Application Of Urea Fertilizer Research Articles

Effect of Microbial Fuel Cell, fertilizer, and plant spacing on nitrogen dynamics in paddy soil

<p>Nitrogen is one of the primary nutrients required for growing rice. Still, the efficiency of urea fertilizer application is very low (20-40%) due to the nitrogen loss process, one of which is denitrification. This study aims to determine the effects of combining Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC), plant spacing, and fertilization on nitrogen dynamics in paddy fields. The combination of treatments are expected to reduce the nitrogen loss in paddy fields, and plants can absorb it efficiently. A total of six treatments included Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) (2 levels: without MFC and with MFC), plant spacing (2 levels: conventional spacing 25 cm × 25 cm and <em>jajar legowo</em> spacing 25 cm × 12.5 cm × 50 cm), and fertilization (2 levels: without fertilizer and with 500 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> of NPK fertilizer), with three replications for each combination. The observed parameters included total soil nitrogen, nitrate, nitrogen uptake, chlorophyll, nitrogen-fixing and denitrifying bacteria, and N<sub>2</sub>O gas emissions. The results showed that combining MFC, conventional spacing, and NPK fertilizer in the paddy fields resulted in a high total soil nitrogen (0.44%). The results showed different effects on total soil nitrogen in the MFC and fertilization treatments, leading to increased nitrate levels, nutrient uptake, and chlorophyll. Increasing total soil nitrogen significantly contributes to leaf development and significantly aids photosynthesis. The integration of MFC and fertilization observed in this study resulted in a real impact on nitrogen dynamics in paddy fields. This combined treatment effectively reduces total nitrogen loss due to denitrification in paddy fields, thereby increasing the efficiency of uptake by plants.</p>

Response of spring rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties to different nitrogen application methods at Nawalparasi West, Nepal

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation necessitates an adequate supply of nitrogen to achieve optimal growth and yield. This study, conducted in Nawalparasi West from February to June 2023, aimed to assess the effects of nitrogen management through a foliar spray of nano urea, compared to need-based nitrogen management using the Leaf Color Chart (LCC) and the Recommended Dose of urea Fertilizer (RDF) application. The experiment followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, incorporating four nitrogen management levels (Control, RDF through urea fertilizer (120 kg/ha), 25% of RDF through basal urea (30 kg/ha) + nano urea, and 25% of RDF through basal urea (30 kg/ha) + (LCC) and two rice varieties (Chaite-5 and Hardinath-1). The results indicated that the LCC-based treatment produced the highest grain yield at 5.18 mt/ha, statistically similar to the yield of the nano urea-based treatment (5.04 mt/ha). The enhanced yields were attributed to more effective tillers per m² (260.17 tillers/m² and 253.17 tillers/m², respectively), longer panicle length (28.12 cm and 25.99 cm), more filled grains per panicle (210.03 and 215.73), and lower sterility percentage (24.93% and 26.95%). Despite comparable yields, nano urea application proved to be more cost-effective [97,926.10 Nepalese Rupees (NRs)] with a higher benefit-cost ratio (1.78) and greater ease of application for farmers compared to the LCC. Varietal responses varied, with Hardinath-1 exhibiting the highest yield with LCC-based nitrogen application (5.37 mt/ha), and Chaite-5 demonstrating the highest yield (4.778 mt/ha); with nano urea-based nitrogen application (5.31 mt/ha). Chaite-5 displayed a greater effective number of tillers per m² (241.42 tillers/m²) and filled grains per panicle (224.56). Consequently, it is suggested that nano urea-based nitrogen application, particularly in conjunction with a variety of Chaite-5, holds the potential for improved productivity.

The causal-effect model of input factor allocation on maize production: Using binary logistic regression in search for ways to be more productive

This study delved into the impact of input factor allocation on maize production, seeking to identify strategies for enhancing productivity. The primary data for this study were collected from maize farmer households and analyzed using the binary logistic regression model (BLRM). Consequently, the simultaneous examination of the twelve independent variables using the BLRM yielded a noteworthy impact on maize production. Meanwhile, five of the twelve variables examined in part revealed a significant and positive impact on maize production. The variables that demonstrated statistically significant positive relationships consisted of land area, labor, urea fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, and labor. Then, seed application and NPK fertilizer variables had a negative and significant influence, whereas the other variables did not. The results of this study indicate that some production factors employed by farmers significantly affected maize yield. This information may be used to develop a practical strategy for enhancing productivity in maize farming. Some practical implications in immediately oriented recommended: the expansion of maize farming area managed by farmers and the increase in the volume of application of urea fertilizers, insecticides, and herbicides, as well as the increase in the number of workers in maize farming, are expected to encourage an increase in maize production. The results of this research also contribute to the existing knowledge by providing empirical evidence that clarifies the positive and significant impact of various production inputs, which include land area, urea fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, and labor, on maize production and productivity. It also supports the objective of promoting more efficient farming practices.

