Urea Values Research Articles

A Study of the Clinico-epidemiological Profile of COVID-19 Patients Admitted in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India

Introduction: India is the second country with the highest Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) case burden in the world. In India, Maharashtra state has the highest number of cases. Aim: To study the clinico-epidemiological profile of COVID-19 patients admitted in a COVID-19 designated tertiary care centre in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Materials and Methods: The authors retrospectively investigated epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological and treatment data of 413 Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed COVID-19 patients from 14thApril 2020 to 30th June 2020. The data was analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables with non-normal distribution. Also, the multivariate logistic regression was used for analysis. Results: Among the 413 laboratory confirmed COVID-19 patients, 249 (60.29 %) were males, majority {87 (21.07%)} of the patients belonged to the age group of 51-60 years. The most common co-morbid condition found was diabetes mellitus {102 (24.69%)}. The most common symptoms were fever {185 (44.79%)} and cough {146 (35.35%)} followed by breathlessness {134 (32.45%)}. History of close contact with a confirmed COVID-19 case was present in 205 (49.64%) patients. The mean time from the onset of symptoms to hospital admission was 3.75 (SD±2.64) days. There was a strong association between increasing age and the need for intensive care. Total 63 (80.77%) out of 78 patients above 60 years of age had abnormal Chest X-Ray (CXR) findings during hospitalisation. Furthermore, the maximum number of deaths i.e., 31 patients (58.49%, n=53) occurred in the age group of more than 60 years of age. Conclusion: The findings suggest that increased value of serum Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and Urea can be used as predictors for mortality rate. Patients aged more than 60 years are more prone for severe disease with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia and this subset of patients requires urgent medical attention.

Feeding Rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) Based on <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> and <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> Leaves in West Africa: Biochemical and Hematological Aspects

Several medicinal plants are used like fodder in the animal diet. The impact on the blood parameters of these plants is not always known. The present study aims to determine the influence of <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> and <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> leaves meal on the biochemical and haematological parameters of growing rabbits. Ninety-six rabbits New Zealand with 35 to 40 days old were used. The animals were randomly divided into 8 groups of 12 rabbits. Groups O₀, O₅, O₁₀, O₁₅, V₀, V₅, V₁₀ and V₁₅ received the ration contain 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> or <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> leaf meals respectively. All the rabbits had a blood sample taken. For <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i>, the RBC number, haemoglobin levels, glycaemia, total protein content, and PCV of the animals were not significantly different (p<0.05). However, White Blood Cells number was significantly (p <0.001) raised in group O₁₀ (7.97±0.15 × 10³/L) Aspartate Aminotransferase levels (48.67±1.53 UI) increased significantly (p <0.001). Alanine Aminotransferase, blood creatinine and total cholesterol were significantly decreased in the test groups (p <0.001). For <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i>, the Haemoglobin and PCV values did not change significantly (P> 0.05). The results showed significant (P <0.05) differences in the average values of AST, ALT and ALP of treatments tested compared to control. The average values of glycaemia, urea, creatinine and total cholesterol presented a significant (P <0.05) decrease between the control and the treatments. These results revealed that <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> leaf meal in rabbits’ diet had ameliorative and protective health benefits up to 15%. It has no hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects. In conclusion, <i>Ocimum gratissimum </i>and <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> supplemented feed significantly increased the growth performance, biochemical, and haematological profiles of the animals and was shown to have no harmful effects in rabbits.

Protective Effect of Cinnamon and Ginger on Acrylamide Induced Hepatotoxicity in Adult Male Albino Rats

Background:Background: Acrylamide [ACR] is an essential chemical that is extensively used in many industries and also in laboratories such as treatment of drinking water, wastewater, and soil, production of paper, petroleum, mine, asphalt, dyes, adhesives, and polishes; it is known as a possible carcinogenic compound. Ginger oleoresin's hepatoprotective role can be attributed to its free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic activities and is partially mediated by the 6-gingerol, shogaol, and zingerone of its active component. Cinnamomum zeylanicum is used to treat many diseases and to prevent such diseases. Aim of the work:Evaluation of the effects of cinnamon and ginger extracts administration on Hepatotoxicity adult male albino rats. Materials and Methods: The groups were divided into five adult male albino rats of a local strain: Group I: acted as a control group with regular salines, group II: hepatotoxicity caused by acrylamid, groups III: hepatotoxicity plus cinnamon, group IV: hepatotoxicity plus ginger, group V: hepatotoxicity plus cinnamon and ginger. Samples for alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate transfers of amino [AST], urea, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total cholesterol, triglyceride [TG], malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor α [TNF], superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPX], as well as total antioxidant [TAC] levels were obtained at the end of the experimental period. Results: Administration of cinnamon and ginger to hepatotoxic rats led to a significant decrease in the mean value of ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, BUN, MDA, and TNF. In addition, it is associated with a significant increase of SOD, GPX, and TAC. Conclusion: Cinnamon and ginger have a protective effect against abnormalities in hepatotoxic rats due to its several protective properties.

