Urinary Iodine Levels Research Articles

Evaluation of Iodine Deficiency in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Objective:To investigate the incidence of iodine deficiency (ID) and its effects on mental function in children referred to the Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children’s Training and Research Hospital with a prospective diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods:The study was conducted on 89 children referred in the period from September 2009 to June 2010 with a diagnosis of ADHD. A questionnaire was given to all parents. Conners’ rating scales were applied to the parents (CPRS) and teachers (CTRS), and revised Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC-R) to the children. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine, thyroglobulin, anti-thyroid peroxidase, anti-thyroglobulin, and urinary iodine levels were measured in all children.Results:Median age was 9.41±1.95 years, and 83.1% of subjects were male. The mean urinary iodine level of the children was 92.56±22.25 μg/L. ID was detected in 71.9% of subjects and all were mild ID. There was no significant relationship between urinary iodine levels with WISC-R subtest scores and CPRS. However, a significant association was found between urinary iodine levels and hyperactivity section of CTRS (p<0.05). Likewise, a significant relationship was found between learning disorder/mental retardation diagnosis and freedom subtest of WISC-R (p<0.05).Conclusion:This study highlights the effects of ID on comprehension, perception, attention, and learning. However, the results need to be supported by new randomized controlled trials.

Increased oxidative stress parameters in children with moderate iodine deficiency.

Iodine is a part of thyroid hormones and has been reported to act directly as an antioxidant or induce indirectly antioxidant enzymes. This study aimed to assess the urinary iodine concentration and its relationship between the antioxidant and oxidative stress capacity in healthy school-aged children. In total, 196 students from five primary schools, randomly selected between 9 and 12 years (mean age: 10.2±1.2 years), were enrolled in the study. Urinary iodine levels were measured by spectrophotometry with the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) were analysed from urine samples. The ratio of TOS to TAS was regarded as an oxidative stress index (OSI), an indicator of the degree of oxidative status. Fifty-four percentage (107) of the children had iodine deficiency (ID) and the majority of them (30%) had mild ID. There was no severe-ID child in the population (<20 μg/L). Urine TAS levels were significantly lower in the moderate-ID group than in the mild-ID group (6.5±4.1 vs. 11.3±4.1 mmol, p<0.001) and the iodine-sufficient group (11.0±5.3 μmol, p<0.001). TOS levels and OSI were found higher in the moderate-ID group than in the mild-ID group (4.8±2.1 vs. 3.7±2.1 μmol, p<0.001) and the iodine-sufficient group (4.8±2.1 vs. 3.4±2.5 mmol, p<0.001). In the moderate-ID group, low urine iodine levels exhibited significant negative correlations with OSI (r=-0.660) and TOS (r=-0.248) and a positive correlation with TAS (r=0.475). We found that children with moderate ID were exposed to more oxidative burden than children with mild ID or iodine sufficiency. Increased systemic oxidative stress induced by moderate ID could cause development of ID-related complications and diseases. Iodine supplementation could have a beneficial role in the prevention of oxidative stress.

Effect of Thiocyanate on Iodine Status of Pregnant Women.

The aim of this study was to assess the thyroid status of pregnant women on the basis of biochemical indicators and to evaluate the potential risk of developing iodine deficiency as a result of tobacco smoke exposure by assessing the association between urinary thiocyanate levels and the manifestation of iodine deficiency. The study included 219 pregnant women from the town of Plovdiv and Plovdiv District in Southern Bulgaria. The levels of urinary iodine, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and urinary thiocyanate as indicators of tobacco smoke exposure were measured. Most of the pregnant women (60.1%) were found to have iodine deficiency, 10.6% of them had TSH values greater than 4mIU/L, and 16.4% had FT4 below 9pmol/L. There were negative correlations between urinary iodine levels and thiocyanate/creatinine ratio (R = -0.148, р = 0.034) and between thiocyanate/creatinine ratio and FT4 (R = -0.379, p < 0.0001); thiocyanate/creatinine ratio and serum TSH were positively correlated (R = 0.169, p = 0.019). Logistic regression analysis showed that pregnant women in whom the thiocyanate/creatinine ratio was greater than the median value of 3.57mg/g had a 3.882-fold higher risk of developing iodine deficiency (urinary iodine <150μg/L) than the pregnant women with lower thiocyanate levels (OR = 3.882, 95% CI 1.402-10.751, p = 0.009). Higher levels of urinary thiocyanate were found in women exposed to tobacco smoke, and quantification of these ions in urine provided a fast non-invasive method to monitor thiocyanate load. Due to the competitive inhibition of iodine intake by thiocyanates, their levels should be carefully monitored, especially in cases of severe iodine deficiency.

