Urdu Version Research Articles

Personality traits, coping strategies and quality of life in patients of hepatitis C

IntroductionIn recent decades, hepatitis has become a community health issue. A severe, asymptomatic and unobserved acute disease could be resulted by HCV and it could be treated completely in few cases or could result in chronic hepatitis. ObjectiveThe current research investigated the relationship among personality traits, coping strategies and quality of life in patients of hepatitis C in Pakistan. MethodTotal 102 patients of HCV were selected from government, semi-government and private hospitals. Mental Health Screening Questionnaire (Mirza & Kausar, 2008) was used to screen the patients. The Urdu versions of Big Five Inventory (John & Srivastava, 1999), Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Kausar & Munir, 2004) and Quality of Life-BREF (1997) were used to measure the study variables. ResultsThe results showed that extraversion had positive relationship with the subscales of quality of life except physical health. Conscientiousness had positive relationship with physical and psychological health. Neuroticism had negative relationship with all the domains of quality of life. Openness to experience had positive relationship with psychological health and environment. religious coping and conscientiousness positively predicted physical health, whereas, agreeableness was the negative predictor of physical health. Psychological health and social relationships were positively predicted by active focused coping, whereas, neuroticism negatively predicted psychological health. ConclusionThe results of present research indicated significant contribution of personality traits and coping strategies in maintaining quality of life of HCV patients. The clinical implications to improve quality of life of HCV patients are discussed in light of results.

THE ROLE OF SELF-CONTROL AND RESILIENCE IN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND MORAL DISENGAGEMENT

Previous studies have shown that Childhood Exposure to Domestic Violence (CEDV) has been demonstrated to hold an important role in violent and unethical behaviors. Little is known about the relationship between CEDV and moral disengagement, the role of self-control and resilience. This study investigated whether CEDV has an impact on moral disengagement through the indirect effect of self-control and conditional effect of resilience. This study utilized purposive convenient sampling. The sample consisted of N = 562 (men; n = 273; women; n = 289) with age range between 16 to 25 years (M = 19.27; SD = 2.50). The sample was collected from madaaris, college, and university students from different provinces of Pakistan. The measures used in this study included the Urdu version of CEDV, Moral Disengagement Scale, Corner and Davidson Resilience, and Brief Self-Control Scale. The results indicated that CEDV significantly positively predicted moral disengagement through the indirect effect of self-control. Resilience significantly moderated the association among self control and moral disengagement whereas the resilience did not significantly moderate the relationship between CEDV and moral disengagement. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

THE ROLE OF SELF-CONTROL AND RESILIENCE IN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND MORAL DISENGAGEMENT

Previous studies have shown that Childhood Exposure to Domestic Violence (CEDV) has been demonstrated to hold an important role in violent and unethical behaviors. Little is known about the relationship between CEDV and moral disengagement, the role of self-control and resilience. This study investigated whether CEDV has an impact on moral disengagement through the indirect effect of self-control and conditional effect of resilience. This study utilized purposive convenient sampling. The sample consisted of N = 562 (men; n = 273; women; n = 289) with age range between 16 to 25 years (M = 19.27; SD = 2.50). The sample was collected from madaaris, college, and university students from different provinces of Pakistan. The measures used in this study included the Urdu version of CEDV, Moral Disengagement Scale, Corner and Davidson Resilience, and Brief Self-Control Scale. The results indicated that CEDV significantly positively predicted moral disengagement through the indirect effect of self-control. Resilience significantly moderated the association among self-control and moral disengagement whereas the resilience did not significantly moderate the relationship between CEDV and moral disengagement. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed

THE ROLE OF SELF-CONTROL AND RESILIENCE IN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND MORAL DISENGAGEMENT

Previous studies have shown that Childhood Exposure to Domestic Violence (CEDV) has been demonstrated to hold an important role in violent and unethical behaviors. Little is known about the relationship between CEDV and moral disengagement, the role of self-control and resilience. This study investigated whether CEDV has an impact on moral disengagement through the indirect effect of self-control and conditional effect of resilience. This study utilized purposive convenient sampling. The sample consisted of N = 562 (men; n = 273; women; n = 289) with age range between 16 to 25 years (M = 19.27; SD = 2.50). The sample was collected from madaaris, college, and university students from different provinces of Pakistan. The measures used in this study included the Urdu version of CEDV, Moral Disengagement Scale, Corner and Davidson Resilience, and Brief Self-Control Scale. The results indicated that CEDV significantly positively predicted moral disengagement through the indirect effect of self-control. Resilience significantly moderated the association among self-control and moral disengagement whereas the resilience did not significantly moderate the relationship between CEDV and moral disengagement. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Depression, Social Support and Quality of life in Patients with Diabetes: A Cross Sectional Investigation

