Urea-splitting Organisms Research Articles

The Effect of an Antibacterial Drug on Urinary Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorus Excretion in Patients with Neurogenic Bladder

The effect of the simultaneous administration of hexamine mandelate and methionine on the urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium and phosphate is reported in 3 groups of paraplegic patients. Long-term therapy with G 500 increases bone loss in paralysed patients, and is contra-indicated when there is infection of the urinary tract by urea-splitting organisms.

Utilization of urea by sheep

1.The breakdown of urea, soluble starch and glucose was followed in the rumen of fistulated sheep and in artificial rumens containing rumen ingesta or strained rumen fluid.2. Carbohydrate remained in the rumen two to three times as long when starch was dosed in vivo as when glucose was given.3. The relative rates of breakdown of urea and carbohydrate by strained rumen fluid in vitro differed markedly from those in vivo. This was due to the fact that straining removed large numbers of starch- and glucose-utilizing micro-organisms which were attached to the larger food particles, while the concentration of the urea-splitting organisms which were freely suspended in the strained liquor was apparently the same as that obtained in the strained material. Strained rumen fluid should therefore not be used for studies of the utilization of urea in vitro.

Blood Ammonia Reduction by Potassium Exchange Resin

Introduction Hepatic coma, a consequence of severe liver disease, is usually associated with elevated levels of blood ammonia and derangements of serum electrolytes and pH. Treatment of hepatic coma may be directed toward lowering of the blood ammonia level once this elevation has occurred or preventing the absorption of the products of protein digestion within the gastrointestinal tract. Several methods have been employed to control blood ammonia. Neomycin is useful in removing urea-splitting organisms from the intestine, thereby limiting the amount of ammonia absorbed into the portal circulation.1The side effects of neomycin treatment, however, impair its usefulness. Hypothermia lowers blood ammonia, probably by limiting bacterial action.2,3Arginine and glutamic acid4-6enjoyed brief popularity because of the belief that they aided the metabolism of ammonia and its elimination via the Krebs urea cycle. Hemodialysis7is effective in clearing the blood of ammonia, but the technique is

Methylbenzethonium chloride in the care of skin of infants and children.

Diaper rash (ammonia dermatitis) has been demonstrated to be caused by urea-splitting organisms which act on the urine to produce ammonia. 1 Several antiseptics have been reported to be effective against these bacteria. The reports * that poisoning of infants occurred by transcutaneous absorption of boric acid used as an ointment or powder on areas of diaper rash stimulated us to make a further selective evaluation of the toxicity and efficacy of the antiseptic methylbenzethonium chloride in controlling diaper rash and intertrigo. Available commercially,† the antiseptic was studied in the form of a dusting powder‡ and in an ointment.§ GENERAL PLAN OF STUDY Methylbenzethonium chloride diaper rinse and the ointment were already patch-tested and reported on.∥ The following plan of study was therefore adopted. Bacteriological studies against urea-splitting organisms of corn starch and 1: 1800 methylbenzethonium chloride applied as a dusting powder. Sensitivity studies of dusting powder applied to

Recurrence following operations for upper urinary tract stone.

