Urinary Cadmium Research Articles

Abstract 1443: Environmental heavy metal toxicity and mammographic breast density in a Mississippi Delta southern state

Abstract Importance: Increased mammographic density (MD) is a strong independent risk factor for breast carcinoma. Ubiquitous environmental heavy metal (HM) exposure/toxicity appears pro-carcinogenic in several human cancers. However, studies in the current scientific literature have not elucidated specific connections between HM exposure and mammographically detected increases in breast density. Objective: To determine whether increases in heavy metals (ie, chromium, arsenic and cadmium) measured in urine as a biomarker for long-term exposure, associate with increased MD in a female study cohort in Arkansas. Design, Setting, Participants: One hundred thirty-nine participants in the Arkansas Rural Community Health (ARCH) study cohort, recruited through a mobile mammography unit at baseline, were included in this pilot study. Demographic/health history questionnaire data, urine, blood and saliva samples and incident mammograms classified by BI-RADS were ascertained after informed consent. Study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS). Main Outcome and Measures: Urinary chromium, arsenic and cadmium levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The concentrations of HM were adjusted for urinary creatinine and specific gravity and the results categorized into tertiles. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between HM exposure and MD. Association of both continuous and categorical variables were examined. Confounding variables in the multivariable models including age, race, BMI, age at menarche and smoking history were determined by a priori knowledge and statistical assessment. Results: Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between each tertile of HM exposure and MD were used for the assessment. For the unadjusted model, increasing ORs for MD were noted with increased levels of both Chromium and Arsenic exposure. Increased ORs for MD were observed with increased levels of Chromium, Arsenic and Cadmium exposure in the multivariable adjusted model. However, none of these associations demonstrated statistical significance in this limited pilot study. Conclusion: Positive associations between HM exposure and MD were noted after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, age at menarche and smoking history in this pilot study. However, the association did not reach statistical significance at α = 0.05. Citation Format: Bobbie Dean Fine, Shelbie Stahr, Lora J. Rogers, Gail A. Runnells, Tung-Chin Chiang, Lihchyun J. Su. Environmental heavy metal toxicity and mammographic breast density in a Mississippi Delta southern state [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1443.

Associations between exposure to different heavy metals and self-reported erectile dysfunction: a population-based study using data from the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Heavy metals are ubiquitous and nonbiodegradable pollutants that are widely distributed in the environment. Heavy metal exposure can damage various biological tissues and cause several diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between blood and urinary cadmium, lead, and mercury levels and erectile dysfunction (ED) based on data from the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. In total, 3681 participants were included in the analysis. Results showed that participants with ED had high blood cadmium, mercury, creatinine, urinary lead, cadmium levels, low blood lead, serum cotinine, and urinary mercury levels. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that only blood cadmium level was an independent risk factor of ED (tertile [T]2 vs T1: odds ratio = 1.495, 95% confidence interval: 1.181-1.892, p = 0.001; T3 vs T1: odds ratio = 2.089, 95% confidence interval: 1.554-2.809, p < 0.001). The dose-response curve showed a positive nonlinear association between blood cadmium and lead levels and ED and a negative nonlinear association between blood and urinary mercury levels and ED after propensity score matching. In conclusion, heavy metal exposure is closely correlated with the development of ED, and a high blood cadmium level is an independent risk factor of ED.

Urinary metals, arsenic, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and risk of chronic bronchitis in the US adult population.

