Urdu Version Research Articles

A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Interpersonal Teacher Behaviour Scale: Validation of the Urdu Translation of Secondary School Students’ Perspectives

The interpersonal teacher behavior’ model has been used in various countries. The validity of this instrument has been shown in different languages except in Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to validate students’ perceptions of teachers’ classroom interaction (QTI) in the Urdu version. To attain the purpose of the current investigation the secondary school students in Pakistan were taken as a sample, out of which 52% were boys and 48% girls. The Urdu translation of the QTI was used to accumulate the data. The Confirmatory factor analysis has been run to calculate the accuracy of the QTI structural model. Results confirm the fitness of the QTI structural model and support that Urdu translation of the QTI also applies to Pakistani secondary school students.

Quality of Life among Caregivers of Psychiatric Patients: Educational Qualification and Gender Differences

Families of psychiatric patients experience challenges to maintain personal well-being. The present study aimed to compare the quality of life among caregivers of psychiatric patients against the general public. A cross-sectional study was carried out on sub-samples of caregivers (n = 123) and the general public (n = 146) belonging to middle socioeconomic status in districts Haripur and Abbottabad. Participants responded to the Urdu version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BRIEF). They also provided information about gender (men = 48%, women = 52%), age (18-40 years), marital status, and educational level. The findings of the Mann-Whitney U test showed caregivers had a poor quality of life in physical, psychological, social relations, and environmental health domains. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences in the quality of life of participants across six levels of education, and caregivers with graduate degrees had a better quality of life than those with elementary, middle, or matric certifications. However, gender differences were absent, as hypothesized. Findings highlight the significance of the personal well-being of caregivers by providing them with counseling and psychoeducation to cope with the caregiving stressors.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Growth: Two Realities among Flood Affected School Going Children in Pakistan

The present study tended to study the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG). It also covers the predictive role of demographic features and flood-related experiences for PTSD and PTG in school children living in the flood-prone area of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. 273 school going children were assessed in 2016 after one year to expose flood. Urdu version of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children –Revised, Child PTSD Symptom Scales and demographic form were used to assessPTG and PTSD respectively in children falling in the age range of 11-17 years. The devastation of the school building and financial loss in form of crop damage were the positive predictors of PTSD. Moreover, living in tents, the experience of homelessness, financial losses, exposure to wounded and dead bodies, education, and occupation of the father were noteworthy indicators of PTG. No relationship was noted between PTSD and PTG. Findings supported the notion that PTSD and PTG can coexist therefore clinical implications and ideas related to preventive planning are discussed.

Experiences of Cyber Harassment and Social Adjustment in Female University Students: Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy

The present study investigated the moderating role of self-efficacy in relationship between experiences of cyber harassment experiences and social adjustment in female university students. A purposive sample of 365 female students of universities in Lahore with age ranging from 17-30 years (M = 20.93, SD = 2.39) was taken. Urdu versions of Cyber Harassment Experience Scale (Ayub & Malik, 2017), Generalized Self-efficacy Scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995), Bell’s Social Adjustment Scale (Bell, 1934), and Coping with Cyber Harassment Questionnaire-modified (Ayub & Malik, 2017) were used. The results showed that overall experience of cyber harassment was not related with social adjustment; however, one of its subscales unauthorized use of identity information showed negative relationship with social adjustment. Further, the results showed negative relationship between overall experiences of cyber harassment and self-efficacy, while a positive relationship was found between self-efficacy and social adjustment. The results of moderation through hierarchical regression indicated nonsignificant interaction between self-efficacy and unauthorized use of identity information subscale of experiences of cyber harassment. Further, internal coping and reporting response (external coping) positively and no. of social media friends negatively predicted social adjustment in female university students.

The Role of Fear-Avoidance Beliefs on Low Back Pain-Related Disability in a Developing Socioeconomic and Conservative Culture: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Pakistani Population.