Cyathostomin fecal egg count and milk quality in dairy donkeys.

This study was performed to assess the possible relationship between gastrointestinal strongylid infections and milk quantity and quality in donkeys used for milk production. Individual fecal and milk samples were collected from 16 multiparous lactating jennies of Amiatina breed at their 6th month of lactation. Statistical analysis was carried out between strongylid eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and milk parameters. All animals were found to shed cyathostomin eggs, with EPG ranging from 150 to 1900. A higher milk production was observed in animals showing an EPG< 250, but this result was statistically not significant. Conversely, significant higher concentrations of milk urea and pH values, and lower concentrations of milk lactose, were observed in jennies with an EPG >1000. In conclusion, results from this study suggest that cyathostomin EPG values > 1000 may affect milk quality in dairy donkeys. Considering the novelty of these findings, more data needs to be collected to determine EPG thresholds to be used as a good marker for parasite infections influencing milk performance and quality in donkeys.

Yoğun Bakımda Akut Böbrek Hasarı Takibinde NGAL, Kreatinin ve Renal Kan Akımının Monitörizasyonu

Objectıve: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and subsequent renal failure are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU). In this study, it was planned to compare Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin (NGAL) and creatinine values in patients diagnosed with AKI and to determine the effect of renal dose dopamine use on renal blood flow, development of chronic renal failure (CRF) and mortality. Materıals and methods: This prospective study was planned with 35 patients developed AKI in the ICU of Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital. The patients were randomized into 2 groups as 18 patients who received dopamine treatment with the recommendation of the cardiology clinic and 17 patients who did not receive dopamine treatment. Urea, creatinine and NGAL plasma levels were compared between groups. Results: There was no difference between the groups in terms of age, gender and AKI stage. The 0th, 24th hour results and 24-hour changes of urea, creatinine and NGAL values of dopamine patient, who took dopamine, were found to be similar to those of patients who did not take dopamine. A significant positive correlation was found between the 24-hour change in creatinine value and the 24-hour change in NGAL (r=0.374; p&lt;0.05). There was no significant change in the diameter and flow of renal arteries between measurements in patients who received dopamine. The rates of patients who regain normal kidney functions, develop CRF or develop mortality between the two groups were found to be similar. Conclusıon: Treatment results of AKI developing in ICU are not satisfactory. Low-dose dopamine treatment has no effect on patient outcomes in these patients. NGAL is a biomarker that has the ability to show renal damage at an early stage. Serial measurement of NGAL concentration during ICU stay may benefit the clinician in early diagnosis and follow-up of AKI.

SHORTEN PREOPERATIVE FASTING AND INTRODUCING EARLY EATING ASSISTANCE IN RECOVERY AFTER GASTROJEJUNAL BYPASS?