Nitrogen fertilizer source, rate, placement, and application timing effect on sorghum (grain and forage) and corn grain yields

AbstractIdentifying the limiting nutrient, fertilizer source, rate, placement, additives, and timing of application are critical components of fertilizer management. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact of nitrogen (N) fertilizer source, rate, placement method, additives, application timing, and environment on yields of grain sorghum, forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and corn (for grain, Zea mays L.). Independent field experiments were conducted at 13 different environments in Kansas from 2008 through 2013 on grain sorghum, forage sorghum, and corn. Treatments were an incomplete factorial combination of four fertilizer placement methods, three fertilizer types, five fertilizer additives, three fertilizer application times, and six fertilizer rates that varied by location and across years. Results showed grain and forage sorghum yields responded to N fertilizer in environments that were not extremely dry (<136 mm) or wet (>651 mm). Corn responded to N fertilizer application only in high‐precipitation environments. For grain sorghum, where rate × placement × source × additive interaction was significant, broadcast application of urea (source) at high rates (67–134 kg N ha−1), with summer application timing, or with additive in winter (with environmentally smart nitrogen [ESN]) resulted in up to 43% greater yield compared with application of urea‐ammonium nitrate (UAN; source) and surface band (placement) at 67 kg ha−1 without additives. In the one site‐year where forage sorghum responded to fertilizer application, forage yields with preplant application of UAN at 56–140 kg ha−1 were 164% greater than the control. For corn, application of either urea or UAN fertilizer, UAN in coulter or surface band, with ESN blend, applied at planting, and at highest rates (160 kg ha−1) resulted in best yields compared with the alternatives and 110% greater yield compared with the unfertilized control. We concluded that fertilizer rate is an important management component as it consistently affected yield regardless of crop considered. Fertilizer placement and timing have crop‐specific importance as they were significant for only corn, but the main effect of additives (N stabilizers) was not significant for any of the crops. Environment and crop type influenced crop response to N fertilizer rate, timing, placement, and additives.

KAJIAN PEMBERIAN PUPUK UREA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN SORGUM DI LAHAN RAWA LEBAK

The research aims to determine the effect of urea fertilizer on the growth and yield of sorghum plants in lowland swampland. The method used in this research is RAL. The factor given is urea fertilizer which consists of 4 treatment levels, namely n0 = (control), n1 = (100 urea kg per ha), n2 = (200 urea kg per ha), and n3 = (300 urea kg per ha) . The results of the research showed that the application of Urea fertilizer at a rate of 300 kg ha-1 showed growth (plant height (7-9 WAP), yield components (length of fruiting panicle bunches, number of seeds per planting, weight of seeds per planting and weight of 1000 seeds) and yield (weight of seeds per hectare ) higher than when applying urea at a rate of 200 kg per ha, 100 kg per ha and without applying urea fertilizer (0 kg per ha).

Cultivation of Green Mustard Greens (Brassica juncea L.) on Marginal Land

The research aims to determine the type of fertilizer and watering intensity that can provide optimal and effective growth and production of green mustard greens. The study was conducted in the Greenhouse of the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Lampung. It utilized a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) arranged in a factorial 2 x 3 with three replications. The first factor was the application of fertilizer types, consisting of urea and ghally organic fertilizer. The second factor was the application of watering intensity, which included three levels (watering once a day, every two days, and every three days). The study used sand as the planting medium. The results showed that, in general, the treatment of watering once a day and the application of urea fertilizer provided optimum results in the growth and development of green mustard greens. Meanwhile, the application of ghally organic fertilizer was more efficient in terms of water consumption for green mustard greens. Keywords: Fertilizer Type, Green Mustard Greens, Marginal Land, Sand, Watering Intensity

Eco-friendly cellulose hydrogels as controlled release fertilizer for enhanced growth and yield of upland rice