Metals, arsenic, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have all been linked to respiratory diseases. Chronic bronchitis, which is a form ofchronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is a major public health concern and source of morbidity and mortality in the US. The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation of 14 urinary metals (antimony, barium, cadmium, cesium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, strontium, thallium, tin, tungsten, uranium), seven species of arsenic, and seven forms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and chronic bronchitis in the US population. A cross-sectional analysis using three datasets from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2011 and 2016 in adults, aged 20years and older. Chronic bronchitis was determined using a self-questionnaire from the NHANES dataset. A specialized weighted complex survey design analysis package was used to analyze NHANES data. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the correlation between urinary metals, arsenic, PAHs, and chronic bronchitis. Models were adjusted for lifestyle and demographic factors. A total of 4186 participants were analyzed; 49.8% were female and 40.5% were non-Hispanic White. All seven types of PAHs showed a positive association with chronic bronchitis (1-hydroxynaphthalene odds ratio (OR): 1.559, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.271-1.912; 2-hydroxynaphthalene OR: 2.498, 95% CI: 1.524-4.095; 3-hydroxyfluorene OR: 2.752, 95% CI: 2.100-3.608; 2-hydroxyfluorene OR: 3.461, 95% CI: 2.438-4.914; 1-hydroxyphenanthrene OR: 2.442, 95% CI: 1.515-3.937; 1-hydroxypyrene OR: 2.828, 95% CI: 1.728-4.629; 2 & 3-hydroxyphenanthrene OR: 3.690, 95% CI: 2.309-5.896). Of the metals, only urinary cadmium showed a statistically significant positive association (OR: 2.435, 95% CI: 1.401-4.235) with chronic bronchitis. No other metals or arsenic were correlated with chronic bronchitis. Seven forms of urinary PAHs, cadmium, and several demographic factors were associated with chronic bronchitis.

Urinary cadmium and peripheral blood telomere length predict the risk of renal function impairment: a study of 547 community residents of Shanxi, China.

Few reports have investigated the predictive value of urinary cadmium (UCd) and telomere length on renal function impairment. Therefore, we constructed nomogram models, using a cross-sectional survey to analyze the potential function of UCd and telomere length in renal function impairment risk. We randomly selected two community populations in Shanxi, China, and general information of the subjects was collected through face-to-face questionnaire surveys. Venous blood of subjects was collected to detect absolute telomere length (ATL) by real-time quantitative chain reaction (RT-PCR). Collecting urinary samples detected UCd and urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (UNAG). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was obtained based on serum creatinine (SCr). Nomogram models on risk prediction analysis of renal function impairment was constructed. After adjusting for other confounding factors, UCd (β = 0.853, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.739 ~ 0.986) and ATL (β = 1.803, 95%CI: 1.017 ~ 1.154) were independent risk influencing factors for increased UNAG levels, and the risk factors for eGFR reduction were UCd (β = 1.011, 95%CI: 1.187 ~ 1.471), age (β = 1.630, 95%CI: 1.303 ~ 2.038), and sex (β = 0.181, 95%CI: 0.105 ~ 0.310). Using UCd, ATL, sex, and age to construct the nomogram, and the C-statistics 0.584 (95%CI: 0.536 ~ 0.632) and 0.816 (95%CI: 0.781 ~ 0.851) were obtained by internal verification of the calibration curve, C-statistics revealed nomogram model validation was good and using decision curve analysis (DCA) confirmed a good predictive value of the nomogram models. In a nomogram model, ATL, UCd, sex, and age were detected as independent risk factors for renal function impairment, with UCd being the strongest predictor.

The impact of essential and toxic elements on cardiometabolic risk factors in adults and older people