ABSTRACT Rational: The metabolic response to surgical trauma is enhanced by prolonged preoperative fasting, contributing to increased insulin resistance. This manifestation is more intense on the 1st and 2nd postoperative days and is directly proportional to the size of the operation. Aim:To compare whether preoperative fasting abbreviation and early postoperative refeeding associated with intraoperative and postoperative fluid restriction interfere in the evolution of patients undergoing gastrojejunal bypass. Methods:Eighty patients indicated for Roux-en-Y gastrojejunal bypass were selected. They were randomly divided into two groups: Ringer Lactate (RL) group, who underwent a 6 hours solids fasting, with the administration of 50 g of maltodextrin in 100 ml of mineral water 2 hours before the beginning of anesthesia; and Physiologic Solution (PS) group, who underwent a 12 hours solids and liquids fasting. Anesthesia was standardized for both groups. During the surgical procedure, 1500 ml of ringer lactate solution was administered in the RL and 2500 ml of physiological solution (0.9% sodium chloride) in the PS. In both groups, the occurrence of bronchoaspiration was analyzed during intubation, and the residual gastric volume was measured after opening the abdominal cavity. In the postoperative period in Group RL, patients started a liquid diet 24 hours after the end of the operative procedure; whilst for PS group, fasting was maintained for the first 24 hours, it was prescripted 2000 ml of physiological solution and a restricted liquid diet after 36 hours. Each patient underwent CPK, insulin, sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, PaCO2, pH and bicarbonate dosage in the immediate postoperative period, and 48 hours later, the exams were repeated. Results:There were no episodes of bronchoaspiration and gastrojejunal fistulas in either group. In the analysis of the residual gastric volume of the PS and RL groups, the mean volumes were respectively 16.5 and 8.8, which shows statistical significance between the groups. In laboratory tests, there was no difference between groups in sodium; PS group showed a higher level of serum potassium (p=0.029); whilst RL group showed a higher urea and creatinine values; CPK values were even for both; PS group demonstrated a higher insulin level; pH was higher in PS group; sodium bicarbonate showed a significant difference at all times; PaCO2 values in RL group was higher than in PS. In the analysis of the incidence of nausea and flatus, no statistical significance was observed between the groups. Conclusions:The abbreviation of preoperative fasting and early postoperative refeeding of Roux-en-Y gastrojejunal bypass with the application of ERAS or ACERTO Project accelerated the patient’s recovery, reducing residual gastric volume and insulin level, and do not predispose to complications.

Hyperammonemia and Pyroglutamic Acidemia in a Sepsis Patient with Gamma-Glutamyl-Cyclus Failure- A Case and Literature Review

We report the rare case of an adult sepsis patient with very low urea blood values, a high anion gap metabolic acidosis, and high ammonia levels. After exclusion of a primary disturbance of the urea cycle, we found a severe pyroglutamic (also called 5-oxoproline) acidemia, 841 µmol l-1 (norm: 5-150), indicating a disrupture of the gamma-glutamyl cycle, a cycle which is responsible for amino acid transportation, redox metabolism, and detoxification of medications, e.g., analgesics and antibiotics. The patient initially was treated with long-term, high-dosage rifampicine, linezolid, and piperacillin/tazobactam. Such cycle defects are rarely reported and are mostly found as an inborn disease in early childhood. In adults, diseases of the liver or renal failure, sepsis or diabetes, and certain medications may trigger a secondary cycle disturbance by depletion of vitally important glutathione stores or enzyme inhibition. We recommend that physicians remain aware of extremely low blood urea values that may indicate the beginning of gamma-glutamyl-cycle failure. Countermeasures such as discontinuation of causative medication and nutrition adaption must follow.

High peak of carbamylated hemoglobin discordant with urea level: a case report

ABSTRACT Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measurement is commonly performed in diabetes mellitus patients to monitor glycemic control over the last three to four months. Carbamylated hemoglobin, which is the hemoglobin that binds to isocyanic acid derived from urea, is one of the possible analytical interference in the uremic patient. When measured by ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), carbamylated hemoglobin forms a peak that overlaps the peak of HbA1c, causing a falsely elevated HbA1c result. We report a case of a 60-years-old man who had a spurious increase in HbA1c, with a high carbamylated hemoglobin peak disproportionate to the urea value. Subsequent hemoglobin analysis using hemoglobin electrophoresis and HPLC hemoglobin testing system suggested hemoglobin J (Hb J) variant. Our case highlighted the possibility of misleading HbA1c interpretation in the presence of a high carbamylated hemoglobin peak, but not proportionate to urea value. In this study, Hb J was detected. A method free from hemoglobin variant interference should be used ideally, and monitoring glycemic control should be performed using alternative methods, such as serum fructosamine or continuous glucose monitoring.