The effect of urea-loaded cellulose hydrogel, a controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) on growth and yield of upland rice were investigated in upland rice. As with the initial research, nitrogen (N) treatments were applied as CRF treatments; T2H (30 kg N ha−1), T3H (60 kg N ha−1), T4H (90 kg N ha−1), T5H (120 kg N ha−1) and recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) at 120 kg N ha−1 RDF (T6U) in split application and T1 (0 N) as control. Results from this study indicated that applying CRF at the optimum N rate, T4H resulted in maximum grain yield, increasing by 71%. The analysis of yield components revealed that higher grain yield in T4H CRF was associated with an increase in panicle number and number of grains per panicle. Maximum grain N uptake of 0.25 g kg−1 was also observed in T4H CRF. In addition, T4H CRF recorded the highest harvest index (HI) and N harvest index (NHI) of 45.5% and 67.9%, respectively. Application of T4H CRF also recorded the highest N use efficiency (NUE) and N agronomic efficiency (NAE), 52.6% and 12.8 kg kg−1, respectively. Observations show that CRF with only 75% N applied (T4H) in soil improved grain yield when compared to CRF with 100% N and 100% RDF in farmers’ conventional split application. This suggested that CRF with a moderate N application might produce the highest potential yield and improved N efficiencies while enhancing crop production and further increase in N supply did not increase yield and N efficiencies. The results suggest that the application of T4H CRF for upland rice would enhance HI, N efficiencies and improve the yield of upland rice. Also, all growth parameters and yield were positively influenced by the application of CRF as a basal dose compared to split application of conventional urea fertilizers.

Volatilization or Recovery of Fairway Foliar Nitrogen Fertilizer via Time and Spray Oil Inclusion

Nitrogen (N) is the essential plant nutrient needed by turfgrass in the greatest quantity. Urea and urea-based liquids are arguably the safest, least expensive, and subsequently most popular soluble N fertilizers. Unfortunately, urea fertilizer application to turfgrass is often subject to NH3 volatilization: a deleterious phenomenon from both environmental and agronomic perspectives. The objective of this research was to quantify the efficacy of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) golf course fairway foliar fertilization by urea-based N fertilizers as influenced by a petroleum-derived spray oil (PDSO) containing Cu II phthalocyanine colorant (Civitas Turf DefenseTM Pre-M1xed, Intelligro LLC, Mississauga, ON, Canada). In 2019 and 2020, a maintained creeping bentgrass fairway received semimonthly 9.76 kg ha–1 soluble N treatment either alone or in combination with Civitas at a rate of 27 L ha–1. In the 48 h following foliar application, fertilizer N loss as NH3 ranged from 1.3 to 5.5% and corresponded directly to fertilizer urea content but not Civitas inclusion. In the 1 to 14 d following semimonthly treatment, Civitas had either a beneficial (methylol urea and UAN) or negligible (urea) effect on canopy mean dark green color index. Once cumulative N inputs exceeded 47 kg ha–1, creeping bentgrass fairway shoot growth and N nutrition were consistently increased by Civitas complementation of commercial liquid N fertilizer. Over the 2-yr study, absolute mean percent fertilizer N recovery from plots treated by Civitas-complemented foliar liquid N treatment exceeded their ’N only’ counterparts by 8.7%.

Impact of foliar applied nano-urea on growth, productivity and profitability of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)