Background and aimEvidence suggests an association between essential and toxic elements and the worsening of cardiometabolic risk factors. This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of zinc, copper, selenium, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury and their relationship with cardiometabolic risk factors in adults and older people. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was carried out with 112 adults with a mean age of 59 (sd 14) years old and a BMI of 29.30 (sd 5.11) Kg/m2. The subject’s weight and height were measured for body mass index (BMI) calculation, classified according to the cut-off points recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). We evaluated sociodemographic, clinical, lifestyle, waist circumference – WC, visceral adiposity index - VAI, glycemic lipid profile, blood pressure, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Cardiovascular risk was defined by The Global Risk Score (GRS) score. Plasma zinc, selenium, copper levels, urinary arsenic, cadmium, and mercury levels were measured using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique (ICP-MS). ResultsThere was a negative association between urinary arsenic and VAI (β − 0.03, p < 0.01), triglycerides (β − 1.10, p < 0.01), and VLDL cholesterol (β − 0.14, p = 0.02). Plasma copper and copper/zinc ratio were positively associated with fasting glucose and hs-CRP (β 0.38, p < 0.01; β 36.02, p = 0.01, β 0.004, p < 0.01, β 0.68, p < 0.001, respectively). Urinary arsenic (β − 0.14, p = 0.04) and cadmium (β − 36.42, p = 0.04) were negatively associated with systolic blood pressure. Also, urinary cadmium was negatively associated with diastolic blood pressure (β − 21.55, p = 0.03), and urinary mercury showed an opposite behavior (β 1.45, p = 0.03). ConclusionEssential and toxic elements in urine and plasma could be potential biomarkers for cardiovascular risk factors. A healthy lifestyle should be adopted; in addition, government policies should be developed to guarantee sustainable production and a safe environment.

Urinary Trace Elements Are Biomarkers for Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury

IntroductionAcute kidney injury (AKI) is common in hospitalized patients and associated with poor outcomes. Current methods for identifying AKI (rise in serum creatinine [sCr] or fall in urine output [UO]) are inadequate and delay detection. Early detection of AKI with easily measurable biomarkers might improve outcomes by facilitating early implementation of AKI care pathways.MethodsFrom a porcine model of AKI, we identified trace elements (TEs) in urine that were associated with subsequent development of AKI. We tested these putative biomarkers in 2 observational cohort studies of patients at high risk of AKI: 151 patients undergoing cardiac surgery and 150 patients admitted to a general adult intensive care unit (ICU).ResultsIn adults admitted to the ICU, urinary cadmium (Cd) (adjusted for urinary creatinine) had area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) 0.70 and negative predictive value (NPV) 89%; copper (Cu) had AUROC 0.76 and NPV 91%. In humans (but not pigs), urinary zinc (Zn) was also associated with AKI and, in the ICU study, had AUROC 0.67 and NPV 80%. In patients undergoing cardiac surgery, Zn had AUROC 0.77 and NPV 91%; urinary Cd and Cu had poor AUROC but NPV of 93% and 95%, respectively. In control studies, we found that the urinary biomarkers are stable at room temperature for at least 14 days and are not affected by other confounding factors, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD).ConclusionUrinary Cd, Cu, and Zn are novel biomarkers for early detection of AKI. Urinary trace metals have advantages over proteins as AKI biomarkers because they are stable at room temperature and have potential for cheap point-of-care testing using electrochemistry.

Modeling the risk of low bone mass and osteoporosis as a function of urinary cadmium in U.S adults aged 50–79 years.

We developed an association model to estimate the risk of femoral neck low bone mass and osteoporosis from exposure to cadmium for women and men aged 50–79 in the U.S, as a function of the urinary cadmium (U–Cd) levels. We analyzed data from the NHANES 2005–2014 surveys and evaluated the relationship between U–Cd and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) using univariate and multivariate regression models with a combination of NHANES cycle, gender, age, smoking, race/ethnicity, height, body weight, body mass index, lean body mass, diabetes, kidney disease, physical activity, menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy, urinary lead, and prednisone intake as confounding variables. The regression coefficient between U–Cd and femoral neck BMD obtained with the best multivariate regression was used to develop an association model that can estimate the additional risk of low bone mass or osteoporosis in the population given a certain level of U–Cd. Results showed a linear relationship between U–Cd and BMD, conditional to body weight, where individuals with higher U–Cd had decreased BMD values. Our results do not support the hypothesis of a threshold for the effect of Cd on bone. Our model estimates that exposure to Cd results in an increase of 0.51 percentage points (CI95% 0.00, 0.92) of the population diagnosed with osteoporosis, compared to a theoretical absence of exposure. We estimate that 16% (CI95%: 0.00, 40%) of osteoporosis cases in the U.S. 50–79 aged population are a result of Cd exposure. This study presents the first continuous model estimating low bone mass and osteoporosis risk in the U.S. population given actual or potential changes in U–Cd levels. Our model will provide information to inform FDA's Closer to Zero initiative goal to reduce exposure to toxic elements.