The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between Depression, Social Support and Quality of life in patients with Diabetes admitted in District Headquarter Hospital Sheikhupura using a representative population sample. The study used a cross sectional research design and sampling technique was purposive sampling strategy. The sample size of the study was 200 in the age range of 25 to 50 years of age. Depression was assessed throughy Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Urdu version while Social Supoort was assessed by Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Urdu version. Quality of Life was assessed through the WHO Quality of Life Measure. Results showed that social support significantly mediated the association between depression and quality of life. Moreover, significant gender differences were seen with regard to depression, social support and quality of life for diabetic patients. Social support also significantly mediated the association between depression and quality of life.

Validation and exploratory factor analysis of Urdu Version of Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire.

To present and validate psychometric properties of Urdu version CLDQ, yet another objective was to do exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) of CLDQ Urdu version. This Cross-sectional Analytical Study was conducted at Dr. Ruth K.M. Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi during the period Nov. 15, 2021 to Jan. 30, 2022. CLDQ Urdu questionnaire was self-administered by the patients. The questionnaire consisted of 29 items and responses were recorded on 7-point Likert type scale. Reliability testing was done by Cronbach's α, test value of >0.7 is taken as reliable. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with principal component analysis with varimax rotation. Adequacies for conduction of EFA depended on Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value of ≥0.5 and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity (BTS) of ≤0.05. Mean CLDQ Urdu scores were also compared with Child Class using ANOVA and post-hoc analysis was done. A total of 320 patients were selected after informed consent. All conditions for adequate EFA were met (Cronbach's α =.949; KMO = .846; BTS ≤.001). Mean CLDQ Urdu score was 156.74 in male and 133.27 in female (p<.001). Child Class-A had best quality of life with score of 186.63 ±6.91 and Child Class-C had the worst with scores of 109.78 ±21.33. EFA resulted in reduction of domains to 4 (Muscular Symptoms, Emotional Symptoms, Abdominal Symptoms & Somnolence) & reduced the number of items from 29 to 11. Urdu CLDQ version is validated in our settings. EFA resulted in reductions in number of domains and items. CLDQ Urdu showed that quality of life decreases significantly with Child Class.

Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life, Medication Adherence, and Prevalence of Depression in Kidney Failure Patients.

Kidney failure is a global health problem with a worldwide mean prevalence rate of 13.4%. Kidney failure remains symptomless during most of the early stages until symptoms appear in the advanced stages. Kidney failure is associated with a decrease in health-related quality of life (HRQOL), deterioration in physical and mental health, and an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with decreased HRQOL and other factors affecting the overall health of patients. Another objective was to measure how medication adherence and depression could affect the overall HRQOL in patients with kidney failure. The study used a prospective follow-up mix methodology approach with six-month follow-ups of patients. The participants included in the study population were those with chronic kidney disease grade 4 and kidney failure. Pre-validated and translated questionnaires (Kidney Disease Quality of Life-Short Form, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Urdu Version, and Morisky Lewis Greens Adherence Scale) and assessment tools were used to collect data. This study recruited 314 patients after an initial assessment based on inclusion criteria. The mean age of the study population was 54.64 ± 15.33 years. There was a 47.6% male and a 52.4% female population. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus remained the most predominant comorbid condition, affecting 64.2% and 74.6% of the population, respectively. The study suggested a significant (p &lt; 0.05) deterioration in the mental health composite score with worsening laboratory variables, particularly hematological and iron studies. Demographic variables significantly impact medication adherence. HRQOL was found to be deteriorating with a significant impact on mental health compared to physical health. Patients on maintenance dialysis for kidney failure have a significant burden of physical and mental symptoms, depression, and low HRQOL. Given the substantial and well-known declines in physical and psychological well-being among kidney failure patients receiving hemodialysis, the findings of this research imply that these areas related to health should receive special attention in the growing and expanding population of kidney failure patients.