In lowland rice cultivation, the application of conventional urea fertilizer provides low N to rice plants and exhibits low N use efficiency (~ 30%) due to greater loss of N. Hence the present study hypothesized that nano-urea spray could fulfil N requirement of rice plants and thereby produce high yields. So, a field experiment was conducted on hybrid rice (cv. Arize-6444 Gold) at Regional Research Sub-Station, BCKV, Chakdaha, Nadia under new alluvial zone (NAZ) of West Bengal during winter (rabi) season of 2021-22 to assess the effect of nano-urea on growth attributes, yield components, yield, nutrient uptake and economics of hybrid rice.The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six treatments [T1:100% RDN i.e. 150 kg ha-1 through urea, T2:100% N(Urea) + 2 foliar spray of nano-urea, T3:75% N (Urea) + 2 foliar spray of nano-urea, T4:50% N(Urea) + 2 foliar spray of nano-urea, T5:125% N (Urea) + 2 foliar spray of nano-urea, T6:Control], each replicated four times. All the treatments were consisted of a uniform recommended dose of 100% P and K (each of 80 kg ha-1) supplied through SSP and MOP, respectively, except for T6 (control). In each treatment, foliar spray was done with IFFCO nano-urea @ 4ml litre-1 of water twice at active tillering stage and panicle initiation stage. Results of the present experiment revealed that growth parameters of tested hybrid rice namely plant height, LAI, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate registered better result under treatment T2 than other treatments. As expected, the above-mentioned growth attributes were lowest on receiving T6 treatment at almost all dates of observation. Among yield attributes of hybrid rice, number of panicles m-2(392), panicle length (32.46 cm) and panicle weight (5.58 g) were highest with treatment T5, while filled grains panicle-1(194) and 1000-grain weight (24.18 g) were maximum for T2 treatment. Highest grain yield (7.15 t ha-1) and HI (50.71%) of hybrid rice were obtained with T2 treatment, while the highest straw yield (7.20 t ha-1) was obtained with T5 treatment. The treatment T2 resulted in highest grain N (1.48%) and K (0.21%) content. Total cost of cultivation was highest in T5 (Rs. 77712 ha-1), but net return (Rs. 43720 ha-1) as well as B:C ratio (1.57) was highest for T2 treatment. Hence, the application of 100% RDN in conjunction with nano-urea spray twice at 25 and 50 DAT has been effective for higher productivity and profitability of hybrid rice cultivation.

Biofortification of upland rice using selenium-enriched urea: Evaluation of potential genotypes

This objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of upland rice genotypes to absorb selenium (Se) in the form of selenate (SeVI) and translocate it to grain using Se-enriched urea in topdressing fertilizer and to investigate its effects on the agronomic attributes of rice. For this, twenty upland rice genotypes were evaluated in a split-plot design in two areas, where each experimental plot was divided into subplots. One subplot was treated with application of Se-enriched urea (80 g of Se ha-1), while the other subplot was used as a control treatment and fertilized normally with urea. The evaluated traits were plant height, thousand grain weight, hulling yield, whole grain milling yield, grain yield, Se content, and intake in the polished grain. The results suggest that the application of Se-enriched urea increased the whole grain milling yield of rice in both areas. Genetic variability was among the upland rice genotypes in terms of their ability to increase Se in the grain when Se-enriched urea was applied, with all genotypes biofortified and a maximum Se content of 2.30 mg kg-1 in the grain. These results indicate that it is possible to increase the Se content in rice grains by application of Se-enriched urea fertilizer. This increase in Se content results to a higher daily intake of Se (µg person-1 day-1). This strategy could help to minimize the deficiency of this nutrient in the population, particularly in regions where Se is not very representative in cultivated soils.

The Effects of Long-Term Application of Stabilized and Coated Urea on Soil Chemical Properties, Microbial Community Structure, and Functional Genes in Paddy Fields

The addition of fertilizers is indispensable in agricultural production, and currently, there is a wide variety of new types of fertilizers available. For example, commonly used are stabilized fertilizers with inhibitors and coated slow-release fertilizers, among others. However, the long-term effects of these fertilizers, when applied continuously are still uncertain. This study will provide scientific and theoretical support for the development and promotion of these fertilizers. A 16-year paddy field with brown soil treated with different urease and nitrification inhibitors, sulfur-coated urea (SCU), and resin-coated urea (PCU) was studied. The study showed that long-term use of conventional urea nitrogen fertilizer resulted in a significant reduction in soil total phosphorus (TP). Long-term application of NBPT and conventional urea significantly increased soil organic matter (SOM). Moreover, except for HQ and NBPT+DMPP, the prolonged application of new urea fertilizers also significantly enhanced soil total potassium (TK). Application of SCU fertilizer in brown soil type paddy fields resulted in a significant decrease in soil pH over time. However, changes in pH had no effect on the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), as AOB was mainly affected by soil-available N. DMPP, HQ+DCD, NBPT+DMPP, SCU, and PCU significantly reduced the 16S rRNA gene copy number of soil bacteria, with the greatest effect of coated urea fertilizer (SCU and PCU). Long-term application of stable urea fertilizer with HQ significantly reduced the bacterial community in paddy soil. Conversely, HQ+DCD-stabilizede urea fertilizer significantly increased the population structure and abundance of Basidiomycota fungi while decreasing the population structure and abundance of Rozellomycota fungi. DMPP-stabilized urea fertilizer notably increased the population structure and abundance of Ascomycota fungi while decreasing the population structure and abundance of Rozellomycota and Chytridiomycota fungi. Furthermore, HQ-stabilized urea fertilizer significantly reduced the population structure and abundance of Chytridiomycota fungi.

