Urdu Research Articles

Common practices of Speech and language pathologists about partner oriented training to treat aphasia

Objective: To find the common practices among speech language pathologists regarding partner-oriented training for aphasic patients. Method: The exploratory, qualitative study was conducted at Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan, from March 1 to May 31, 2021, and comprised speech language pathologists working with aphasiac patients for at least 5 years in Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad. Data was collected using a structured interview guide that were conducted online. The recorded interviews were transcribed, and the data was subjected to thematic analysis. Result: Of the 10 subjects, 6(60%) were females and 4(40%) were males. Overall, 6(60%) subjects had professional experience of >10 years. Thematic analysis showed that most of the speech language pathologists used traditional approaches for aphasia treatment, and counselling of patient’s caregiver was done. However, there was no formal tool in Urdu language to provide basic communication strategies for the patient’s caregivers or their communication partners. The participants recommended efforts to develop such a tool. Conclusion: There was found a dire need of communication partner training (CPT) programme for aphasia patients and their significant others with appropriate linguistic and cultural norms to facilitate them with the aim of improving their quality of life. Key Words: Aphasia, Quality of life, Speech therapies, Acquired communication disorder, Partner communication.

Identifying developmental language disorder (DLD) in multilingual children: A case study tutorial

Purpose A long-standing issue in identifying developmental language disorder (DLD) in multilingual children is differentiating between effects of language experience and genuine impairment when clinicians often lack suitable norm-referenced assessments. In this tutorial we demonstrate, via a case study, that it is feasible to identify DLD in a multilingual child using the CATALISE diagnostic criteria, Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings (LITMUS) assessment tools, and telepractice. Method This tutorial features a case study of one 6-year-old Urdu-Cantonese multilingual ethnic minority child, and seven age- and grade-matched multilinguals. They were tested via Zoom using Urdu versions of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN), the Crosslinguistic Lexical Task (LITMUS-CLT), the Crosslinguistic Nonword Repetition Test (LITMUS-CL-NWR), and the Sentence Repetition Task (LITMUS-SRep). Result The child scored significantly lower in the LITMUS tests compared to her peers in her best/first language of Urdu. Together with the presence of negative functional impact and poor prognostic features, and absence of associated biomedical conditions, the findings suggest this participant could be identified as having DLD using the CATALISE diagnostic criteria. Conclusion The result demonstrates the promise of this approach to collect reference data and identify DLD in multilingual children. The online LITMUS battery has the potential to support identification of multilingual DLD in any target language.

Tran slation , cultural adap tation an d psycho metric anal ysis of U rd u ver sion of Vic torian; institu te of sp or ts ass es sme nt: Achill es quest i onnaire fo r athletes with achilles tendinopathy.

To translate, culturally adapt and psychometrically analyse the Urdu version of the Victorian Institute of Spor t Assessment-Achilles questionnaire. The cross-sec tional study was conducted at the Pak istan Sports Board, Lahore, Pakistan, from June 17, 2021, to February 15, 2022, and comprised patients with Achilles tendinopathy in group A and healthy controls in group B. Beaton's guidelines for cultural adaptation and validation for self-repor ted measures were followed to translate and validate the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles questionnaire in Urdu language. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. Of the 180 subjects with mean age 28.06±5.95 years, 125(69.6%) were males. There were 130(72.2%) patients in group A and 50(27.8%) controls in group B. The overall mean score of the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment- Achille s questionnaire was 55.99±25.43; group A 41.14±9.54 and group B 94.60±4.22. The Urdu version exhibited excellent internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha values 0.95, and excellent test-retest reliability (p<0.001). Absolute reliability was expressed by standard error of measurement 5.317 and minimal detectable change (6.38). Convergent validity demonstrated strong correlation with the physical domain (r=0.81) of the Urdu version of the World Health Organisation Quality of Life Brief Version. The Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles questionnaire could be utilised for assessing severity of Achilles tendinopathy among Urdu-speaking population for clinical as well as research purposes.

Translating and Validating PRISMA-7 Questionnaire in Urdu: A Screening Tool to Identify Frail Individuals.