Assessment of the nutritive value of bovine Iiquor and urea treated corn-straw and corn-cobs as feed for the West African Dwarf sheep and goats

Corn-straw (CS) and corn-cob (CC) were treated with bovine liquor (BL) to enhance their nutritive values. Eight preparations consisting of CC, CS, CC + BL, CS + BL, CC + urea, CS+ urea, CC+ BL+urea and CS + BL + urea were made to ferment for five days under anaerobic condition. The final products were assessed for their chemical composition, in vitro gas production and feed preference by sheep and goats. Crude protein contents in CC and CS significantly (P &lt;0.05) increased from 3.5% and 2.7% to 8.6% and 3.4% respectively without urea but addition of urea increased the contents to 14.6% and 6.8% respectively. Crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose of the treated CS and CC were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced. Similar trends were observed for gas production characteristics as the potentially degradable fraction ‘b’ and the potential degradability ‘a + b’ of treated straw and cobs were better (P &lt; 0.05) than the untreated. The rate ‘c’ of gas production was slower for the treated than the untreated CC and CS. Both sheep and goats separately preferred the treated CC and CS to the untreated after three days and subsequent days of consumption. Since the bovine liquor showed the tendency of enhancing the nutrient contents of corn-cobs and corn-straw and that small ruminant preferred the treated materials than the untreated, sheep and goats can be sustained during the dry season.

Management, blood and reproductive parameters of rabbits reared in Imo State

The management, haematological, serum biochemical and reproductive parameters of rabbits reared in the 3 zones (Okigwe, Orlu and Owerri) of Imo State were investigated. Data for this study were collected through questionnaire, on-the-farm assessment and fluid sample (blood and semen) from the rabbits. The hutch/cage type of housing is the most prevalent in Imo State, constituting 73.58 %. Most rabbit farmers in Imo State (45.28 %) combine concentrate and forage in rabbit feeding, 47.17 % of the rabbit house/environment were fairly clean, 30.19 % dirty and 22.64 % were clean. Rabbits with ages ranging from 5 – 8 months recorded average live weight of 1.91 kg, while annual average kindling and litter size of rabbit does reared in Imo State were 5.67 and 7.43, respectively; with average litter survival rate of 60.16 % between parturition and weaning. Haematological analysis of the adult rabbits recorded 27.80 %, 9.56 g/dl and 3.40 x 106/ml in packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count, respectively, which were lower than normal reference values. Total serum protein, globulin and urea values were lower than normal reference values recording 4.44 g/dl, 1.57 g/dl and 16.56 mg/dl, respectively. Semen parameters obtained from adult rabbit bucks were inferior to semen parameters of adult rabbit bucks reared in similar geographical locations and environment, but under standard management practices. This study was therefore designed to assess the level of management, blood and reproductive parameters of rabbits in Imo State.

Evaluation of haematology and serum biochemistry of weaner rabbits fed diets containing Ficus sycomorus and Parkia biglobosa leaf meals

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of varying levels of Ficus sycomorus and Parkia biglobosa leaf meals based diets on the haematology and serum biochemistry of weaner rabbits. Twenty rabbits of mixed breed and sex were allotted to four treatments with each treatment consisting of five rabbits per treatment. The treatments consisted of diets with zero forage (T; control), 5% Ficus sycomorus leaf meal (T), 5% Parkia biglobosa leaf meal 1 2 (T) and 2.5% Ficus sycomorus + 2.5% Parkia biglobosa leaf meals (T) in a completely 3 4 randomized design. The diets were iso-nitrogenous and the trial lasted for eight weeks. Haematological parameters measured were PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC whereas total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, urea and cholesterol were the biochemical parameters measured. Result of the study showed that Ficus sycomorus and Parkia biglobosa leaves were high in DM, CP, CF, fat and ash contents (94.50% and 92.30%, 18.66% and 19.60%, 9.32% and 7.12%, 9.71% and 8.00%, 10.46% and 12.60%, respectively) but low in moisture (5.50% and 7.70%, respectively). It also revealed significant differences (P&lt;0.05) in all parameters evaluated for haematology [31.93 - 6 3 6 341.90% PCV, 9.50 - 12.10 g/dL Hb, (4.13 - 5.93) x 10/mm RBC, (1.71 - 5.80) x 10/mm WBC, 70.67 - 77.37 Fl MCV, 20.46 - 23.96 Pg MCH and 29.00 - 30.00% MCHC]. The values of total protein (68.00 - 74.00 g/L), albumin (34.00 - 48.33d/L), globulin (25.67 - 34.00g/L), glucose (3.67 - 4.57 mmol/L), urea (8.73 - 9.67 mg/dL) and cholesterol (1.17 - 2.60 mmol/L) obtained for biochemical parameters in the control and study animals also showed significant (P&lt;0.05) differences except for globulin. It was concluded that inclusion of Ficus sycomorus leaf meal in the diets of weaner rabbits at 5% had no adverse effect on the parameters evaluated. It was therefore, recommended that 5% inclusion level of Ficus sycomorus could be safely incorporated in the diets of weaner rabbits to meet their protein requirements as an alternative to more expensive conventional protein sources.