Lebanese children are iodine deficient and urinary sodium and fluoride excretion are weak positive predictors of urinary iodine.

To assess iodine and fluoride status among Lebanese children. A nationally representative cross-sectional study of 6- to 10-year-old schoolchildren was conducted using multistage cluster sampling. Spot urine samples were collected from 1403 children, and urinary iodine, fluoride, creatinine and sodium levels were measured. Salt samples from markets (n=30) were tested for iodine concentration by titration. Median urinary iodine concentration was 66.0µg/l, indicating mild deficiency, and almost 75% of Lebanese children had a urinary iodine concentration (UIC) <100µg/l. UIC was higher among children from private schools and in areas of higher socioeconomic status. Most salt samples were fortified at levels far below the legislated requirement, and 56% of samples contained less than 15ppm iodine. Fluoride-to-creatinine ratio (F/Cr) was 0.250 (0.159-0.448) mg/g. There were weak positive correlations between UIC and urinary sodium (r 2=0.039, P value <0.001) and UIC and urinary fluoride (r 2=0.009, P value <0.001). Lebanese elementary school children are iodine deficient due to inadequately iodized salt. The weak correlation between UIC and urinary sodium suggests most dietary iodine does not come from iodized salt. The poor correlation between UIC and urinary fluoride suggests that fluoride intake is not affecting iodine metabolism. Efforts are needed in Lebanon to improve industry compliance with salt fortification through improved monitoring and enforcement of legislation.

Health status of thyroid and related influencing factors in seamen in Zhoushan, China

To investigate the health status of the thyroid and related influencing factors in the seamen in Zhoushan, China. A total of 136 coastal seamen (coastal group), 104 deep-sea seamen (deep-sea group), and 272 base staff (base group) who underwent physical examinations in 2014 were selected. Questionnaire survey and ultrasound were performed, and levels of thyroid hormone and urinary iodine were measured. Compared with the coastal group and the base group, the deep-sea group had a significantly higher rate of abnormal ultrasound findings (49.04% vs 30.88%/28.67%, P<0.05), as well as a significantly higher rate of abnormal serum free thyroxine (FT4) (25.00% vs 9.56%/6.25%, P<0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that in the coastal group, the risk factors for thyroid abnormality on ultrasound were obesity shown by body mass index (BMI) (OR=2.55, 95% CI=1.13~4.13) and annual working time>6 months (OR=4.25, 95% CI=2.02~8.26) (both P<0.05); in the deep-sea group, the risk factors for thyroid abnormality on ultrasound were obesity shown by BMI (OR=3.45, 95% CI=1.28~7.02) and annual working time>6 months (OR=5.33, 95% CI=3.18~9.23) (both P<0.05). The thyroid abnormality in deep-sea seamen is caused by various reasons and is correlated with annual working time, working environment and area, and iodine nutritional status.

Iodine status of Taiwanese children before the change in national salt iodization policy: a retrospective study of the nutrition and health survey in Taiwan 2001-2002.

Taiwan was an iodine deficiency area and endemic goiter was common in 1940's. Mandatory salt iodization started in 1967, and a 1971 survey indicated that goiter rates in children decreased from 21.6% to 4.3%. To understand iodine status before the change of national salt iodization program in 2003, from mandatory to voluntary salt iodization, we retrospectively measured urinary iodine concentrations of samples collected from children in the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 2001-2002. The median UI level for children aged 6-12 years was 123 μg/L (no differences between males and females). Females aged 10-12 years had the lowest urinary iodine levels. The percentages of this population with urinary iodine levels below 100, 50, and 20 μg/L were 35.2% ± 1.0%, 4.4% ± 0.4%, and 0.2% ± 0.1%, respectively. Older children were more likely to have low urinary iodine levels. People living in different areas of Taiwan had a median urinary iodine levels ranged from 113 μg/L to 164 μg/L (males: 113-153 μg/L; females: 105-174 μg/L), with the highest level in Penghu islands, and the lowest level in the eastern and southern (Southern area 2) areas. According to international criteria, iodine status in 2001-2002 was adequate, comparable to the surveyed goiter rates (4.3%, classified as iodine sufficiency) in 1971, inferring that iodine nutrition remained adequate and stable during this period. The present study is of great importance in documenting the iodine status of Taiwan before the change from mandatory to voluntary salt iodization to serve as a baseline data for future trend analysis in iodine nutrition.