Cultural adaptation and validation of the Others as Shamer scale: a barrier to effective health-care assessment

PurposeDespite the fact that shame is recognized as a significant factor in clinical encounters, it is under-recognized, under-researched and under-theorized in health prevention, assessment and cross-cultural contexts. Thus, this study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the most widely used scale, the “Other as Shamer Scale” (OAS), to assess the risk and proclivities of external shame in adults. As in health care, there is a barrier between what is known through research in one culture and what is acceptable in practice in another culture.Design/methodology/approachThe Urdu version was prepared using the standard back-translation method, and the study was conducted from June 2021 to January 2022. The translation and adaptation were completed in four steps: forward translation, adaptation and translation, back translation, committee approach and cross-language validation. The sample, selected through the purposive sampling method, is comprised of 200 adults (men = 100 and women = 100), with an age range of 18–60 years (M = 28, SD = 5.5), spanning all stages of life. The Cronbach's alpha reliability and factorial validity of the OAS were assessed through confirmatory factor analysis and Pearson correlation analyses. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability (at a two-week interval) were used to evaluate the reliability. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 22) software.FindingsPreliminary analysis revealed that the overall instrument had good internal consistency (Urdu OAS a = 0.91; English OAS a = 0.92) as well as test–retest correlation coefficients for 15 days (r = 0.88). The factor loading of all items ranged from 0.69 to 0.9, which explained the significant level and indicated the model's overall goodness of fit.Originality/valueFindings suggest that this scale has significant psychometric properties and the potential to be used as a valid, reliable and cost-effective clinical and research instrument. This study contributes to scientific knowledge and helps to develop and test indigenous cross-cultural instruments that can be used to examine external shame in Pakistani people.

Urdu translation and validation of the international consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (ICIQ-FLUTS).

The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (ICIQ-FLUTS) is a tool for the evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms and their impact on the quality of life. The purpose of this research was the translation of ICIQ-FLUTS into the Urdu language and to determine its validity and reliability. Two bilingual translators translated the ICIQ-FLUTS Questionnaire into the Urdu language. Three experts compared the Urdu ICIQ-FLUTS with the original version of ICIQ-FLUTS. Urdu version was translated back into English by two translators. The pre-final version was drafted after tracking the forward and backward translation differences. The final Urdu version was drafted after application to ten patients (pilot study). Final Urdu ICIQ-FLUTS was applied to 120 participants for validity and reliability. Urdu version was drafted after the consensus of the experts. The content validity index ranged between 0.81-0.93. The mean age of the participants was 45.2 ± 7.79 years. The test-retest reliability was analyzed through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.972 and internal consistency by Cronbach's alpha 0.986. The concurrent validity was determined by correlating the ICIQ-FLUTS with ICIQ-UI SF (0.82) and UDI-6 (0.72). It was concluded that the Urdu version of ICIQ-FLUTS is an assessment questionnaire for the signs and symptoms of urinary incontinence. It has good content validity, concurrent validity, and test-retest reliability.

Translation and Validation Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia in Urdu Language for Cerebral Palsy Patients

Aim: To translate the Scale for assessment and rating of Ataxia from English to Urdu language Methods: The study employed a linguistic validation study design with a non-random sample approach and was done at different clinical setups of Lahore. Parents of children with ataxic cerebral palsy with children aged 2 to 15 years old who speak Urdu should contact us. Sara's English version was translated into Urdu by two translators, one with a medical background and the other with a technical background in Urdu, both proficient in Urdu and English. Two individuals with medical and technology backgrounds who are competent in Urdu to English translation reverse translated the translated versions of SARA-Urdu I and SARA-Urdu II into English. The re-translated versions of SARA-Urdu I and SARA-Urdu II were translated back into English (SARA English III and SARA English IV). The translated versions were compared and generated a new Urdu version SARA Urdu-V. The data was entered into the SPSS version 23 application, which was also used to analyze it. Results: The translated version of the SARA scale has a Cronbach's alpha of 0.883. The inter-item correlation between the total SARA score and the eight domains of gait, stance, sitting, speech disturbance, finger chase, nose finger test, fast alternating hand movements, and heel shin slide was 0.131, 0.046, 0.159, 0.188, 0.136, 0.400, 0.698, and 0.450, respectively, after the translation of the Urdu version of SARA. For test retest reliability, the Pearson correlation value varied from 0.400 to 0.842. Conclusion: The Urdu version of SARA has appropriate internal consistency and fair inter-item correlation, and hence may be utilized by Urdu speakers. Keywords: Cerebral palsy, Cerebellar ataxia, Scale for assessment and rating of Ataxia

