 0.25 to 0.5 g Dopa was made in 4 schizophrenics and 5 mentally healthy persons. Dopa has well known reducing substances in the paperchromatogram of the urine (two dimensional). Dopa-infusion was followed by increased excretion of 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid (3-Methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid). There was no difference between schizophrenic and mental healthy patients. Isocarboxazid (Marplan®) a monoaminooxydase inhibitor, decreased the excretion of the two designed phenolic acids after Dopa-infusion.

A bufotenin-like substance in the urine of schizophrenics.

FISCHER, E. M.D.; FERNÁNDEZ LAGRAVERE, T. A. M.D.; VÁZQUEZ, A. J. M.D.; DI STEFANO, A. O. M.D. Author Information

SOME CONSTITUENTS OF THE URINE OF NORMAL AND SCHIZOPHRENIC INDIVIDUALS: PART II

A comparison has been made of the compounds detectable on two-dimensional paper chromatograms by their ultraviolet absorption or fluorescence, or by development with diazotized sulphanilics acid (DSA), in extracts of the urines of normal and schizophrenic individuals. No significant difference could be detected. Of the six DSA coupling compounds reported in Part I (1) to have a possible connection with schizophrenia, only four were detected in this survey and their distribution in the urine samples does not suggest that any have a connection with the disease. Most of the compounds reported in Part I were found again in this survey along with 70 DSA or Altman-positive new materials of which many were present in only a few samples. A small number of additional compounds were detected in the urine of schizophrenics on Chlorpromazine or Reserpine therapy. No significant difference between the human pseudocholine esterase inhibitory properties of the extracts from normal and schizophrenic urines was observed.

Biological Effects of Aromatic Extracts from Urine of Schizophrenics

Wada and Gibson1 have recently reported that aromatic material extracted from the urine of schizophrenic patients induces behavioural and electroencephalographic abnormalities when injected intracisternally and intraventricularly in cats and monkeys. They used the fraction extracted by eluting with phenol-saturated water the material adsorbed on activated charcoal, according to the method of McGeer et al. 2.

SOME CONSTITUENTS OF THE URINE OF NORMAL AND SCHIZOPHRENIC INDIVIDUALS: PART II

A comparison has been made of the compounds detectable on two-dimensional paper chromatograms by their ultraviolet absorption or fluorescence, or by development with diazotized sulphanilics acid (DSA), in extracts of the urines of normal and schizophrenic individuals. No significant difference could be detected. Of the six DSA coupling compounds reported in Part I (1) to have a possible connection with schizophrenia, only four were detected in this survey and their distribution in the urine samples does not suggest that any have a connection with the disease. Most of the compounds reported in Part I were found again in this survey along with 70 DSA or Altman-positive new materials of which many were present in only a few samples. A small number of additional compounds were detected in the urine of schizophrenics on Chlorpromazine or Reserpine therapy. No significant difference between the human pseudocholine esterase inhibitory properties of the extracts from normal and schizophrenic urines was observed.

Indoluria in Schizophrenia:

Investigation of the urinary excretion of indoles in psychotic illnesses has a certain historical precedent. Thus Townsend (1905) and Bruce (1906) reported excess of indican in the urine of melancholic patients. Bruce correlated this finding with the recognized tendency to constipation in depressives and treated his patients with enemata. Ross (1913) reported that schizophrenic subjects excreted an excess of indole-acetic acid in the urine. De Jong (1945) reported the experimental induction of catalepsy in cats by the intravenous administration of indolethylamine and noted in his monograph that this substance, if perfusedin vitrothrough the liver, is converted to indole-acetic acid. Buscaino (1952) reported finding abnormal amounts of primary and secondary amines in the urine of schizophrenics. More recently Riegelhaupt (1956, 1958) has reported an excess of tryptophan metabolites in schizophrenic urine while McGeer and co-workers (1957) have reported a difference in the excretion of aromatic substances as between normals and schizophrenics. Though these authors do not make the point clear, yet in fact indoles come under the general heading of aromatic substances.

On the hyperglycemic factor in urine of psychoses.