108 Chronic cadmium exposure is associated with cognition among adults over age 60 in a representative US sample

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To examine the relationship between chronic cadmium exposure and cognitive function in later life, we estimated the association of urinary cadmium concentration on composite cognitive score, an important marker of progression toward dementia, while accounting for diet and key co-pollutants tobacco use and lead exposure. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: After excluding those missing cognitive data (141) or covariate data (190), we included 760 persons &gt;/= 60 years of age from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011-2014. Urinary cadmium reflects prolonged exposure: mean=0.41μg/L (standard deviation (SD)= 0.46μg/L). Concurrent with urine sampling, neuropsychological tests tapping memory, executive function, sustained attention and working memory were combined into a standardized z-score (mean 0, SD 1, 25th and 75th percentiles −0.68 and 0.72, respectively). We used linear models to estimate change in cognition per cadmium interquartile range, incorporating NHANES sampling weights, adjusting for demographic characteristics, diet, lead, and active tobacco use (classified by self-report or serum cotinine levels &gt;10ng/mL). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A baseline model showed that an IQR (0.38 μg/L) increase in urinary cadmium exposure was associated with a 13% standard deviation lower cognitive z-score (95%CI: −0.19, −0.06), after adjusting for sampling weight and urinary creatinine (measure of urine dilution). This association was attenuated to 7% standard deviation lower cognitive z-score (95% CI −0.13, −0.02) after adjusting additionally for demographic characteristic of sex, age, age^2, race/ethnicity, marital status, education level, and poverty income ratio. Models further adjusted for smoking status (active/former/never), blood lead concentration, and key dietary sources of cadmium showed IQR increase in urinary cadmium exposure associated with 7% standard deviation lower cognitive z-score (95%CI: −0.14, −0.01). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings suggest cadmium exposure is associated with lower cognitive scores even after accounting for confounding influence of diet, tobacco use and lead exposure. Alternate explanations include selection bias due to dropping persons missing needed variables and using concurrent cognitive measures rather than cognitive measures of over time.

IDF21-0483 Trends in blood and urine cadmium levels by cardiometabolic risk among US adults: 1999-2018

Background: Cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal distributed in the environment, is linked to cardiometabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, and chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Understanding population-wide trends in levels of both blood and urinary Cd levels is critical to explore the associations of exposure to Cd and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.

Serum klotho and its associations with blood and urine cadmium and lead across various stages of glomerular function: data for US adults aged 40-79years.

Exposures to cadmium and lead can cause oxidative stress, leading to tissue damage resulting in kidney and cardiovascular diseases. The antiaging protein klotho, on the other hand, is known to act as an anti-oxidative agent. How klotho homeostasis interacts with exposure to cadmium and lead has not been reported. Thus, this study was carried to investigate associations of serum klotho with blood and urine cadmium and lead in US adults aged 40-79years across stages of eGFR-based kidney function and albuminuria defined as urinary albumin/creatinine ratio of > 30mg/g creatinine. As long as the kidney function was normal (eGFR ≥ 90mL/min/1.73 m2) or near normal (60 ≤ eGFR < 90mL/min/1.73 m2), there was no evidence of an association between cadmium exposure and klotho concentrations irrespective of the presence/absence of albuminuria. During kidney dysfunction (15 ≤ eGFR < 60mL/min/1.73 m2), 10% increases in blood cadmium concentrations resulted in decreases in klotho concentrations between 0.27 and 0.84%. In addition, during severe kidney dysfunction (15 ≤ eGFR < 45mL/min/1.73 m2), a positive association between urine cadmium and serum klotho concentrations was observed. In the absence of albuminuria and when kidney function was normal or near normal, 10% increases in blood lead concentrations were observed to be associated with modest decreases between 0.28% and 0.37% in serum klotho concentrations. Similar results were observed between the concentrations of urine lead and serum klotho during kidney dysfunction.