Translation and Adaptation of Attitude Towards Sexuality Scale (ATSS) Urdu Version in Pakistan

Attitude Towards Sexuality Scale (ATSS) was adapted and translated for the use on Pakistani population. Convenience sampling was used for data collection and adolescents from several schools and colleges of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. A total of 316 adolescents participated in the study. ATSS developed by Fisher &amp; Hall (1988) was used to assess sexual attitudes of adolescents. Initially, to assess the validation of ATSS on the current population, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was run to assess model fit but it resulted in identified problems because it was uni-dimensional scale so Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted. EFA showed the identification of two factors of the scale namely Liberal Attitude Towards Sexuality and Conservative Attitude Towards Sexuality. According to the results; Adolescents with conservative attitudes towards sexuality are less satisfied with their bodies and they are also more likely to have been involved in overeating or eating withdrawal. While adolescents with more liberal attitudes towards sexuality are more likely to experience body image guilt. Conservative attitudes are also indicative of a negative correlation with life skills. Results showed that ATSS is a uni-dimensional scale but the factor analysis showed two major subscales. Based on the findings, we can conclude that those who oppose the sexual, social, and cultural norms of our society are more likely to develop psychological issues such as poor life skills, negative body image and disordered eating. Hence, within Pakistan, sextual attitudes are more conservative and they are also more acceptable in comparison to liberal attitudes.

Urdu Translation and Adaptation of Cornell Critical Thinking Test-Level Z in Pakistan

This study aims to translate and adapt the Cornell Critical Thinking Test- Level Z (CCTT-Z) into Urdu language in Pakistani population. Phase-I of the study dealt with Urdu translation, back translation, and cross-language validation. Recommended protocols were followed for forward and backward translations. Results of cross-language validation based on a sample of college students (n=42, Mage=18.69 years) showed that scores on both Urdu and English language versions were positively correlated (r =.31, p&lt;.05). Moreover, 45.2% of students reported the Urdu language version easier than the English version. Certain lingual changes were made to make the test more culturally compatible without disturbing its core structure. For the Phase-II, a sample of 367 students of undergraduate and graduate programs (Mage= 21.56 years) was obtained from colleges, universities, and a teaching hospital. The results showed that the test had a high difficulty (p=.38). Twelve items had non-significant point-biserial correlation coefficients and dropping them improved overall Cronbach alpha reliability of the test (from ?=.47 to ?=.59). Five-factor theoretical model and four-factor model (induction items removed) were examined through CFA. The test showed poor model fit and did not appear to have any meaningful factor structure. This finding was not unique as several other validation studies across various cultures also do not show theoretically predicted factor structure. The findings are discussed by examining the available literature on the cross-cultural validity studies done in several other countries.

Urdu Translation and Validation of Adapted Self-Report Altruism Scale

The current study aims to translate and validate the adapted Self-report Altruism Scale tithe Urdu language for Pakistani people. Self-report altruism scale adapted by Peter Witt and Chris Boleman (2009) is one of the well-cited measures of altruism. The translation of the scale is done by using MAPI guidelines (MAPI Research Trust, 2012). Appropriateness of translation is confirmed on a sample of 30 adults selected through a purposive sampling technique. The empirical equivalence of the Urdu and English versions of the scale is confirmed by finding the correlation between the original and translated version of the scale through the test-retest phase. It is carried out on a sample of 40 adults by categorizing them into four groups (10 participants in each group). Exploratory Factor Analysis reconfirms the factor structure of translated version on a sample of 320 adults. 14 items are subjected to principle component analysis and the resulting scree plot and Eigenvalues evidence of single factor solution which accounted for 29.67% of the total items variance. Furthermore, confirmatory factor analysis validates the factor structure on an independent sample of 400 adults through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results regarding internal consistency and construct validity yielded a self-report altruism scale as a promising indigenous measure of altruism. The findings indicated adequate equivalence between both versions. No discrepancies are found between both versions.