Assessment of iodine nutritional status in the general population in the province of Jaén

Abstract Background and objective Iodine deficiency affecting both pregnant women and schoolchildren has been reported in Jaen. Iodine deficiency is one of the leading causes of thyroid dysfunction and goiter, and adequate iodine prophylaxis with iodized salt, milk, and dairy products, or iodine supplementation have been shown to significantly improve iodine status in pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to assess iodine nutritional status in the general population of a iodine-deficient area with no previous institutional campaigns of iodine prophylaxis. Material and methods A descriptive, cross-sectional study. Urinary iodine levels were measured in subjects from the Jaen healthcare district. The data were stratified by sex and age groups, and a survey was conducted on iodized salt consumption. Results Median and mean urinary iodine levels were 110.59 mcg/L and 130.11 mcg/L respectively. Urinary iodine levels were significantly higher in schoolchildren as compared to other age groups (161.52 μg/L vs 109.33 μg/L in subjects older than 65 years). Forty-three percent of the population had urinary iodine levels less than 100 μg/L, and 68% of women of childbearing age had levels less than 150 μg/L. Conclusions Iodine nutritional status appears to be adequate, but the proportion of the population with urinary iodine levels less than 100 μg/L is still very high, and iodized salt consumption is much less common than recommended by the WHO.

Low iodine diet does not improve the efficacy of radioiodine for the treatment of Graves’ disease

Consuming a low-iodine diet (LID) is a widely accepted practice before administering radioiodine (131I) to evaluate and to treat thyroid disease. Although this procedure is well established for the management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, its use in patients with benign disease is unclear. So, we aimed to evaluate the influence of a LID on the outcome in patients with Graves' disease (GD) treated with 131I. We evaluated 67 patients with GD who were divided into 2 groups: one group (n = 31) consumed a LID for 1-2 weeks, and the second group (n = 36) was instructed to maintain a regular diet (RD). The LID group experienced a 23% decrease in urinary iodine after 1 week on the diet and a significant 42% decrease after 2 weeks on the diet. The majority (53%) of the patients in the LID group had urinary iodine levels that were consistent with deficient iodine intake. However, there was no difference in the rate of hyperthyroidism's cure between the LID and the RD groups 6 months after 131I therapy. Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy did not differ in patients with varying degrees of sufficient iodine intake (corresponding urinary iodine levels: < 10 μg/dL is deficient; 10-29.9 μg/dL is sufficient; and > 30 μg/dL is excessive). In the present study, we demonstrated that although a LID decreased urinary iodine levels, those levels corresponding with sufficient or a mild excess in iodine intake did not compromise the therapeutic efficacy of 131I for the treatment of GD.

Correlation of Iodine content of mother’s milk and urine with their child’s TSH level