Effect of occupational cadmium exposure on the thyroid gland and associated inflammatory markers among workers of the electroplating industry.

Cadmium (Cd) is widespread throughout the environment and is used in the electroplating industry. It has been found to have an effect on the endocrine system. However, its effects and their underlying mechanisms are still not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate how cadmium exposure at work affected the levels of thyroid hormones and the associated inflammatory and oxidative markers. This study was conducted in an electroplating industry in Cairo, Egypt. Ninety male cadmium-exposed workers were matched with 90 male unexposed participants. A detailed questionnaire was designed and given to every participant in the study, and full clinical examinations were carried out. Blood samples were collected from all participants for determination of levels of serum cadmium, thyroid hormones, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Morning midstream urine samples were obtained to measure urine cadmium levels. Results showed that the total blood and urinary cadmium levels were significantly higher in the exposed group (2.38 ± 0.94μg/L and 5.45 ± 1.92μg/g creatinine, respectively) than in the unexposed group. The serum levels of anti-TPO antibody, TSH, MDA, IL-6, and TNF-α also were significantly higher in the cadmium-exposed group than in the unexposed group. Significant direct relationships were seen between the biological indices of cadmium exposure and anti-TPO antibodies, TSH, IL-6, TNF-α, and MDA. It was concluded that there is a link between occupational cadmium exposure and autoimmune hypothyroidism, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers.

Analysis of Whole Blood and Urine Trace Elements in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Autistic Behaviors

The relationship between trace elements and neurological development is an emerging research focus. We performed a case–control study to explore (1) the differences of 13 trace elements chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), cadmium (Cd), stannum (Sn), stibium (Sb), mercury (Hg), titanium (TI), and plumbum (Pb) concentration in whole blood and urine between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children and their typical development peers, and (2) the association between the 13 trace elements and core behaviors of ASD. Thirty ASD subjects (cases) and 30 age-sex-matched healthy subjects from Baise City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, were recruited. Element analysis was carried out by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Autistic behaviors were assessed using Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), and Children Neuropsychological and Behavior Scale (CNBS). The whole blood concentrations of Mo (p = 0.004), Cd (0.007), Sn (p = 0.003), and Pb (p = 0.037) were significantly higher in the ASD cases than in the controls. Moreover, Se (0.393), Hg (0.408), and Mn (− 0.373) concentrations were significantly correlated between whole blood and urine levels in ASD case subjects. There were significant correlations between whole blood Sb (0.406), Tl (0.365), Mo (− 0.4237), Mn (− 0.389), Zn (0.476), and Se (0.375) levels and core behaviors of ASD. Although the mechanism of trace element imbalance in ASD is unclear, these data demonstrate that core behaviors of ASD may be affected by certain trace elements. Further studies are recommended for exploring the mechanism of element imbalance and providing corresponding clinical treatment measures.

Association between environmental toxic metals, arsenic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the US adult population.