BackgroundThe relationship of low back pain, the world’s top disabling condition, with functional disability is often explained by the mediation effect of fear, catastrophizing, and psychological distress. These relationships have not been explored within chronic back pain patients from a low socio-economic, predominantly Muslim country. Thus, it was unclear whether previously established pathways would be consistent in Pakistani pain patients to help guide Pakistani clinicians caring for back pain patients. This cross-sectional study translated English versions of questionnaires within the fear-avoidance model into Urdu, tested the clinimetric properties of the Urdu versions for people with chronic low back pain (CLBP) in Pakistan, and performed mediation analysis to investigate pathways of the fear-avoidance model.MethodsTranslation of questionnaires was completed in 4 steps using the forward-backward technique, with subsequent analyses for internal consistency (Cronbach’s α), construct validity (Pearson’s r-value), and test–retest reliability (ICC r-value). Multiple mediation analysis with bootstrapping was performed to analyze pathways within the fear-avoidance model from the Urdu translated questionnaires.ResultsA total of 151 people from Pakistan with CLBP completed the questionnaires, with good results for internal consistency (r > 0.85), convergent validity (r > 0.59), and test–retest reliability (ICC r > 0.85). The association of pain with disability was significant (B=2.36, r2 = 0.19, p<0.001), and the indirect effect of the mediators explained 81% of pain intensity’s total effect on disability. All mediators, apart from physical activity-related fear-avoidance beliefs, were significant mediators of the effect of pain intensity on disability.ConclusionThe Urdu versions of the fear-avoidance questionnaires show good clinimetric properties for use in clinical settings and research in Pakistan. These analyses support existing data for the mediation effect of catastrophizing, psychological distress, and self-efficacy on pain-related disability, and extends these findings to suggest that fear about work may be more important in a relatively lower socioeconomic sample of pain patients.

Psychometric properties of the Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) among pregnant women in Abbottabad, Pakistan

BackgroundThe Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a widely used instrument to measure anxiety and depression symptoms.AimsThis study aimed to translate, validate and test the applicability of the Urdu...

Validation of the General Medication Adherence Scale in Pakistani Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis.

ObjectiveThe aim was to validate the Urdu version of General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis disease.MethodsA 2-month (March–April 2019) cross-sectional study was conducted in randomly selected out-patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The sample size was calculated using item-subject ratio of 1:20. The scale was evaluated for factorial, concrete, concurrent, and known group validities. Concrete validity was established by correlating scores of EQ-5D quality of life scale and GMAS adherence score. Concurrent validity was established by correlating the GMAS adherence score with pill count. Analyses for sensitivity were also conducted. Cut-off value was determined through receiver operator curve (ROC), and test–retest method was used to analyze internal consistency and reliability. Data were analyzed through IBM SPSS, IBM AMOS, and MedCalc software. The Urdu version of EQ-5D quality of life questionnaire was used with permission from developers (#ID20884). The study was approved by an ethics committee (#NOV:15).ResultsA total of 351 responses were analyzed. The response rate was 98%. Reliability was in acceptable range, i.e., Cronbach α = 0.797. Factorial validity was established by calculation of satisfactory fit indices. Correlation coefficients for concrete and concurrent validities were ρ = 0.687, p < 0.01 and ρ = 0.779, p < 0.01, respectively. Known group validity was established as significant association of adherence score with insurance and illness duration (p < 0.05) that were reported. Sensitivity of the scale was 94%. Most patients had high adherence (N = 159, 45.3%).ConclusionThe Urdu version of GMAS demonstrated adequate internal consistency and was validated. These results indicate that it is an appropriate tool to measure medication adherence in Pakistani patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

The Psychometric Validation of FCV19S in Urdu and Socio-Demographic Association with Fear in the People of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Province in Pakistan.

This study rests on two important considerations: the rapid increase of COVID-19 cases in Pakistan and also the marginalization of the people of the KPK province, which would make them more vulnerable in fearing COVID-19. We aim to translate and validate FCV-19S into the Urdu language and to identify the socio-demographic associations with fear in the people of the KPK. Using an online Google survey, we were able to sample 501 respondents from the KPK. The Cronbach alpha α value for the Urdu FCV-19S displayed good internal reliability at .846. The unidimensional structure of the FCV-19S in Urdu was confirmed, and all of the items were found to be statistically significant, ranging from 0.59 to 0.80. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis show that fit indices are all within an acceptable limit. The FCV-19S was also significantly and positively correlated with preventive behavior (r = .328, p < .01) and general anxiety (r = .458, p < .01). The results of independent sample t tests show that women (t = 4.086, p < 0.001), married people (t = − 2.709, p < .001), and unemployed people (t = − 3.199, p < 0.001) of the KPK experienced great fear of COVID-19. We conclude that that the Urdu version of the FCV-19S is a valid and reliable tool and must be used by healthcare practitioners, government bodies, and researchers, to identify the prevalence of fear and to subsequently plan improved social and health policies to reduce anxiety in the public.