Haematological and biochemical indices of broiler chicken fed graded levels of boiled African yam beans (Sphenostylis stenocarpa)

This study was carried out to investigate the haematological and biochemical indices of broiler chicken fed graded levels of boiled African yam beans. The birds, 120 in number were allotted into four treatment groups having three replicate per treatment and 10 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design were used. Diet 1 was the control and corn-soy bean-based while diets 2, 3, and 4 had boiled African am beans at 10, 15 and 20% respectively. Blood samples were collected from eight weeks old broiler chicken into two sets of labeled sterile bottles and used for the analysis. The values observed for white blood cells (2.43, 2.71, 2.72. 2.76), packed cell volume (31.00, 31.04, 28.00, 27.00) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (32.83, 32.70, 29.60, 33.93%) for diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively fell within the normal range reported for healthy broiler chicken while the red blood cells for diets 1, 2, and 3 are comparable. Blood of birds in Diets 2, 3 and 4 had similar values of alkaline phosphatase which were higher than those of diet 1. Those in diets3 and 4 had highest values of urea (30.00mg/dl), creatinine (0.413mg/dl) and lowest values of albumen (1.500d/L). Feeding boiled African yam bean above 10% level of inclusion resulted in increase in alkaline phosphatase, urea and creatinine. For optimal productivity 10% inclusion of boiled African yam beans is therefore recommended.

Variations in haematological and serum biochemical indices among White Fulani bulls, Ouda rams and West African Dwarf bucks

Variations in haematological and serum biochemical indices among White Fulani bulls, Ouda rams and West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks were studied. Ten each of mature bulls, rams and bucks were used for the experiment. Blood was sampled from all the animals and analysed for haematology and serum was separated for serum biochemical analysis. The result showed that species had effect on some haematological and serum biochemical indices of White Fulani bulls, Ouda rams and WAD bucks. Packed cell volume, haemoglobin, white blood cells, red blood cells, monocytes and eosinophils were not significantly different among the species, while platelets, lymphocytes, and neutrophils counts were significantly influenced by specie differences. Platelets was significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower in rams (93.20×103 /µL) than in bulls (136.00×103 /µL) and bucks (141.90×103 /µL). Lymphocytes and neutrophils count was significantly (p&lt;0.05) influenced by species differences. Serum biochemical parameters showed that there was no significant difference in the mean values for albumin, glucose, cholesterol, urea and Aspartate amino transferase, while the values obtained for total protein, creatinine and Alanine amino transferase (ALT) were significantly (p&lt;0.05) different among the animal species. Total protein (7.21±0.52 g/dL) and creatinine (1.21±0.19 mg/dL) were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in bucks than other species. The ALT was also higher (p&lt;0.05) in bucks (20.83 iu/L) than in rams (7.59 iu/L) and bulls (6.27 iu/L). This study suggests that the effect of specie of an animal influences blood indices. The values obtained in this study can be used as references for haematological and serum biochemical assessment of indigenous male cattle, sheep and goat in Nigeria.

The Relationship Between Neutrophil-Lymphocyte and Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratios With Hospital Stays and Mortality in the Emergency Department.

BackgroundMost acute pancreatitis scoring is made in the first 48-72 hours or later. Like many inflammatory processes, Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) can be useful in showing the severity and extent of inflammation in acute pancreatitis. Our study aimed to evaluate whether these rates affect mortality according to the NLR and PLR values ​​of patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis by examining the blood samples taken within the first hour after admission to the emergency department rates are useful in predicting the length of stay.MethodsIn our retrospective study, 557 patients applied to our clinic for 4.5 years, whose amylase and lipase values ​​were higher than two times the cut-off value in blood tests and whose CT imaging was compatible with acute pancreatitis were included in the study.ResultsThe median length of hospitalization of the patients was 4.0 (3.0-6.0) days. Gallstones were detected in 320 (57.5%) patients. Mortality of less than a year was observed in 45 (8.1%) of the study population. Eighteen of the patients (3.2%) showed the need for follow-up in the intensive care unit. A statistically significant relationship was found between mortality and variables hematocrit (HCT), red cell distribution width (RDW),c-reactive protein CRP), glucose, urea, potassium, albumin, PLR, and NLR (p <0.05). A statistically significant correlation was observed between RDW, NLR, glucose, and CRP levels in the two groups divided according to the median value of 4 days we found on hospitalization (p <0.05). According to the graphics and test results obtained by ROC analysis, the mortality status can be predicted at a statistically significant level with PLR and NLR diagnostic tests (p <0.05).ConclusionHigh levels of NLR, PLR, RDW, glucose, CRP, urea, potassium, low albumin and hematocrit values ​​at the first admission in the Emergency Service seem to be associated with increased 1-year mortality in acute pancreatitis.