Growth responsse of cacao seeds (Theobroma cacao L.) to the application of urea fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer of gamal leaves

Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian dosis pupuk Urea dan dosis pupuk organik cair daun gamal serta interaksi kedua perlakuan terhadap pertumbuhan bibit kakao (Theobroma cacao L.). Waktu penelitian dilaksanakan selama 3 bulan, terhitung mulai dari bulan Mei sampai dengan bulan Agustus 2021. Tempat penelitian di Kebun Percobaan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Widya Gama Mahakam Samarinda.
 Metode penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan percobaan faktorial 4 x 4 yang terdiri dari 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah Pupuk Urea (U) yang terdiri dari 4 taraf yaitu U0 (kontrol), U1 (3 g/polybag), U2 (6 g/polybag), U3 (9 g/polybag). Faktor kedua adalah POC Daun Gamal (G) yang terdiri dari 4 taraf yaitu G0 (kontrol), G1 (200 ml/polybag), G2 (250 ml/polybag), G3 (300 ml/polybag).
 Variabel pengamatan yaitu tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun dan diameter batang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa dosis pupuk Urea dan POC daun gamal berpengaruh nyata pada interaksi U2G3 (6 g dan 300 ml/polybag) untuk parameter tinggi tanaman dan pada interaksi U3G3 (9 g dan 300 ml/polybag) memberikan pengaruh sangat nyata terhadap parameter jumlah daun dan diameter batang.
 
 Kata Kunci : Gliricidia, Urea, Theobroma

Measurement of grass uptake of the urease inhibitor NBPT and of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide co-applied with granular urea.

Grass uptake and phytoaccumulation factors of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and dicyandiamide (DCD) were quantified. Following the application of urea fertilizer treated with the inhibitors in Irish grassland, grass samples were collected at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30day time intervals following five application cycles. Uptake of NBPT by grass was below the limit of quantitation of the analytical method (0.010mg NBPT kg-1). Dicyandiamide concentrations in grass ranged from 0.004 to 28mgkg-1 with the highest concentrations measured on days 5 and 10. A reducing trend in concentration was found after day 15. The DCD phytoaccumulation factor was ranged from 0.004% to 1.1% showing that DCD can be taken up by grass at low levels when co-applied with granular urea. In contrast, NBPT was not detected indicating that grass uptake is unlikely when co-applied with granular urea fertilizer. The contrasting results are likely due to very different longevity of DCD and NBPT along with the much lower rate of NBPT, which is used compared with DCD.

Nutritional properties of underutilized legumes and intercropped maize

Over the years, intercropping which is majorly carried out on legumes and cereal has been practiced to maximize the utilization of land resources and increase the productivity over a piece of land. Most studies on intercropping focus on the yield and yield parameters, leaving out other important aspects such as the nutritional value of the harvested crops. Underutilized legumes are crops which have very scanty information available on them which reduces their general acceptability and utilization. The effects of intercropping on the nutrient status of underutilized legumes and maize in an intercropping system are not well understood. Therefore, the objective of the research was to assess the effect of intercropping on the nutrient and antinutrient parameters of African Yam Bean (AYB), and Winged bean (WB) when monocropped and when intercropped with maize. Hence, this research sought to answer the following questions: (i) does intercropping with maize affect the nutrient and anti-nutrient properties of AYB and WB (ii) does intercropping with AYB and WB and the application of urea fertilizer affect the nutrient and anti-nutrient properties of maize. Five accessions each of AYB and WB were separately intercropped with two accessions of maize. The research was carried out on the research field of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. The field was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design in triplicates. The treatment consisted of sole and intercropped legumes and maize as well as maize planted with urea fertilizer. The result from the research revealed that intercropping had effects on the nutrient and anti-nutrient properties of AYB, WB and maize, even though each accession responded differently to the intercropping. For instance, in the legumes, intercropping with M2 led to a reduction in the moisture content of AYB accessions TSs4, TSs30, and TSs77, and an increase in the moisture content in winged bean accession Tpt51. Equally, a reduction in the protein content of African yam bean accessions TSs4 and 101 when intercropped with both maize accessions was observed (P ≤ 0.05). On the other hand, an increase was observed in the protein content of AYB accession TSs30 (intercropped with M2), as well as WB accession 15-4 (intercropped with M2) and Tpt51 (intercropped with M1). A reduced tannin content was observed in WB accession Tpt12 intercropped with both maize accessions, while an increased the tannin content was observed in AYB accessions TSs4, TSs101, and WB accessions 15-4, and Tpt32 when intercropped with both maize accessions (P ≤ 0.05). Finally, intercropping increased the fat content in both maize accessions, increased the tryptophan content of M1 when intercropped with Tpt32, and increased the carbohydrate content in M1 intercropped with Tpt51. In conclusion, the results from this experiment revealed that intercropping affected the nutritional and antinutritional properties of the maize and legumes. Of all the Accessions of the underutilized legumes used, AYB accession TSs30 responded better to intercropping by having a better nutritional value (an increased ash, protein, fat and carbohydrate contents as well as a reduced moisture content); it is therefore necessary to further explore this accession to ensure that the potentials embedded in itis maximally tapped into to enhance food security.