Background: Iodine deficiency is still a significant public health problem. In the rural plains of Nepal, it remains a mild-to-moderate public health problem among pregnant and lactating women despite the availability of iodized salt. To date, only limited attention has been paid to breast-milk iodine content despite its importance in the intellectual development of infants.Objectives: (i) To determine iodine content in mother’s urine, mother’s milk and to measure their respective child’s TSH level. (ii) To correlate iodine content of mother’s urine with child’s TSH level and also mother’s milk content with child’s TSH level.Setting and Design: cross sectional study in human using consecutive sampling techniqueMaterials and Methods: Mother’s urinary and milk iodine level was measured by Ammonium Persulfate Digestion Microplate method using Sandell-Kolthoff reaction in a sealing cassette (Hitachi, Japan) and child’s TSH by ELISA commercial Kit from Eliscan (RFCL, India) based on classical sandwich technique.Statistical analysis used: Spearman’s correlation was performed in quantitative variables. A p-value less than 0.05 and 0.001 were considered statistically significant and highly significant respectivelyResults: The median mother’s urine was 174.96 µg/L(97.39-215.43) and their respective median child TSH level was 3.86 mIU/L(2.66-4.80). Median mother’s milk iodine was 129.90 µg/L (94.14-165.94).There was significant negative correlation between mothers’ urinary iodine content and their child’s TSH (r2= -0.391, p = 0.005) and between mother’s urinary iodine and their child’s TSH (r2= -0.471, p = 0.001). There was positive correlation between mother’s milk iodine and mother urinary iodine but not statistically significant ((r2= 0.261, p = 0.067).Conclusion: Mothers urinary iodine, mother’s milk iodine and child TSH are interrelated with each other.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(1) 2015 40-48

Evaluación del estado de nutrición yódica en población general en la provincia de Jaén

Background and objectiveIodine deficiency affecting both pregnant women and schoolchildren has been reported in Jaén. Iodine deficiency is one of the leading causes of thyroid dysfunction and goiter, and adequate iodine prophylaxis with iodized salt, milk, and dairy products, or iodine supplementation have been shown to significantly improve iodine status in pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to assess iodine nutritional status in the general population of a iodine-deficient area with no previous institutional campaigns of iodine prophylaxis. Material and methodsA descriptive, cross-sectional study. Urinary iodine levels were measured in subjects from the Jaén healthcare district. The data were stratified by sex and age groups, and a survey was conducted on iodized salt consumption. ResultsMedian and mean urinary iodine levels were 110.59 mcg/L and 130.11 mcg/L respectively. Urinary iodine levels were significantly higher in schoolchildren as compared to other age groups (161.52μg/L vs 109.33μg/L in subjects older than 65 years). Forty-three percent of the population had urinary iodine levels less than 100μg/L, and 68% of women of childbearing age had levels less than 150μg/L. ConclusionsIodine nutritional status appears to be adequate, but the proportion of the population with urinary iodine levels less than 100μg/L is still very high, and iodized salt consumption is much less common than recommended by the WHO.

Maternal nutrition and the risk of congenital malformations in the tea garden community of Assam, Northeast India

Problem consideredThere is a high prevalence of congenital malformations (CMs) in the tea garden community of Assam, Northeast India. The present cross-sectional study was carried out to assess if insufficiencies in maternal nutrition during the periconceptional period are associated with high incidence of CM in the said community. MethodOver a period of 2 years, 156 pregnant women with a mean age of 25.7 years (SD 4.7) were enrolled. During an interview, anthropometric and obstetric data pertaining to periconceptional use of iron and folic acid (IFA) were collected. Adequate iodine intake during pregnancy was determined by measuring urinary iodine (UI) levels in each trimester. ResultsMalformations were noted in 16 babies, giving an uncorrected incidence rate of 102.5/1000 births. Among the participants, 87 (55.8%) were underweight and 6 (3.8%) were overweight. Periconceptional IFA supplementation was self-reported by 31 (19.8%). The median urinary iodine concentrations (MUICs) in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters were 170μg/l (IQR 100μg/l), 275μg/l (IQR 166μg/l), and 265μg/l (IQR 160μg/l), respectively. An analysis of maternal nutrition indicated that IFA supplementation reduced the risk of birth defects. However, a pre-pregnancy BMI>23kg/m2 and a 1st trimester MUIC<150μg/l increased the odds of having an infant with CM. Maternal age <20 years and illiteracy also elevated the risk. ConclusionInadequacies in periconceptional maternal nutrition are associated with the high incidence of CM. Community members should also be sensitized against early pregnancy and educated to minimize the risk.