SUMMARY The urine of schizophrenics, epileptics, and depressives contains hyperglycemic facor which causes a raise of the blood glucose level of rabbits. Compared with the schizophrenic cases with prospect for brighter prognosis or much tended to recovery, those tending into psychic deterioration excrete factor much stronger in effect, cases with brighter prognosis may, however, excrete factor of stronger effect at the aggravation period, whereas they excrete, at the recovery period, stronger factor until the factor goes fully extinguished. Concerning epileptics, one among five cases, gave rather stronger hyperglycemic factor, while the same from the remaining cases lied within the range obtained from normal cases. Concerning depressive cases, there was one case with brain damage excreting much stronger hyperglyacemic factor, while the remaining gave values ranging within any normal. As the summary of the biochemical data: in accordance to Mayer‐Gross method, urine of schizophrenics were adjusted to pH 4.5 with CH3COOH, absorbed by kaolin, dissolved in NH4OH, and precipitated with acetone. With this starting material kept dry at room temperature, its hyperglycemic activity decreased by 1/2 one year later and by 1/5–1/6 by two years later. The starting material was fractionated by means of the acid precipitation and the fractions went treated with ethanol and sodium sulfate. The final product was able to raise the blood glucose level of rabbit to that extent of 1.14 mg% per 1 mg. The final product is considered to belong to mucoprotein.

Behavioral and EEG changes induced by injection of schizophrenic urine extract.

Introduction The present growth of interest in biological studies in psychiatry has been accelerated by a rapidly increasing body of knowledge concerning (1) the psychotherapeutic action of reserpine and chlorpromazine, and (2) psychotomimetic action of so-called hallucinogenic agents, such as lysergic acid and mescaline. The recognition of a common denominator among these agents—an activated aromatic ring 29 —and the presence of a number of independent reports in the literature concerning the abnormally high concentration of various aromatic derivatives in the schizophrenic body fluids 24,25 led McGeer et al. to suspect the possible significance of aromatic metabolism in schizophrenia. On the basis of the one-dimensional chromatographic analysis of several hundred schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic subjects, they found that the patients with acute schizophrenia generally excreted more aromatic compounds than did the nonschizophrenics. Further analysis with extracts of urine pools from groups of schizophrenic as against nonschizophrenic subjects indicated that there are several

Indolic compounds in the urine of schizophrenics.

Indolic compounds in the urine of schizophrenics.

Urinary excretion of some products of tryptophan metabolism in schizophrenic patients.

The apparent usefulness of a variety of drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia has rekindled interest in the study of mental disease from a biochemical point of view. Young et al. 1 have reported that abnormal diazo-coupling compounds are present in the urine of schizophrenics. Sano 2 reported that certain indole derivatives can be found more frequently in the urine of schizophrenics than in subjects. Recently McGeer et al. 3,4 have shown that schizophrenics excrete a number of aromatic compounds that appear infrequently in normal urine. Many substances which contain an indole nucleus are potent pharmacological agents. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) is a powerful hallucinogen 5 ; reserpine is widely used in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disturbances and hypertension. Serotonin, an amine containing the indole nucleus, has diverse pharmacological actions in the central nervous system and acts peripherally as a vasoconstrictor agent. LSD-25 can antagonize some of the effects of

Concentration of a Hyperglycemic Factor from Urine of Schizophrenics

SummaryThe presence of a hyperglycemic factor in the urine of some schizophrenics has been confirmed. A scheme for a 15- to 20-fold concentration of the principle is described, along with data on the yield and potency of the various fractions isolated. Physical and chemical studies of the most active fractions indicate the factor to be a protein, or a material bound thereto. By a comparable fractionation of normal male urine, a measurable quantity of the hyperglycemic factor was not found.

Thiocyanate Compounds in the Urine of Schizophrenics

By thiocyanate compounds is meant a group of salts of thiocyanic acid (HCNS). Together with compounds of glycuronic and sulphuric acids, these salts are products of several detoxication processes. In the urine they are the end-products of the detoxication of substances formed during the breakdown of protein.