Frailty is a condition in which the affected individual is more prone to both external and internal stressors and has a higher risk of succumbing to chronic diseases. The aim of this research was to translate and validate the PRISMA-7 questionnaire in the Urdu language. This is a validation study conducted in a hospital in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. PRISMA-7 Questionnaire was translated into Urdu language using forward and backward translations and was then piloted on a sample of 151 subjects, aged 60 and above, and validated by applying reliability and validity statistics. Amongst the sampling population, frailty was found to be 63.26%. All the items in the questionnaire were significantly different from each other, however, the correlation between each was found to be low. Cronbach's alpha was found to be 0.322. Urdu translated version of PRISMA-7 is not a valid and reliable tool for screening frailty in the elderly population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Key Words: Frailty, Validation, Translation, Frail elderly, Urdu.

Contrastive Analysis of Consonant Sounds: A Perspective of English and Urdu Languages

Contrastive Analysis of Consonant Sounds: A Perspective of English and Urdu Languages

Impact of Bilingualism on Speech Sound Disorder/ Articulatory and Phonological Disorders

Impact of Bilingualism on Speech Sound Disorder/ Articulatory and Phonological Disorders

An Analytical Evaluation of the Signification of ‘The Development of Metaphysics in Persia’ in the Advancement of Allama Muhammad Iqbal’s Theo-Philosophic Ideas

Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1038) is a versatile thinker of the modern Muslim world. Although he was born in Sub-Continent but his thought crossed all the barriers of color, creed, race and land. Syed Jamal Din Afghani (1838-1898) was the 1st person who set the foundation of the renaissance of the modern Muslim world. Iqbal preceded and accelerated Syed Jamal al Din Afghani’s movement of reformation with his sagacious approach in a new way with new dimensions. He used both the mediums ‘prose’ and ‘poetry’ to present his thought. His poetic work is in Persian and Urdu languages while his prose work is in English, Urdu and Persian. He was a theologian, philosopher, mystic poet and politician. His 1st research work is his doctoral dissertation under the title ‘The Development of Metaphysics in Persia’. This research work is the 1st outcome of his intellectual endeavors during his stay in Europe from 1905 to 1908 in England and Germany. A common viewpoint of Iqbal scholars about this research work of is that ‘it is outdated and has no value in Iqbal’s thought and literature now’. The last and final philosophical work of Allama Iqbal is under the title ‘The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam’. From 1st to final philosophical work there are many others his valuable books in poetry and prose. In this article our aim is to analyze the said views about his doctoral thesis and to find out the significance of his 1st philosophical work in the development of his thought.

ردو تفاسیر میں عقائد سے متعلق مباحث: ِبیان القرآن اورتفسیرنعیمی کا تقابلی جائزہ

Allah tala reviled a sacred book the holy Quran in consecutively into prophet PBUH without doubt. Quran leads humankind in every aspect of life it is claimed in Holly Quran and every claimed need reference. Different tafaseer of Quran claim of references, because human being objective is to spare his life according to Islam. Every spare of life Muslims with accordance to take benefits from tafaseer. Indo Pak Muslim not remained behind they showed their love in different ways, on this, The Qalam e elahi is on the surface because indo Pak Muslim language is Urdu. For this sake, a large number of tafaseer written in Urdu language. In Urdu language tafaseer Bayan ul Quran and tafseer e Naeemi retain fame. In these both obligation fiqh has been taken from Hanafi in tafaseer, both mufasreen also belonged to Hanafi sect instead of this, is difference between their opinions require attention

A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Taboo Words in Urdu Language Used by Males and Females of Lahore, Pakistan

A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Taboo Words in Urdu Language Used by Males and Females of Lahore, Pakistan