Selenium and Iodine Levels in Subjects with Kashin-Beck Disease: a Meta-analysis

Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) is an endemic, degenerative osteoarthropathy, and particularly seen in China. A deficiency of selenium and iodine is implicated as the main etiological factor for KBD. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the differences in the selenium and iodine levels between patients with KBD and healthy individuals. Eligible articles published before March 6, 2015 were searched from four electronic databases. Data extraction and quality assessment of included studies were performed by two independent reviewers. Results were summarized as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Cohen's d test was used to estimate the difference of the effect size between patients with KBD and healthy controls. A total of 26 cross-sectional studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled SMD showed that the whole blood selenium (Cohen's d=4.39, P<0.001), serum selenium (Cohen's d=2.42, P=0.015), hair selenium (Cohen's d=5.46, P<0.001), and urinary selenium (Cohen's d=4.16, P<0.001) levels were significantly lower in patients with KBD than that in healthy controls. There was no significant difference of plasma selenium (Cohen's d=0.08, P=0.936) and urinary iodine (Cohen's d=0.33, P=0.744) levels between subjects with KBD and healthy controls. In conclusion, the levels of selenium, but not iodine were significantly lower in subjects with KBD than that in healthy controls. Selenium deficiency might be associated with the risk of KBD.

Marginal Iodine Status and High Rate of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Washington DC Women Planning Conception

Subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy has been associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. A subset of pregnant women in the United States have been shown to have mild iodine deficiency. No study has evaluated the thyroid and iodine status of women who are planning to become pregnant in the near future. Thyroid function tests, thyroid antibodies, and urine iodine levels were evaluated in women presenting for preconception screening and counseling. A thyrotropin (TSH) level above 3.0 mIU/L was considered abnormal. One hundred and forty one women enrolled in the study. The median TSH level was 1.70 mIU/L (range 0.43-5.3 mIU/L). Sixteen women (11%) had a TSH above the upper limit of normal (>3.0 mIU/L). Eleven women (8%) were positive for TPO-Ab and 21 women (15%) for TgAb. Twenty-three women (16%) were positive for at least one thyroid antibody (TPOAb and/or TgAb). Median serum TSH concentrations were higher in women with detectable antithyroid antibodies than in women who were antibody negative (2.2 mIU/L vs. 1.7 mIU/L; p=0.005). The median urinary iodine concentration was 100.5 μg (range 19-843 μg/L). The present cohort exhibited the lowest median urinary iodine concentration levels to date reported in the United States for women in their childbearing years. One out of every nine women (11%) had thyroid function tests consistent with subclinical hypothyroidism.

Low iodine diet in differentiated thyroid cancer: a review.

Radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation is a beneficial, adjuvant therapy for the management of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) after thyroidectomy. The goal of RAI is to destroy remnant thyroid and microscopic cancerous tissue. Radioactive iodine uptake is enhanced by elevating TSH levels and initiating a low iodine diet (LID) prior to ablation. An ideal LID should preferably not exceed 50 mcg/day of dietary iodine for 1-2 weeks, although the duration may be shortened to a week with a structured patient education programme. A pre-ablation spot urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of <100 mcg/l and/or a urinary iodine to creatinine ratio (UICR) of <100 mcg/gCr would support an adequate LID preparation. Hyponatraemia, most likely due to iatrogenic hypothyroidism, is a potential side effect associated with LID and occurs during and a few days after the LID. Although the overall incidence of hyponatraemia is low, patients at high risk (older age, female sex, use of thiazide diuretics) may benefit from serum sodium monitoring. The existing evidence on the impact of LID on RAI ablation has been largely inconsistent due to retrospective study designs and the lack of an objective measurement of urinary iodine levels. Future large prospective randomized control trials are needed to elucidate and confirm the crucial role of LID in achieving successful RAI ablation and greater disease-free survival in DTC.

Concentraciones de yodo en orina y en sal de consumo en mujeres entre 12 a 49 años del Perú