Productivity of Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) Influenced by Urea Fertilizer Rates and Harvest Ages in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) is leguminous species that contain high nutritional values. This study aimed to determine the effect of the rate of urea fertilizer and harvest age on the productivity of butterfly pea forage. This research used a split-plot design consisting of urea rates (0, 100, and 200 kg/ha) and harvest ages (30, 45, and 60 days after planting or DAP) with three replications. The variables observed were morphological growth (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and number of branches), and productivity of forage biomass (fresh weight, dry weight, and crude protein). The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and the means were separated by using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The interaction between fertilizer rates and harvest ages was shown (p<0.05) on stem diameter, number of leaves, number of branches, and fresh weight of butterfly pea. The increased rates of fertilizer and harvest ages significantly affected (p<0.05) in the morphological growth and productivity of butterfly pea biomass. The application of urea fertilizer increased plant length from 10.59 to 17.16%, stem diameter from 12.12 to 24.24%, number of leaves from 15.40 to 28.20%, and number of branches from 81.82 to 190.91% compared to control. It was concluded that the morphological growth and productivity of forage biomass increased with fertilizer rates and harvest ages. Treatment of 200 kg/ha urea and harvest age of 60 DAP produced the highest morphological and productivity.

Fertilization can modify the enantioselective persistence of penthiopyrad in relation to the co-influence on soil ecological health

Penthiopyrad is a widely used chiral fungicide for controlling rust and Rhizoctonia diseases. Development of optically pure monomers is an important strategy to realize amount reduction and increment effects of penthiopyrad, wherein, fertilizers as the co-exiting nutrient supplement may alter the enantioselective residues of penthiopyrad in soil. In our study, influences of urea, phosphate, potash, NPK compound, organic granular, vermicompost and soya bean cake fertilizers on enantioselective persistence of penthiopyrad were fully evaluated. This study demonstrated that R-(−)-penthiopyrad dissipated faster than S-(+)-penthiopyrad during 120 days. High pH, available nitrogen, invertase activities and reduced available phosphorus, dehydrogenase, urease, catalase activities were situated to benefit removing the concentrations of penthiopyrad and weakening enantioselectivity in soil. With respect to the impact of different fertilizers on soil ecological indicators, vermicompost contributed to enhanced pH. Urea and compound fertilizer played an absolute advantage in promoting available nitrogen. All fertilizers didn't go against available phosphorus. Dehydrogenase responded negatively to phosphate, potash and organic fertilizers. Urea increased invertase, besides, it and compound fertilizer both diminished urease activity. The catalase activity was not activated by organic fertilizer. Based on all the findings, soil application of urea and phosphate fertilizers was recommended and considered as a better option to exhibit high efficiency for the dissipation of penthiopyrad. The combined environmental safety estimation can effectively guide the treatment of fertilization soils in line with the nutrition requirements and pollution regulation from penthiopyrad.

Aplikasi Pupuk Urea Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Kangkung Darat (Ipomoea reptans Poir)

The application of fertilization sourced from inorganic fertilizers is still not much done. Moreover, to determine the efficiency (profitable) and effectiveness (effectiveness) of the use of these fertilizers on vegetable crops, including kale. For this reason, it is necessary to study further the use of inorganic fertilizers. The aim of the study was to determine the application of Urea fertilizer on the growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir). This research method used a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of seven (7) doses of urea fertilizer with three (3) replicates and two (2) sample plants. The placement of the urea fertilizer dose treatment in the experimental plots was carried out randomly. The results of the research on the treatment of giving a dose of 150 kg/ha of urea fertilizer resulted in maximum growth and yield of land spinach plants.
 