Growth performance, haematological and biochemical indices of grazed Red Sokoto bucks supplemented with dried ripe plantain peels.

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and blood profile of grazedRed Sokoto bucks supplemented with dried ripe plantain peels. Nine bucks were used for thisexperiment. The goats were apportioned to three treatment diets and dried ripe plantainpeels incorporated at 0%, 5% and 10% inclusion levels for T , T and T respectively. The 1 2 3,bucks were taken out for grazing in the morning (9.00am – 12noon) and thereafter fed theexperimental diet. The experiment lasted for eight (8) weeks. The animals were weighed atthe beginning of the experiment and weekly afterwards. Feed intake was calculated as thedifference between feed served and refusal. Blood samples of the bucks were collected todetermine the blood profile using disposable syringes and sterile needles. Results showedthat the final body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) differedsignificantly (P&lt;0.05). The final body weight, body weight gain and FCR were 18.02kg,2.01kg, 3.42; 20.75kg, 3.89kg, 1.26 and 21.35kg, 4.80kg, 1.10 for T , T and T respectively. 1 2 3,Platelet, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), urea and creatinine values differedsignificantly (P&lt;0.05). The highest platelet was recorded for bucks on T (212.91x10 3/ul) 3while the lowest was for bucks on T (202.30x103/ul). ALP, TP, urea and creatinine values 1were 29.00u/l, 60.00g/l, 8.00m/mol,72.50m/mol; 30.30u/l, 52.30g/l, 10.00m/mol,141.00m/mol and 42.00u/l, 53.30g/l, 9.70m/mol, 112.30m/mol for T , T and T , respectively. 1 2 3The inclusion of supplemental dried ripe plantain peels in the diet of Red Sokoto bucksenhanced the body weight and did not have any adverse effect on their blood profile.

Assessment of Some Biochemical Changes in Wistar Rats Following Administration of Three Polyherbal Preparations Repurposed for COVID-19

Background and Aims: The current pandemic known as Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is a significant public health menace. Currently, there is no specific treatment for this disease, although some medicinal agents are under investigation. Some published articles have reported Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) involvement in other organs, including the liver and kidneys, which can impair the metabolism and excretion of the medications taken to treat the disease. This study evaluated the effects of 3 herbal mixtures on some biochemical parameters of the liver and kidney of laboratory animals.&#x0D; Methods: Liver enzymes such as serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin and total serum protein were quantified. Urea, creatinine and bilirubin (total and direct) were also evaluated. These parameters were determined for all three polyherbal combinations (CoV Pla-1, CoV Pla-2, CoV Pla-3).&#x0D; Results: The extracts did not produce any mortality up to 5000 mg/kg per oral. Results showed that the polyherbal extracts (CoV Pla-1, CoV Pla-2 CoV Pla-3) did not cause any significant changes in ALT, AST, ALP, compared to control. The mean values of urea showed an insignificant (P&gt;0.05) decrease across all test doses in the three extracts, compared to the control. In the current study, the mean creatinine concentration showed slight decrease across all three extracts. Total protein was observed to be lower in CoV Pla-1 and CoV Pla-2, and increased in CoV Pla-3, though these changes were not statistically significant. Serum albumin decreased at the low and intermediate doses for the three polyherbal extracts in an insignificant manner compared to control.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results obtained in this study indicate that the extracts did not cause significant changes in biochemical parameters evaluated and support their use in the treatment of Covid-19.