Translation and Validation of the Drug Abuse Screening Test DAST-20

The Drug Abuse Screening Test-20 was translated and established validation properties to make it a sound assessment tool. A cross-sectional study with a descriptive design was planned which involved survey methods conducted at Riphah International University, Faisalabad. Four experts from the psychology field and literature were approached for the forward and backward translation process. The responses on original and translated versions were collected from adults aged between 19 to 60 years from public and private drug abuse treatment units in Faisalabad through a convenient sampling approach. The reliability and validity features of the scale were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. SPSS 23 and AMOS 23 software were used for statistical analyses. The Urdu DAST was shown to have a highly substantial positive association between each item and the item-total correlation, making it an internally consistent measure of drug abuse. Internal consistency reliability was also found significant. Moreover, results from confirmatory factor analysis revealed good and acceptable model fit and retained one-factor structure similar to the original version. The findings held high-reliability coefficients for forward and backward translation of the scale and maintained the universality of the DAST Urdu version. Scholars, psychologists, family consultants, and mental health and sociological professionals who desire to examine the emotive, perceptual, and behavioral components of DAST in the Pakistani population will find the DAST Urdu version useful.

SUB-THRESHOLD AUTISTIC TRAITS AS PREDICTOR OF EXPERIENTIAL AVOIDANCE AND MOOD STATES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Features of autism are prevalent not only in diagnosed patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) but in the general population also with fewer severities (Gokcen et al., 2014). The present research intended to find out the role of subthreshold autistic traits (SATs) on experiential avoidance and mood states of university students. A sample of (N = 201) undergraduate university students (Mage = 21.77; SDage =1.64; 84.1% women; 14.9% men) was recruited using convenient sampling technique. Urdu versions of Autism Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II (AAQ-II; Bond et al., 2011) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988) were administered to the participants as measures of autistic traits, experiential avoidance and mood states respectively. Results of linear regression revealed total score of AQ as a significant predictor of AAQ and Negative Affect subscale of PANAS. Hierarchical regression analysis further depicted that two of the subscales of AQ i.e. imagination and social skills significantly predicted positive and negative affect respectively. Mediation analysis using PROCESS demonstrated that experiential avoidance fully mediated the relationship between imagination and positive affect while partially mediated the association between social skills and negative affect. Results are discussed with a focus on early identification and intervention strategies to mitigate the adverse impact of experiential avoidance and negative mood on mental health of individuals with higher level of autistic features. Keywords: Subthreshold Autistic Traits, Experiential Avoidance, Hierarchical regression, Intervention strategies, Mental Health

TRANSLATION AND VALIDATION OF GENDER MINORITY STRESS &amp; RESILIENCE SCALE

The purpose of the present study was to translate Gender Minority Stress &amp; Resilience Scale (GMSR; Testa, 2014) into Urdu language for construct validity of the scale for gender nonconforming individuals living in Pakistani culture. This purpose was accomplished in two phases. In the first phase, the GMSR Scale was translated in to Urdu language by following the steps of back translation method suggested by Brislin (1972).To establish the construct validity of GMSR Scale, data was collected in two phases, first from transgender community to determine convergent validity of the scale, in second stage from gender nonconformist individuals living in general population, a total of 420 gender nonconformist individuals, males(n =215) and females (n = 205) from different cities including Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Lahore, Gujrat, Sialkot and surrounding of these cities. Data was collected through snowball sampling from all these cities. Study participants were informed about the nature of the study and signed consent was obtained. Data was analyzed to establish construct validity of Urdu version of GMSR Scale. Results indicate that all scales and respective items of the Urdu version of original GMSR Scale show good fit. Reliability analysis through SPSS also indicated satisfactory values of Cronbach alpha. This study facilitated us to establish a valid and reliable measure for upcoming studies on Gender diversity and gender nonconformity in Pakistan using GMSR Scale. Keywords: Gender Diversity, Gender Nonconformity, Gender minority stress, resilience, Pakistan

EMOTIONAL DISTRESS AND WELLBEING IN CAREGIVERS OF CHILDREN WITH CLEFT LIP AND CLEFT PALATE: MEDIATING ROLE OF SOCIAL ISOLATION