سید ریجھ علی شاھ کی شاعری میں قرآنی آیات کے استعمال کا تجزیہ

Syed Reejh Ali Shah stands out as one of Sindh's distinguished poets, embodying all the quintessential elements of poetic artistry within his works. His verses are not only profound but also meticulously crafted, often interwoven with Quranic excerpts. Shah's poetry conveys messages of peace, interlacing Prophetic teachings and Islamic narratives akin to precious pearls. Encountering Syed Reejh Ali Shah's compositions evokes a sensation akin to delving into the interpretations of the Holy Quran or its translations, fostering a profound sense of tranquility. Particularly, the younger generation is encouraged to explore his poetry to illuminate their paths. This article delves into an analysis of the Quranic verses elegantly embedded within Syed's poetic tapestry. Each verse is seamlessly integrated with its Arabic rendition, accompanied by translations in Urdu or Arabic, showcasing Shah's adeptness in Arabic, Urdu, and Sindhi languages.&#x0D; Syed Reejh Ali Shah's persona and poetic legacy draw parallels with Shah Abdul Latif's essence and literary oeuvre/work, as both luminaries ardently strive to impart a unified message. Their writings intricately weave themes of monotheism, prophet hood, the poignant narrative of Karbala, and Quranic allusions. While Shah's poetry boasts multifaceted dimensions warranting discourse, this article meticulously scrutinizes the Quranic verses meticulously enshrined within his verses, focusing solely on those instances where Quranic references are intertwined."

Constructive Journalism Approaches and Practices in Pakistani Urdu Print Media

The aims of the research and the results of the hypothesis about constructive journalism serve as the foundation for this section, which is based on a comparison of two reputable newspapers. The study design obtained secondary data by evaluating the stories of Jang and Express and applied a categorization scheme to operationalize constructive journalism frameworks and government development projects. Using this data cross-tabulation, descriptive statistics and chi-square analyses were applied through SPSS. The research shows that Jang is paying more attention to crucial issues in comparison with Express newspaper. Both of these newspapers show features of constructive journalism which include public-oriented, solution-oriented, future-oriented, and action-oriented stories. According to the statistical analyses presented in the previous chapter, it can be observed that both newspapers provide public-focused, solution-oriented, future-oriented, and action-oriented journalism. The main benefit of this study is to highlight the fact that understanding newspapers’ reporting orientation and/or the absence of helpful journalism frameworks is critical to shaping public opinion and perception in Pakistan because the majority of the population uses Urdu news for information.

A deep learning approach for Named Entity Recognition in Urdu language.

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a natural language processing task that has been widely explored for different languages in the recent decade but is still an under-researched area for the Urdu language due to its rich morphology and language complexities. Existing state-of-the-art studies on Urdu NER use various deep-learning approaches through automatic feature selection using word embeddings. This paper presents a deep learning approach for Urdu NER that harnesses FastText and Floret word embeddings to capture the contextual information of words by considering the surrounding context of words for improved feature extraction. The pre-trained FastText and Floret word embeddings are publicly available for Urdu language which are utilized to generate feature vectors of four benchmark Urdu language datasets. These features are then used as input to train various combinations of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), CRF, and deep learning models. The results show that our proposed approach significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art studies on Urdu NER, achieving an F-score of up to 0.98 when using BiLSTM+GRU with Floret embeddings. Error analysis shows a low classification error rate ranging from 1.24% to 3.63% across various datasets showing the robustness of the proposed approach. The performance comparison shows that the proposed approach significantly outperforms similar existing studies.

Translation and Standardization of the Social Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ)

Social anxiety refers to an intense fear of evaluation from others in social situations, which in severe cases results in Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) or Social Phobia. The prevalence rate of Social Anxiety is rapidly increasing. So, there is a significant need to study this area and to have valid instruments that can evaluate Social Anxiety and related problems. In Pakistan, clinicians may at times struggle to assess several clinical phenomena as almost all measures are in English language, which a large majority does not understand. Therefore, the present study was designed to translate and standardize the Social Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ) by Caballo et al. (2010) into Urdu Language. The research was done in two phases. The first phase included translation of the scale to Urdu language through the standard procedure of Back translation. The second phase included the standardization of the scale. Exploratory Factor Analysis was done to assess construct validity. Internal consistency was assessed through Cronbach’s Alpha (0.96). The results showed strong reliability and validity of SAQ-Urdu.

Morphological Analysis Of Hybrid Compounds In Urdu Afsanas (Short Stories)

One of the significant morphological processes in a language is the way separate lexemes combine to form compound words. This process gives birth to Hybrid compound. Hybrid compounds are the compounds which are formed by the combination of one word from the source and one from the target language. As Pakistan and India have been British colonies and English still holds elite status in these regions, Urdu and Hindi have a large number of lexis which borrowed from English. The paper aims at analyzing the existence and nature of hybrid compounds in Urdu Language resulting from borrowing English words. A qualitative study was carried out by researchers and the selected corpus from Urdu short stories of Saadat Hussain Manto, Intazar Hussain, Shafeeq-ur-Rahman, Patras Bukhari, and Nimrah Ahmed was used to explore hybrid compounds in Urdu Literature. Fifty compound words were identified out of which 20 Hybrid compounds were observed. Partial borrowing was observed in short stories which provides evidence of hybrid compounding. Endocentric attributive, coordinative and subordinative and Exocentric attributive and subordinative compounds were observed and analyzed. Semantic transparency has been detected in all endocentric compounds where semantic opacity appears in exocentric compounds with some cultural schema at work.