To determine the concentrations of iodine in urine and salt intake in women between 12-49 years of age in Peru. An observational and cross-sectional study was performed. During 2012 and 2013, the study included women aged between 12-49 years living in Peruvian households selected through a probabilistic, stratified and multistage sample. The determination of iodine in urine was performed based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction spectrophotometry. The qualitative evaluation of iodine salt was performed by Yoditest and the quantitative by volumetric analysis. Processing was performed using complex samples with weights. Medians, interquartile range and percentiles were obtained. The median urinary iodine levels in the participants was 250.4 ug/L. The regions with elevated median urinary iodine levels were: Moquegua (389.3 ug/L); Tacna (320.5 ug/L); Madre de Dios (319.8 ug/L), and Ucayali (306.0 ug/L); while Puno (192.9 ug/L); Piura (188.1 ug/L) and Tumbes (180.5 ug/L) had medians within ranges recommended by the WHO. The median urinary iodine in pregnant women was 274.6 ug/L (IQR: 283 ug/L).82.5% of the samples had iodine salt ≥30 ppm and 1.9% had values of 0 ppm. The median urinary iodine in Peruvian women is higher than recommended by the WHO and the majority of the samples had adequate iodine concentrations according to WHO recommendations.

Effects of 3,5-Diiodotyrosine and Potassium Iodide on Thyroid Function and Oxidative Stress in Iodine-Excess Wistar Rats

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of organic iodine (3,5-diiodotyrosine, DIT) and inorganic iodine (potassium iodine, KI) on thyroid function and oxidative stress in iodine-excess Wistar rats. Seventy-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight groups: normal control (NC), thyroid tablet-induced hyperthyroidism model (HM), low DIT (L-DIT), medium DIT (M-DIT), high DIT (H-DIT), low KI (L-KI), medium KI (M-KI), and high KI (H-KI). All rats were fed ad libitum for 30days. Morphological changes in the thyroid, absolute and relative weights of the thyroid, thyroid function markers free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4), urinary iodine level, and oxidative stress indicators were measured. Compared to the HM groups, the FT3 and FT4 levels decreased in the L-DIT groups; the thyroid weight and thyroid weight/body weight values decreased markedly in the L-DIT and M-DIT groups; serum superoxide dismutase/malondialdehyde increased markedly; glutathione peroxidase activity increased markedly in the L-DIT groups; and malondialdehyde levels decreased significantly in the M-DIT groups. However, the FT3 and FT4 levels decreased and glutathione peroxidase levels increased significantly in the DIT groups compared to their corresponding KI groups. Additionally, urinary iodine levels increased significantly in both DIT and KI groups, while the highest urinary iodine excretion was showed in the DIT groups among groups. When the addition of iodine with the same doses in iodine-excess rats, although neither DIT nor KI normalized iodine levels in the iodine-excess rats, the DIT did less damage than did KI to thyroid follicular cells. Therefore, DIT rather than KI had a protective effect by balancing the antioxidant system when exposed to supraphysiological iodine. These suggest that DIT may be used as a new alternative iodized salt in the universal salt iodization to avoid the potential damage of surplus KI.

PREVALENCE OF IODINE DEFICIENCY AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE AND CHILDREN AGED 6-59 MONTHS IN THREE COUNTIES OF KAZAKHSTAN

Iodine is one of the most important and most studied, among the many essential trace elements, the lack of which has a negative impact on human health. Kazakhstan has more than ten years' experience of universal salt iodization. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for the prevention of iodine deficiency in sentinel populations in Akmola, East Kazakhstan (EKO) and South Kazakhstan oblasts (SKO). Methods. In cross-sectional study, which was conducted in July-August 2012 were randomly involved women of reproductive age (n = 250) and their children up to 5 years (n = 250) of Akmola, EKO (n = 256, n = 256) and SKO (n = 203, n = 203). The severity of iodine deficiency was assessed according to the criteria recommended by WHO. The content of iodine in the salt was regulated according to the normative and technical documentation of Kazakhstan. Results. Significant proportion of pregnant women in EKO 56.3 % (95 % CI: 33, 2-76, 9) and SKO 45.8 % (95 % CI: 27,9-64,9) has the level of urinary iodine below normal. Among non-pregnant women in all three studied areas there is a mild iodine deficiency, however, was detected excessive levels of iodine in 38.8 % (95 % CI: 32,2-45,7) non-pregnant women and 34.7 % (95 % CI: 28,4-41,5) children of the Akmola oblast. Determining the level of iodine in the salt consumed in the same households where urinary iodine was evaluated in women and children, to a certain extent reflects the tendency of the interdependence of consumption of iodine salt and its excretion in the urine. Discussion. In view of the situation identified as iodine deficiency and regional differences should be established for monitoring IDD urinary excretion (as high, normal, lower values). Put on a constant periodic basis the state system of monitoring the quality of iodized salt produced on all levels.