SUMMARY 1 The incidence of recurrence following operative treatment of upper urinary tract stone has been investigated in 216 out of 345 patients subjected to operation during the years 1915 to 1950. These patients all attended for interview followed by X-ray and urine examination. No case is included in which operation took place less than two years ago. 2 Possible aetiological factors are detailed, as well as the side, sex, and age incidence for the entire series of 345 cases. There is evidence of an earlier onset of lithiasis in males. 3 Recurrence has been graded as “mild” and “severe,” depending on whether or not secondary operation has been necessary. “False” recurrences, i.e., stones overlooked at operation, are included, but their incidence is not accurately known. Recurrence figures for the various types of operation are:– Pyelolithotomy (100 cases): Mild recurrence, 20 per cent.; severe recurrence, 27 per cent. Nephrolithotomy (forty cases): Mild recurrence, 25 per cent.; severe recurrence, 37.5 per cent. Ureterolithotomy (forty-nine cases): Mild recurrence, 29 per cent.; severe recurrence, 8 per cent. Ureteric meatotomy (six cases): Mild recurrence, 17 per cent. Nephrectomy (forty-five cases): Contralateral recurrence, 11.1 per cent. The total recurrence following 240 operations of all types (including nephrectomy) is 40 per cent. Following 195 conservative operations the recurrence rate is 46.7 per cent. 4 Less than half the recurrences actively sought advice for relief of symptoms and would have been missed by questionnaire follow-up. 5 Reasons are presented for the high recurrence rate, the principal factor being the strict standards observed in the investigation. 6 Comparison of recurrence in the decades 1930 to 1940 and 1940 to 1950 shows a reduction of 11 per cent. in the latter, from 47 to 36 per cent. 7 Recurrence is twice as common in males (54.3 per cent.) as in females (21.8 per cent.). 8 Contralateral recurrence is almost as common after nephrectomy (11.1 per cent.) as after conservative operations (12.3 per cent.). 9 Of the eighty-nine recurrent cases twenty-five (28 per cent.) were detected within two years, fifty-two (58.4 per cent.) within five years, and seventy-eight (87.6 per cent.) within ten years of operation. 10 Whether the stones were single or multiple seems to bear no constant relationship to the incidence of recurrence. 11 Urinary infection and recurrence are closely related. Of those patients with sterile urine before operation only 13 per cent. had a recurrence compared with 64.5 per cent, of those with infected urine. In this series B. coli was the commonest organism, and the urea-splitting organisms did not appear to be as important as usual. 12 The incidence of hyperparathyroidism is low (2.7 per cent.). 13 The management of recurrent cases is discussed and measures are suggested for avoiding recurrence. Conservatism in this field appears to be completely justified and an increasingly important place has been found for partial nephrectomy. 14 Regular follow-up of these cases is essential. 15 The various operations for upper urinary tract stone treat the effect not the cause. Recurrence may be lessened by the various measures mentioned but will continue until more is known of the underlying aetiology.

Experimental Production of Kidney Stones With Urea-Splitting Organisms

Experimental Production of Kidney Stones With Urea-Splitting Organisms

A New Medium for the Detection of Urea-splitting Organisms

A New Medium for the Detection of Urea-splitting Organisms

Influence of Carbohydrates on Bacterial Decomposition of Urea

Since Pasteur ' had observed that urine is subject to bacterial decomposition, a number of investigators studied, from different angles, the disintegration of urea by microorganisms. That urea is broken up into ammonia and carbon dioxide by bacteria was described by Schnitzler.2 Brodmeier 3 stated that glucose added to the medium prevented the liberation, by B. proteus, of ammonia from urea. According to Laschina 4 no increased urea decomposition could be demonstrated when the culture of B. pasteuri was brought within the field of a solenoid, even if MgSO4 and K2 HPO4 were added to the culture, as recommended by Jaksch.s Gellinger 6 reported that, of his 72 cultures of urea-splitting organisms obtained from soil and manure, four were able to decompose urea in the absence of oxygen. Jacoby 7 observed that glucose added to the urea solution accelerated the decomposition of urea by the proteus bacillus. 8 also investigated influences of various substances on the urea-splitting action of the organism, and found that the decomposition was increased markedly by dextrose, d-galactose, glycerol, d, 1-glyceric aldehyde, dioxyacetone, pyruvic acid and lactic acid, moderately by d-fructose, d-arabinose and 1-arabinose, and very slightly by d-mannose, d-sorbose, rhamnose, heptose, saccharose, lactose, raffinose, alpha-methyl glucoside, beta-methyl glucoside, mannitol, dulcitol, sorbitol, erythritol, inositol and prophyl alcohol. Jacoby also obtained a dried preparation of the bacillus, of which urease could be preserved for a long time and was active in the presence of toluol. He stated that leucine was necessary for the formation of bacterial urease but had no effect upon its activity, since the amino acid did not increase the urea decomposition of the dried preparation while it accelerated the urea-splitting action of the organism when added to the culture medium. Hen further stated that it was necessary to have leucine in the culture medium for the production of urease by B. coli as well as by B. proteus, but, on the other hand, the addition of leucine to the medium containing glucose inhibited the fermentation of the carbohydrate by the bacteria. Takahata 12 found that the optimum reaction of Sarensen's solution for the ureadecomposition of the proteus bacillus was PH 7.0 and that urease was extracted