Associations between environmental metals and chemicals and adverse human health effects have emerged recently, but the links among environmental metals and respiratory diseases are less studied. The aim of this study was to assess 14 urinary metals (cadmium, barium, cobalt, molybdenum, mercury, cesium, manganese, antimony, lead, tin, strontium, tungsten, thallium, and uranium), seven species of arsenic (arsenous acid, arsenic acid, arsenobetaine, arsenocholine, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, and total arsenic) and seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) (1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 3-hydroxyfluorene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 1-hydroxypyrene, 2 & 3-hydroxyphenanthrene) compounds' concentrations in urine and the correlation with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the adult US population. A cross-sectional analysis using the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset was conducted. Self-questionnaires related to COPD criteria were used to identify the COPD cases. The correlation between urinary metals and PAH compounds and COPD was calculated. The total study population analyzed included 2885 adults aged 20years and older. Seven types of urinary PAHs including 1-hydroxynaphthalene [odds ratio (OR): 1.832, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.210, 2.775], 2-hydroxynaphthalene [OR: 3.361, 95% CI: 1.519, 7.440], 3-hydroxyfluorene [OR: 2.641, 95% CI: 1.381, 5.053], 2-hydroxyfluorene [OR: 3.628, 95% CI: 1.754, 7.506], 1-hydroxyphenanthrene [OR: 2.864, 95% CI: 1.307, 6.277], 1-hydroxypyrene [OR: 4.949, 95% CI: 2.540, 9.643] and 2 & 3-hydroxyphenanthrene [OR: 3.487, 95% CI: 1.382, 8.795] were positively associated with COPD. Urinary cadmium [OR: 12.382, 95% CI: 4.459, 34.383] and tin [OR: 1.743, 95% CI: 1.189, 2.555] showed positive associations with increased odds of COPD. The other types of urinary metals were not associated with COPD. The study observed that urinary PAHs, cadmium, and tin are significantly associated with COPD.

Prenatal trace elements mixture is associated with learning deficits on a behavioral acquisition task among young children.

Children are exposed to many trace elements throughout their development. Given their ubiquity and potential to have effects on children's neurodevelopment, these exposures are a public health concern. This study sought to identify trace element mixture-associated deficits in learning behavior using operant testing in a prospective cohort. We included 322 participants aged 6-7 years recruited in Mexico City with complete data on prenatal trace elements measurements (third trimester blood lead and manganese levels, and & urine cadmium and arsenic levels), demographic covariates, and the Incremental Repeated Acquisition (IRA), an associative learning task. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression models were used to estimate the joint association of the mixture of all four trace elements and IRA performance. Performance was adversely impacted by the mixture, with different elements relating to different aspects of task performance suggesting that prenatal exposure to trace element mixtures yields a broad dysregulation of learning behavior.

Effect of Cadmium Exposure on the Potential for Impaired Kidney Function on the Manual Car Painting Industry

This study aimed to assess the risk of cadmium (Cd) exposure from the car painting process against urinary cadmium levels (UCd) and urinary albumin (UAlb) in workers, which is one of the biomarkers of decreased kidney function. The research was conducted in the informal car painting industry in Bandung, with a cross-sectional method. This study used 60 respondents, 30 respondents as workers’ exposure, and 30 respondents as a control. Measurements of Cd exposure conducted using a personal sampling pump were equipped with PVC filter, which was placed on workers’ collar then analysed using AAS method. The measurements of UCd and UAlb carried out using urine sample 20 - 50 mL after day work. UCd analysis using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and UAlb using the immunoturbidimetry method. This study’s results were 15 of 30 workers above the TLV-TWA from ACGIH, with a mean value of TWA was 2.043 µg/m3 for the exposed group and 0.135 µg/m3 for the control group. For UCd in the exposed group, the mean UCd was 0.028 µg/g creatinine and 0.003 µg/g creatinine in controls. The UAlb mean was 19.1 µg/mg creatinine for the painter group and 4.26 µg/mg creatinine on controls. The results of the analysis show that there are significant differences between the control group and the workers. It can be concluded that there has been a biomarker in the kidney so that it has a great potential in decreasing kidney function.&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; Cadmium exposure of workers in the car painting industry has been assessed&#x0D; Urinary cadmium (UCd) and urinary albumin (UAlb) levels in workers have been discussed&#x0D; The occurrence of Biomarkers of Cadmium exposure has been discussed&#x0D; &#x0D; GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The burden of coronary heart disease and stroke attributable to dietary cadmium exposure in Chinese adults, 2017