International Index of Erectile Functioning-5: A Critical Appraisal

Background: Some studies have reported methodological flaws and shortcomings in the International Index of Erectile Functioning-5 (IIEF-5) which is a self-report measure for the assessment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Aim: The aim of this research is to point out methodological flaws and shortcomings in IIEF-5 when used with Pakistani men. Settings and Design: Two independent clinical trials were run to assess the efficacy of different forms of treatment for ED in young Pakistani men. Materials and Methods: The IIEF-5 in Urdu version was employed to diagnose and assess the severity of ED in young men at 3 time points. Results and Conclusions: Several flaws and shortcomings were noted including the unidimensionality of the scale, categorization of the scale into severity categories based on cutoff points, the inability of the scale to differentiate between organic and nonorganic ED, double barrel item statement, and lack of standardized translation in local or regional languages of Pakistan. The validity of IIEF-5 can be increased if the above-mentioned flaws and shortcomings are addressed.

PARANOIA AND JOB SATISFACTION

The present study investigated the relationship between paranoia and job satisfaction. Paranoia is defined as suspiciousness and the feeling of being threatened even if there is no proof of real threat. Paranoia is a concept that is often ignored in researches in Pakistan and rarely explored in context of any concept related to occupational life. After a detailed literature review, it was hypothesized that paranoia would be negatively correlated to job satisfaction. The sample of the present research consisted of 154 professionals (77 male, 77 female) from different work settings. Paranoia was measured with the Feingstein Paranoia Scale Urdu version (FPSU) and job satisfaction was measured by the Generic Job Satisfaction Scale (GJSS). Statistical analysis though Pearson Product Moment Correlation indicates that there is a strong negative correlation between paranoia and job satisfaction. Recommendations for employers and policy makers, avenues of future researches are discussed.

Validating of the Urdu version of international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ-U) among Pakistani population

Background/objectives: Physical inactivity is a primary risk factor for global mortality and a large percentage of population are sedentary. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is a self-reported mechanism for measuring physical activity and inactivity. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to measure the reliability and validity of the short IPAQ-U among Pakistani adults. Methods: The study sample includes Pakistani male and female adults aged between 18 and 65 Years (M + SD 31.71 + 10.30), who were regular participating for the last six months in various physical activity and exercise. The total 386 participants were asked to complete the Urdu version of IPAQ short (male 60.6%, n = 234, and female 39.4%, n= 152). Results: The value of Spearman\'s coefficients correlation for Vigorous-intensity was showed good value of test-retest reliability and significantly correlated (male = 0.72), (female = 0.80), and (total sample = 0.73). While, moderate intensity was also significantly correlated (male = 0.69), (female = 0.76), and (total sample = 0.71). Walking significantly correlated (male = 0.56), (female = 0.82 (total sample = 0.59). Physical activity overall was significantly correlated (male = 0.74), (female = 0.42), (age 18-34 Years = 0.86), (age 35-50 Years = 0.78), (age 51-65 Years = 0.85) and (total sample = 0.90). Conclusion: In this population, the short IPAQ-U established acceptable instrument, the reliability and validity of the IPAQ-U was significant. While there were some limitations of the study regarding test-retest reliability and in classification, the IPAQ-U was a suitable tool for measuring level ofphysical activity. Keywords: Adults; IPAQ; physical activity; reliability; validity

Factorial validity of the Urdu version of the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale: Preliminary investigation using a university sample in Pakistan

The psychological toll of the COVID-19 pandemic is being felt by people around the world. Persistent and disturbed thinking about the disease appears to be contributing to this mental health concern. Although the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (OCS) has been shown to be a reliable and valid instrument in the U.S., it has not been examined with in Pakistan. The current study addressed this problem by examining the validity of an Urdu translated version of the OCS using online survey data from 240 university students and teachers in Pakistan. The results showed that the OCS exhibited factorial validity, as well as measurement invariance for gender. However, the OCS also showed limited evidence of construct validity in terms of showing weak positive correlations with the total scale and social dysfunction and self-confidence subscales of the General Heath Questionnaire and no correlation with the depression and anxiety subscale (GHQ-12). These findings suggest that further research is necessary before the Urdu version of the OCS is widely adopted in Pakistan.