Translation and validation of prolonged grief disorder (PG-13) scale in Urdu among bereaved adolescents with intellectual disability.

The study aimed to translate and validate the Prolonged Grief Disorder (PG-13) scale from English into Urdu language. This involved examining its psychometric properties, evaluating its factor structure and assessing both convergent and discriminant validity. The study was conducted within the cultural context of Pakistan and focused on the assessment of manifestations of grief, including symptoms of prolonged grief, in adolescents with mild-to-moderate intellectual disability (ID). The PG-13 scale was selected for this study due to its demonstrated accuracy in measuring prolonged grieving symptoms in bereaved population. A total of 140 adolescents, aged 10-19years according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2018 criteria, were selected from 14 cities in Pakistan. These participants had lost loved ones within the time span of the last 4years. The WHO (2018) guidelines for translation, adaptation, and validation were followed. The findings suggest that the translated and validated PG-13 scale has adequate psychometric properties, with Cronbach alpha coefficient of .97. Confirmatory factor analysis supports a single-factor structure for the scale, with factor loadings ranging from .80 to .95. The PG-13 Urdu version is a reliable and validated scale available for assessing grieving symptoms in the Pakistani context.

Al-Jinas fi Diwan li al-Imam al-Syafi’i

The well-known beginning of Urdu poetry in this country was in the year 1450 AD, and hundreds of poets emerged and became famous during those long periods. He received several titles from the state, and he had published collections, and others. There are famous poets such as Anis, Dabir, Hali, Akbar Allahabadi, Amjad al-Khidarabadi, and these Poets whose poetry in Urdu literature is considered an argument, and what is cited in it. There are those poets mentioned, such as: Dagh, Anis, and Dabeer. They said visuals containing five hundred pistols, or six hundred pistols, and each pistol contains three verses, and the Urdu language after this is a language that has absorbed all meanings and descriptions. the beautiful. Therefore, the researcher seeks to research this collection, and the researcher chose this research to be the topic of research in his research, and the researcher must focus his research on the science of Badi’, which had not been researched before, meaning the sensitive one in the collection of Al-Shafi’i.

Diagnostic Study of the Dyslexion Factor in Urdu Language at Early Classes in Public Schools of South Punjab

Dyslexia, a specific learning disability, exerts profound effects on language acquisition and educational attainment. This study delves into the underexplored domain of dyslexia within the context of the Urdu language, as encountered by students in public schools of South Punjab, Pakistan. Employing a comprehensive battery of standardized tasks and tests, the study diagnoses the presence of dyslexia and assesses its impact on the reading and writing processes. The findings reveal a spectrum of dyslexic characteristics among students, as evidenced by challenges in phonological awareness, letter-sound recognition, rapid automatized naming, and comprehension. Dyslexia significantly affects their ability to decode unfamiliar words and comprehend text. Concurrent qualitative interviews shed light on the diverse attitudes and reactions of students toward dyslexia, from determination to anxiety. This study's results underscore the necessity for tailored interventions, early screening, and teacher training to support students with dyslexia in mastering the Urdu language. By focusing on both the diagnosis of dyslexia and its implications for language learning, the study hopes to contribute to more inclusive and effective education in South Punjab's public schools. The findings reveal a spectrum of dyslexic characteristics among students, as evidenced by challenges in phonological awareness, letter-sound recognition, rapid automatized naming, and comprehension. Dyslexia significantly affects their ability to decode unfamiliar words and comprehend text. Concurrent qualitative interviews shed light on the diverse attitudes and reactions of students toward dyslexia, from determination to anxiety. This study's results underscore the necessity for tailored interventions, early screening, and teacher training to support students with dyslexia in mastering the Urdu language. By focusing on both the diagnosis of dyslexia and its implications for language learning, the study hopes to contribute to more inclusive and effective education in South Punjab's public schools. Keywords: Dyslexia, Urdu Language, Public Schools, South Punjab, Language Learning, Standardized Tasks, Reading, Writing