Urinary iodine level and its determinants in pregnant women of Shanghai, China.

It is known that iodine deficiency during pregnancy can interfere with normal fetal growth and development. However, iodine levels of pregnant women in Shanghai, China, and factors that could influence its levels remain unclear. A total of 916 pregnant women were selected from the Maternal and Child Care Service Centre of Minhang District in Shanghai. Morning urinary iodine (UI) and iodine content of salt from the participants' home were measured, and UI concentration was adjusted by creatinine concentrations. Serum tri-iodothyronine, thyroxin, free tri-iodothyronine, free thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone were tested in the second trimester of pregnancy by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. The median levels of UI in pregnant women were 156.3, 176.9 and 175.1 μg/g creatinine in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy, respectively. The prevalence of UI deficiency (UI < 150 μg/g creatinine) was 48.3, 34.2 and 36.2% in the three trimesters of pregnancy, respectively. Factors that significantly influenced the UI levels include the following: iodine content of household salt; age; occupation; multivitamin supplement with iodine; seaweed intakes. Furthermore, UI and iodine content of salt were moderately correlated (r 0.406, P < 0.001). In addition, there was no significant association between UI and thyroid hormone levels. The present study showed a high prevalence of UI deficiency in pregnant women in Shanghai, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy. Both iodine content of household salt and multivitamin supplement with iodine are the main determinants of UI levels in Shanghai.

Total iodine quantification in fluids and tissues from iodine- or iodide-supplemented rats by ion chromatography following microwave-assisted digestion.

Iodine is a crucial component of thyroid hormones, and several reports have shown that iodine per se is implicated in the physiopathology of other organs. Innovative ion chromatography detection following a four-step temperature ramp microwave digestion in 25-50 mM nitric acid was developed to measure total iodine in biological fluids and tissue samples from female Sprague-Dawley rats supplemented with 0.05% molecular iodine (I2) or 0.05% potassium iodide (I(-)) in drinking water. The reported method allows the measurement of total iodine with a limit of quantification of 13.7 μg L(-1), recoveries of 96.3-100.3%, and intra- and inter-assay variations, of 3.5% and 7.4% respectively. Analysis of biological fluids showed that after 48 hours, iodine-supplemented animals exhibited significantly higher levels of total iodine in both serum and urine compared with those supplemented with iodide. The half-life of iodine in serum and urine measured over the first 48 h showed similar patterns for both the I2 (7.89 and 7.76 hours) and I(-) (8.27 and 8.90 hours) supplements. Differential uptake patterns were observed in tissues after 6 days of supplements, with I(-) preferentially retained by thyroid, lactating mammary gland, and milk, and a slightly but significantly higher capture of I2 in pituitary, ovary, and virgin mammary gland. We developed a rapid, selective, and accurate digestion method to process fluid and tissue samples that permits reproducible measurements of total iodine by ion chromatography; iodine or iodide supplement show a similar serum and urine half-life, but organ-specific uptake depends on the chemical form of the iodine supplement.

The prospective study on thyroid carcinoma correlated with urine iodine level in Urmuqi region

Objective To investigate the association of thyroid carcinoma and urine iodine level in Urumqi region, intent to provide the evidence of individual iodine supplement of this region. Methods In this case-control study, there were 100 patients with thyroid carcinoma and 300 patients with normal thyroid function as the control group in Xinjiang Tumor Hospital between February 2012 and December 2012 as the case group. All the cases were detected for urine iodine concentration by arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry. Results The mean level of urinary iodine in the case group (272.69 μg/L) was higher than that in the control group (161.40 μg/L) (P 300 μg/L) in 34 % (34/100) patients in the case group and 10 % (30/300) patients in control group (P<0.05). Conclusion The average urinary iodine content of the thyroid carcinoma in Urmuqi region are generally higher than that of the healthy control group, which indicates that the iodine nutritional status in patients with thyroid carcinoma are better than that in the general population. The relationship between thyroid carcinoma and excessive iodine intake should be necessary for further study. Key words: Thyroid neoplasms; Urine iodine; Urmuqi