Bereavement, Post-traumatic Growth, and the Role of Cognitive Processes: Study of Bereaved Parents and Spouses in Baluchistan, Pakistan

Present study investigated the relationship between bereavement and post-traumatic growth and mediating role of cognitive processes. Sample of 260 bereaved parents and spouses was drawn from the province of Baluchistan, Pakistan. Urdu versions of Core Bereavement Items scale (Burnett, Middleton, Raphael, &amp; Martinek, 1997), Integration of Stressful Life Events Scale (Holland, Currier, Coleman, &amp; Neimeyer, 2010), and Post-traumatic Growth Inventory-SF (Cann et al., 2010) were completed by the bereaved parents and spouses individually. Pearson correlation was checked for direction and strength of relationship between the study variables. Results indicated high alpha reliability and validity for the Urdu version scales. The findings showed an inverse relationship between bereavement and post-traumatic growth. Results also revealed that cognitive processes significantly mediate between bereavement and post-traumatic growth relationship. Results showed significant group differences in bereavement experience intensity and post-traumatic experience based on gender of the bereaved and the gender of the deceased. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future researches are also presented in the discussion.

Workplace Harassment, Work Overload, and Psychological Distress in Female Police Officers

Current correlational study was carried out to assess the relationship among workplace harassment, work overload, and psychological distress in female police officers. It was hypothesized that there would be a positive relationship between workplace harassment, work overload, and psychological distress. The sample comprised of 100 female police officers with age range from 21- 40 years selected from different police stations and training centers of Lahore by using purposive sampling technique. Self-translated Urdu version of Negative Acts Questionnaire (Einarsen, Hoel, &amp; Notelaers, 2009), Reilly’s Role Overload Scale (Reilly, 1982), and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (Kessler et al., 2009) were used to assess study variables. Correlational analysis revealed that workplace harassment was positively correlated with work overload and psychological distress. Moreover, regression analysis revealed that workplace harassment was a positive predictor for psychological distress. The study has implications in police force to develop harassment control strategies and effective work hours to reduce psychological distress and promote healthy work environment for female employees.

Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS): Translation and Validation in Urdu Language

Values in Action is a classification of 24 character strengths grouped under six virtue categories. This classification is claimed to be universal across cultures and religions (Peterson &amp; Seligman, 2004) and its measure that is, Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) has been translated and validated in many languages. The present study aimed at its Urdu translation and validation on Pakistani adults taken from different educational institutes and workplaces. Study comprised two parts. Part I dealt with the translation and cross-language validation while in Part II, Construct validation on a sample of 542 adults and convergent validity on a sample of 210 adult participants were determined. Findings revealed satisfactory alpha coefficients for Urdu version. Significant positive correlations with positive affect and life satisfaction and negative correlations with negative affect were indicators of its convergent validity. Age was negatively associated with five strengths whereas significant gender differences were found on seven strengths. Social desirability effects were nonsignificant. Strength-to-virtue level factor structure exploration resulted in a theoretically meaningful four factor structure. Factors were named as Interpersonal, Cognitive, Vitality, and Transcendence and were comparable to factor structures proposed in studies on VIA-IS from a few other cultures. The study offers a valid Urdu translation for use in future studies with adult Urdu speaking population.

Translation and Validation of Psychological Capital Questionnaire

The present study was conducted to translate the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-24; Luthans, Avolio, Avey, &amp; Norman, 2007) Urdu language and to establish the construct validity of the translated version. The study was completed in two phases. In the first phase, Urdu version of PCQ-24 was obtained after the forward and back translations as per the guidelines suggested by Brislin (1970). In the second phase, the Urdu version of PCQ-24 was validated which measures the construct of psychological capital. The sample comprised of 380 small business entrepreneurs (Men = 270, women = 110), taken from Rawalpindi and Islamabad with age range of 18 to 50 years. For this instrument, two concurrent models were tested through confirmatory factor analysis; the first model analyzed was for a four-factor structure. In this model, four subscales of PCQ-24 including Self-efficacy, Hope, Resilience, and Optimism were taken as interrelated factors. While, the second model was a hierarchical model in which four subscales were loaded onto a latent factor of PsyCap. Results established that the four-factor structure of PsyCap showed better fit than the higher-order factor structure. Furthermore, PCQ-24 showed adequate construct validity and reliability after excluding three problematic items (i.e., no. 13, 20, &amp; 23) which were found to cause poor model-fit and lower the reliabilities. Overall, the findings show that newly translated Urdu version of PCQ-24 is a reliable and a valid measure in Pakistani context.