Next word prediction for Urdu language using deep learning models

Deep learning models are being used for natural language processing. Despite their success, these models have been employed for only a few languages. Pretrained models also exist but they are mostly available for the English language. Low resource languages like Urdu are not able to benefit from these pre-trained deep learning models and their effectiveness in Urdu language processing remains a question. This paper investigates the usefulness of deep learning models for the next word prediction and suggestion model for Urdu. For this purpose, this study considers and proposes two word prediction models for Urdu. Firstly, we propose to use LSTM for neural language modeling of Urdu. LSTMs are a popular approach for language modeling due to their ability to process sequential data. Secondly, we employ BERT which was specifically designed for natural language modeling. We train BERT from scratch using an Urdu corpus consisting of 1.1 million sentences thus paving the way for further studies in the Urdu language. We achieved an accuracy of 52.4% with LSTM and 73.7% with BERT. Our proposed BERT model outperformed two other pre-trained BERT models developed for Urdu. Since this is a multi-class problem and the number of classes is equal to the vocabulary size, this accuracy is still promising. Based on the present performance, BERT seems to be effective for the Urdu language, and this paper lays the groundwork for future studies.

Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Awareness and Acceptability for Primary Prevention of Cervical Cancer in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is the most effective option for primary prevention HPV, a well-known cause of cervical cancer. The objective of the study was to assess awareness of HPV, the acceptability of its vaccine and factors associated with the acceptability among the adult population in Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among adult population of Pakistan from January 2022 and March 2022. Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, instead of face-to-face interviews, a self-administered questionnaire was developed and distributed through Google Forms. The questionnaire was available in both English and Urdu languages to cater to a diverse population. Overall, 313 (65.2 %) study participants had heard about HPV infection, while 297 (61.9%) knew HPV as the cause of genital warts and 256 (53.3 %) knew that HPV can cause any type of cancer, with a higher percentage of awareness among those who were in any health care setting compared to those who were in a non-healthcare setting. Regarding the acceptability to get HPV vaccine, 320 (66.7%) of the study participants were willing to get vaccinated, while only 15(3.1%) of the study population had previously received HPV vaccine. The most important factors associated with HPV vaccine acceptability were younger age of 18-25 years (Prevalence Ratio (PR) =1.60, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) =1.11, 2.32), and 26-35 years (PR= 1.65, 95% CI=1.09, 2.50). HPV vaccine acceptability was also associated with working in a healthcare setting due to better awareness of HPV vaccine (PR= 1.29, 95% CI=1.03, 1.62). It is important to address the knowledge gaps existing in the community about HPV vaccine acceptability and barriers against it for the successful rollout of the HPV vaccination program in Pakistan. Mass awareness campaigns about HPV, HPV vaccine, and cervical cancer are needed to increase the acceptability of HPV vaccine among public at the time of reintroducing HPV vaccine.

Homicide-suicide cases during the COVID-19 lockdown in Pakistan: content analysis of newspaper reports

Homicide-suicide is a tragic event characterized by multiple fatalities within the intimate relationships, familial bonds, and community networks. Our aim was to explore the extent of coverage of homicide-suicide cases in the newspaper reports delivered in Pakistan during the COVID-19 lockdown (March–August 2020). We conducted a quantitative content analysis of news- reports obtained from eight Pakistani newspapers published in English and Urdu languages and daily reviewed by the authors. A total of 50 news-reports have been selected and analyzed, documenting 107 deaths due to homicide-suicide incidents. The majority of these cases involved male perpetrators within family settings, such as parent-child and spousal/married couples, often attributed to factors such us familial discordance and poverty. Negligibly, reasons for homicide-suicides included mental health issues of the perpetrators. Gunshot wounds emerged as the most prevalent method of homicide-suicide. Given the familial backgrounds in most of cases, it is likely that they occurred within the domestic environments. These findings may suggest the need of specific family interventions across the country in order to prevent family discordances or cope with relevant issues within the families, as both may contribute to homicidal and suicidal incidents, either independently or concurrently.