Cadmium (Cd) is a metal with a long biological half-life that could cause health issues, such as coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Recent studies showed an ascending trend in the dietary Cd intake in the Chinese population. The contribution of dietary Cd intake to CHD and stroke burden, on the other hand, remains to be established.To calculate the disease burden for CHD and stroke attributable to dietary Cd, we estimated dietary Cd intake by associating the Cd concentration in food with consumption frequency. The toxicokinetic (TK) model and dietary Cd consumption were used to simulate urinary cadmium (U-Cd) concentrations. The population attributable fraction (PAF) can be derived for the computation of the attributable disease burden expressed as Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) in provinces, genders, and age groups by combining the relative risk (RR) with the population distribution of U-Cd.The mean of dietary Cd consumption and the geometric mean of U-Cd in the Chinese adult population are 0.684 μg/kg bw/day and 0.88 μg/g creatinine. The CHD burden attributable to dietary Cd was 3.26 million DALYs, with a 9.69% proportion of the total CHD burden. The DALYs for stroke attributable to Cd in food was approximately 3.64 million, accounting for 8.22% of the overall stroke burden. Furthermore, the attributable disease burden of CHD and stroke are higher in the south, women, and middle-aged and older adults.Our study suggested that foodborne Cd exposure contributes a considerable proportion of the CHD and stroke burden. More attention is needed to control Cd in food in order to reduce the burden of CHD and stroke in the Chinese population.

Levels and determinants of urinary cadmium in general population in Spain: Metal-MCC-Spain study

BackgroundCadmium is a ubiquitous and persistent metal, associated with different harmful health effects and with increased morbidity and mortality. Understanding the main sources of exposure is essential to identify at risk populations and to design public health interventions. ObjectiveTo evaluate cadmium exposure in a random-sample of general adult population from three regions of Spain, assessed by the urinary cadmium (U–Cd) concentration, and to identify its potential determinants and sex-specific differences, including sociodemographic, lifestyle and dietary factors. Materials and methodsWe measured U–Cd (μg/g creatinine) in single urine spot samples from 1282 controls enrolled in the multicase-control study in common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain) with inductively coupling plasma-mass spectrometry equipped with an octopole reaction systems (ICP-ORS-MS). The association between sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary characteristics and U–Cd concentrations was evaluated using geometric mean ratios (GMR) estimated by multiple log-linear regression models. ResultsOverall, geometric mean U–Cd concentration was 0.40 (95%CI: 0.38, 0.41) μg/g creatinine. Levels were higher in women than in men (GMR]: 1.19; 95%CI: 1.07, 1.32), and increased with age in males (ptrend< 0.001). Cigarette smoking was clearly associated to U–Cd levels (GMRformer vs non-smokers: 1.16; 95%CI: 1.05, 1.29; GMRcurrent vs non-smokers: 1.42; 95%CI: 1.26, 1.60); the relationship with secondhand tobacco exposure in non-smokers, was restricted to women (pinteraction = 0.02). Sampling season and region also seemed to influence U–Cd concentrations, with lower levels in summer (GMRsummer vs average: 0.79; 95%CI: 0.71, 0.88), and higher levels in North-Spain Asturias (GMRAsturias vs average: 1.13; 95%CI: 1.04, 1.23). Regarding diet, higher U–Cd concentration was associated with eggs consumption only in men (pinteraction = 0.04), just as rice intake was associated in women (pinteraction = 0.03). Conclusion: These results confirmed that tobacco exposure is the main modifiable predictor of U–Cd concentrations, and remark that the role of dietary/sociodemographic factors on U–Cd levels may differ by sex.

Urinary Metals, Arsenic, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure and Risk of Self-reported Emphysema in the US Adult Population.