 
 

Monitoring of plant-induced electrical signal of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) according to urea fertilizer application

Plant-induced electrical signals (PIES) can be non-destructively monitored by inserting electrodes into plant stems, which reflect plant nutrient and water uptake. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of pepper plants with different urea applications (low fertilizer: N0, Control: N1, and high fertilizer: N2) in soil by monitoring PIES. The PIES value was found to be low in the low urea treatment group while the two times higher urea applied pepper had the highest PIES value. The nutritional content of the stem, leaves and soil did not correlate with PIES because of dilution effect by high biomass with high urea application, but principal component analysis showed that the PIES was positively associated with pepper biomass and soil EC. The high fertilizer did not affect chlorophyll and proline contents in pepper leaves. The assessment of plant growth by PIES has advantages because non-destructive, real time and remote monitoring is possible. Therefore, PIES monitoring of different plants grown under various cultivation environments is useful method to evaluate plant activity and growth.

Estimation of Greenhouse Gases in The Agricultural Sector at Rice land of The Central of Food Production Zones in Merauke Regency

Merauke Regency is the main rice-producing center in the southern region of Papua and the largest rice contributor for the provinces of South Papua and Papua, with 55,674.75 hectares of paddy field area, 76 percent (42,387 hectares) of which located in three districts, namely Kurik, Semangga and Tanah Miring District. This study aims to inventory and estimate Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and scenarios for reducing GHG emissions in order to find the mitigation and adaptation methods. The sources of GHG emissions include CH4, CO2, and N2O. The data used for GHG estimation in the paddy field agricultural sector comes from primary and secondary data. The data analysis to determine the value of potential GHG emissions generated by the 2006 IPCC calculation method, based on the guidelines for GHG Calculation of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia. The analysis results shows that the total value of potential emissions (CH4 ) from the management of paddy fields produces 9,35 Gg CO2eq/year (264,5 Emisi CO2 e/tahun (Gg) CO2eq/year. The total potential value of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) emissions from the application of urea fertilizer on paddy fields produces 4.10 Gg CO2eq/year. Meanwhile, the total potential value of direct and indirect nitrous oxide gas (N2O) from soil management activities in paddy fields produces 39,15 and Emissions from incinerated straw 0,295 Gg CO2eq/year. Mitigation efforts can be applied by choosing the right and low emissions rice varieties, appropriate land and fertilizers management systems. Adaptation strategy can be carried out with innovative technology, namely a development system in the form of an integrated land management system.

Yield response of African leafy vegetables to combined manure and urea microdosing in West Africa

Description of the subject. Fertilizers microdosing was tested for African leafy vegetables (ALVs) production to reduce the high rates of fertilizers usually applied to their production in West Africa. Objectives. This study aims to (i) evaluate the response of three ALVs (Amaranthus cruentus L., Solanum macrocarpon L. and Ocimum gratissimum L.) to cattle manure combined with urea-N microdosing and application timing and (ii) assess their partial factor productivity. Method. On-station trials were carried out over three growing seasons (2015 to 2017) in Northern Benin. Urea-N rates of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 kg urea-N·ha-1 combined with 5 t·ha-1 of cattle manure (M5N0, M5N10, M5N20, M5N30, M5N40 and M5N60, respectively) and sole application as control (40 (M0N40) and 80 kg urea-N·ha-1 (M0N80)) and two urea-N application timings (T1 = 0 and T2 = 14 days after transplanting) were tested in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results. The M5N60 treatment resulted in the highest A. cruentus fresh yield and improved leaf yield by 90 and 151% compared to M5N0, and the average of the two no-manure input treatments M0N40 and M0N80, respectively, while M5N40 treatment improved S. macrocarpon fresh yield the best by 23% compared to M5N0. For O. gratissimum, no significant difference was found between urea-N microdose rates. Besides, urea fertilizer application timing affected neither fresh yields nor partial factor productivity for any studied ALVs species. Conclusions. Reduced combination of urea-N and cattle manure is a promising nutrient management practice for ALVs production in West Africa as it improved yields while saving fertilizer for smallholder vegetable farmers.