Evaluation of MICP treatment through EC and pH tests in urea hydrolysis process

Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) using ureolytic bacteria has been investigated to improve the engineering properties of soil. Urease, produced by ureolytic bacteria, can hydrolyse urea to drive the biogeochemical reaction in MICP. The goal of this study was to use changes in electrical conductivity (EC) and pH values from the urea hydrolysis test as an indicator to monitor the ureolytic activities of bacteria before the MICP process and using this indicator to maintain a consistent MICP treatment. Laboratory experiments were conducted to establish the relationship between the EC and pH values and unconfined compression strength (UCS) of MICP-treated soil. The EC and pH values of the mixed solution were measured after adding bacterial suspension into urea solution. Then, the bacterial suspension was mixed with a sand sample and cementation medium to drive the MICP process. The results showed that, once the bacterial suspension was mixed with urea, the EC and pH values of the mixed solution increased immediately due to urea hydrolysis. The optimum EC and pH values at 60 min were found to be 1·50–1·80 mS/cm and 8·82–9·02, respectively, to achieve consistent UCS performance of MICP-treated specimens with 0·25 M calcium (Ca) cementation medium.

English

BACKGROUND Kidneys are vital organs for excretory and many other biochemical functions in the human body. Most chronic diseases end up damaging the kidneys, acute to chronic, based on the cause and duration. Chronic kidney disease is a sequence of damages to the renal cells and parenchyma leading to progressive deterioration of kidney function, which eventually develops into terminal stage of chronic kidney failure. Chronic renal failure leads to a pro-oxidant state, which leads to damage to the renal cells and parenchyma and the amount of intracellular oxidative stress or extracellular oxidative stress has a relation to the severity of renal failure either directly or indirectly. The study aimed to find the correlation between high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) to lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA). METHODS This prospective study was designed and conducted from January 2018 to December 2019 in the Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Ananthapuramu. The study comprised a total of 70 subjects in the age group of 35 - 65 years. The subjects of the approved study plan were divided into two groups; 35 subjects were healthy controls (group-1), and 35 subjects were chronic renal failure (CRF) patients. A blood sample was collected in Government General Hospital, Anantapuramu. RESULTS The sample was analysed for estimation of blood urea, plasma glucose, serum creatinine, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and C-reactive protein (CRP). The mean value of blood urea, serum creatinine, serum hs-CRP, serum MDA was higher in CRF (group-2) patients when compared to healthy controls (group-1) (p &lt; 0.0001). We observed a positive correlation between serum MDA and serum creatinine (r = 0.46832), hs-CRP (r = 0.0234). CONCLUSIONS In CRF, oxidative stress is obviously evident, but the inflammation induced oxidative stress which can be corrected if detected early will reduce oxidative damage. Our study shows that there is an elevation in hs-CRP and MDA which confirms the presence of oxidative damage, inflammation and probably inflammation induced oxidative damage. KEYWORDS CRF, Oxidative Stress, MDA, Serum Creatinine, hs-CRP

Nutritional Imbalance, Toxicology and Deficiency Potential of Livestock

This study investigated the changes in the enzymatic and biochemical profiles of lactating, non-lactating, and young buffaloes during different sampling. In the present research thirty buffaloes (Nili-Ravi) were selected and divided into three categories lactating, non-lactating, and young. Four samplings were performed in different seasons (summer, autumn, winter, and spring), and 10 blood serum samples were collected from each category of Nili-Ravi buffaloes during each sampling period. Higher glucose, urea, creatinine, and mycotoxins (AFB1, ZEA, OTA) values were found during summer sampling season, higher SGPT (ALT) and SGOT (AST) values were found during the autumn season, higher cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase and uric acid values were found during the winter season.

Metabolic profile of female lambs on annual ryegrass pasture managed under different grazing intensities and methods

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grazing methods and intensities on the metabolic profile of lambs grazing ryegrass. This study was performed in Eldorado do Sul (RS). The treatments consisted of two grazing intensities with rotational and continuous stocking methods: moderate and low. The experimental design was a randomized block arranged in a factorial scheme with four replicates. To evaluate the metabolic and nutritional conditions of the lambs, blood samples were collected to evaluate phosphorus, albumin, glucose, magnesium, globulin, cortisol, urea and total proteins. The highest blood urea value was observed in the month of September in lambs kept in continuous method grazing. There was no statistical difference between the grazing intensities and grazing methods for albumin, glucose, magnesium, globulin, cortisol and total protein levels in profile lambs. The cortisol values suggested that the animals were not subjected to high stress levels. In conclusion, rearing female lambs on ryegrass, irrespective of grazing methods or intensities, allowed the maintenance of body homeostasis and did not cause any metabolic unbalances, nutritional unbalances or stress.