Metal and chemical exposure can cause acute and chronic respiratory diseases in humans. The purpose of this analysis was to analyze 14 types of urinary metals including mercury, uranium, tin, lead, antimony, barium, cadmium, cobalt, cesium, molybdenum, manganese, strontium, thallium, tungsten, six types of speciated arsenic,total arsenic and seven forms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the link with self-reported emphysema in the US adult population. A cross-sectional analysis using the 2011-2012, 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey datasets was conducted. A specialized weighted complex survey design analysis package was used in analyzing the data. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association between urinary metals, arsenic, and PAHs and self-reported emphysema among all participants and among non-smokers only. Models were adjusted for lifestyle and demographic factors. A total of 4,181 adults were analyzed. 1-Hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 3-hydroxyfluorene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxypyrene, and 2 & 3-hydroxyphenanthrene were positively associated with self-reported emphysema. Positive associations were also observed in cadmium and cesium with self-reported emphysema. Among non-smokers, quantiles among 2-hydroxynaphthalene, arsenocholine, total urinary arsenic, cesium, and tin were associated with increased odds of self-reported emphysema. Quantiles among 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, cadmium, manganese, lead, antimony, thallium, and tungsten were associated with an inverse relationship with self-reported emphysema in non-smokers. The study determined that six types of urinary PAHs, cadmium, and cesium are positively associated with self-reported emphysema. Certain quantiles of 2-hydroxynaphthalene, arsenocholine, total urinary arsenic, cesium, and tin are positively associated with self-reported emphysema among non-smokers.

Increased Urinary Cadmium Levels in Foreign-Born Asian Women-An NHANES Study of 9639 U.S. Participants.

The purpose of this study was to determine the disparities and trends in demographics, social behaviors, and occupations for cadmium exposure in the U.S. Data were obtained from the NHANES database from 2007 to 2016. Analysis of variance tests were used to compare the association of the geometric mean values of urinary cadmium levels and various demographic and behavioral characteristics. We also conducted multivariable logistic regression while adjusting for these factors to determine the risk of toxic urinary cadmium levels (≥2 µg/g) across various patient characteristics. Of the 9639 participants, 52.8% were ≥45 years old, 51.7% female, and 48.3% male. White, Black, Mexican American, other Hispanic, and Asian comprised 66.4%, 11.5%, 8.7%, 5.8%, and 5.5%, respectively. Over 82% of participants were U.S. born. A total of 19.6% were current smokers. On multivariate analysis, older age (OR: 8.87), current smoking (OR = 5.74), Asian race (OR = 4.52), female sex (OR = 4.32), and foreign nativity (OR = 1.83) were significantly associated with higher cadmium levels. Older, Asian, foreign-born females showed a measurement of 0.69 μg/g, a value more than three-fold the sample population’s mean of 0.20 μg/g. A trend analysis demonstrated a cadmium level decrease over time (OR = 0.47). Asians had the highest urinary cadmium levels, especially older, foreign-born females. Smoking and poverty were also associated with significant elevations in cadmium levels.

Trends in Urinary and Blood Cadmium Levels in U.S. Adults with or without Comorbidities, 1999-2018.

Although cadmium (Cd) exposure has been declining in the United States (U.S.) over the years, the level of exposure for people with pre-existing comorbidities is unclear. This study characterized the trends of blood Cd levels (bCd) (n = 44,498) and urinary Cd levels (uCd) (n = 15,107) by pre-existing comorbidities among adults participating in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We calculated age- and sex-standardized annual geometric mean (GM) levels, and used aJoinpoint regression model to examine the trends over time. The GM levels of bCd declined from 1999–2000 to 2017–2018 survey cycles (from 0.49 to 0.33 μg/L), while women and current smokers had higher levels. Participants with comorbidities had higher bCd and declined over time: cardiovascular disease (CVD) (0.50 to 0.42 μg/L), hypertension (0.49 to 0.35 μg/L), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (0.54 to 0.37 μg), and cancer (0.57 to 0.38 μg) versus those without these comorbidities. We observed the similar pattern of changes for uCd and participants with CVD, CKD, and cancer had higher levels. To conclude, the trend in urinary and blood Cd levels in U.S adults decreased in the past 20 years, and the levels varied by sex, smoking status, and comorbidities.