The objectives of the research are 1) To assess the relationship in emotional distress, social isolation and psychological well-being among care givers of children with cleft lip and cleft palate. 2) To confirm mediating role of social isolation between emotional distress and wellbeing. This cross-sectional correlational research was conducted in Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat after approval from ASRB and data was collected between January to April, 2021. A sample of 200 caregivers visiting cleft hospital in Gujrat with their children who have cleft lip and cleft palate was purposively selected. There were 96 males and 104 females between age range 20 to 75 years old (M=34.71, SD=10.80). Majority was educated, residing in rural areas of Gujrat in joint family system. Urdu versions of three standardized scales were used for data collection, Caregiver Social Isolation Scale (CSIS, Shafiq &amp; Amwar-ul-Mustafa, 2022), Psychological Wellbeing Scale (PWS, Boztepe, Çınar, &amp; Özgür, 2020) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21, Lovibond, &amp; Lovibond, 1995) to measure emotional distress. Permissions were taken before using the scales from the test developers and translators. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between emotional distress (Depression, Anxiety and Stress), social isolation and psychological well-being among caregivers of children with cleft lip and cleft palate. Social Isolation has positive significant positive relationship with depression, Anxiety, stress and negative significant relationship with psychological well-being and has mediated either partially or fully among them. Depression has partially strengthened social isolation to mediate with wellbeing of caregivers. However, anxiety and stress has completely enhanced this withdrawal to weaken their sense of wellness. Implications are discussed in the light of the findings. Keywords: Caregivers, Child, Hospitalized, Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate, Congenital Abnormalities, Social Isolation.

Realias about food names and their translations into Urdu and, Russian languages

Non-equivalent lexicons are considered one of the issues of translation studies that attract the attention of representatives of translation schools of every country. This article also talks about the translation of words included in the list of non-equivalent lexicons - national specific words. The methods of translation of realities from Uzbek to Russian and Urdu languages ​​are considered. The examples are collected on the basis of "Starry Nights" by P. Kadirov, considered masterpieces of Uzbek prose, and its Russian and Urdu versions, and G. Ghulam's short story "Shum Bola" and its translation into Urdu. Based on the results of scientific analysis and statistical analysis obtained in the process of cross-referencing the works, the author's version of the translation is also mentioned in some places.

FACTOR STRUCTURE OF LEVENSON’S SELF-REPORT PSYCHOPATHY SCALE-REVISED URDU VERSION AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

Objective: To find out the construct of psychopathy among undergraduate students whether they exhibit same pattern of psychopathic personality features or behavioural characteristics as seen among incarcerated population. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted between March 2017 to March 2018 on undergraduate students of Peshawar. Convenient sampling technique was used to recruit 500 participants in order to examine the construct of psychopathy in adolescents having not been involved in criminal justice system. Further, the study explored whether they exhibit same pattern of psychopathic personality features and behavioural characteristics seen in incarcerated population. The construct of psychopathy was measured by the Urdu Version of the Leven­son’s Self-Report Psychopathy Scale-Revised Urdu Version (LSRPS-RUV). Nineteen out of 26 items were used in the current study as used by previous researchers. Confirmatory Factor Analyses were conducted to analyze the data. Results: Results revealed that the undergraduate students showed moderate level of egocentricity and antisocial behaviour and low level of callousness. The values for CFI = 0.91, TLI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.06, and RSMR = 0.04 indicate that the three-dimensional model of LSRPS adequately fits the data. Conclusion: Findings from confirmatory factor analysis provide evidence that the three-dimensional model of LSRPS-RUV fits the data adequately as compared to the two-factor and one-factor models.

Tawakkul Mediates between Religious Orientation and Depression among Muslims

Being an important Islamic concept, tawakkul is a fundamental and core value in the Islamic belief system. The present research intended to investigate the mediating role of tawakkul between religious orientation and depression. A purposive sample of (N = 350) Muslim adults with the age of 25 years and above (M = 31.92, SD = 8.72) was recruited in the study. A cross-sectional survey research design was used. Tawakkul Scale (Gondal et al., 2021), Urdu version of depression subscale of DASS-21 (Aslam, 2018), and Urdu version of Religious Orientation Scale (Khan, et al., 2016) were used in the present study. Results indicated that tawakkul had a negative relationship with depression and extrinsic social religious orientation. On the other hand, it had a positive relationship with intrinsic religious orientation and extrinsic personal religious orientation. The findings of the path model indicated that tawakkul mediated the relationships of intrinsic and extrinsic personal religious orientations with depression. Limitations, implications of the findings of the present study, and suggestions for future investigations have been reflected upon.