PIN86 PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF URDU VERSION OF BRIEF HIV WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION QUALITY OF LIFE INSTRUMENT IN PAKISTANI HIV/AIDS PATIENTS

The current analysis was aimed to translate and examine the psychometric properties of the Urdu version of WHOQOL HIV BREF among HIV patients of Pakistan. Standard forward-backward translation technique was used for Urdu translation of the WHOQOL HIV Bref. Based on principal of 5 subjects minimally for each item, a sample of 182 patients were recruited by employing universal random sampling technique. Data was analyzed to measure reliability, internal consistency, known-group and construct validity. High internal consistency was found for all WHOQOL HIV Bref facets scales as demonstrated by higher reliability coefficients (Sum scale: α = 0.93, Physical Health: 0.931; Psychological Health: 0.93; Level of Independence: 0.93; Social Relationships: 0.93; Environment Health: 0.93; Spiritual Health: 0.93). The test-retest reliability revealed a statistically significant inter-class correlation coefficient ranged 0.88–0.98 (p<0.001). In known group validity, subjects with lower CD-4 counts had lower scores for all six domains (p<0.001). In similar, symptomatic participants had significantly lower scores than asymptomatic participants on the physical, psychological, social relationship and independence domains (p<0.05). Spearman’s correlation tests indicted significant inverse correlation (P<0.001) between HIV stages and all six domains of HIV-BREF scale, explaining higher stages associated with poor quality of life. Results also revealed statistically significant positive correlation of all six domains with CD4 count (P<0.001), exhibiting patients with higher CD-4 count will have higher mean scores of all six domains. When all domains were assessed together via Multiple linear regression analysis; only physical, psychological health and environment health domains were found significantly associated with higher CD-4 count (Beta= 0.121, P<0.001, Beta=0.103, P=0.002, and Beta= 0.032, P=0.032). The findings offer promising support for the use of Urdu version of the WHOQOL HIV Bref among Pakistani HIV patients as a reliable and valid instrument.

Impact of Diabetes-related Self-management on Glycemic Control in Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

Introduction: Self-care activities are behaviors adopted in order to enhance one’s health. Self-care behaviors and activities are studied in their role to enhance glycemic control, reduce diabetes-related complications, and contribute to enhancing overall quality of life in people with diabetes. The aim of this observational study was to evaluate the impact of diabetes self-care activities and behaviors on glycemic control in people with diabetes.Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient department of a secondary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan from 1st September 2019 till 30th November 2019. Patients with known type II diabetes of age ≥45 years visiting the hospital for routine follow-up visit were included. Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) in Urdu version was used to assess their status of self-management. For data entry and statistical analysis SPSS for Windows version 21.0 was used.Results: There were 174 (54.9%) males and 152 (47.9%) were of age 45-60 years. Glycemic control was good (HbA1c <7%) in 125 (39.4%) and poor (HbA1c ≥7%) in 192 (60.6%) patients. Patients with good glycemic control scored significantly better on DSMQ overall (5.53 ± 0.35 vs. 4.32 ± 0.61; p<0.0001), and on three sub-scales - dietary control (4.24 ± 1.04 vs. 3.63 ± 0.98; p<0.0001), physical activity (4.16 ± 0.56 vs. 3.47 ± 1.17; p<0.0001), and healthcare use (4.22 ± 0.78 vs. 3.98 ± 0.65; p=0.003). Conclusions: The self-care activities that impact glycemic control in patients with diabetes include dietary control, physical activity, and healthcare use.

PHARMACOECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS AND QUALITY OF LIFE ASSESSMENT IN HEPATITIS C PATIENTS

Background: Gradual liver damage occurs due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) that may result in liver fibrosis and even cancer. Pakistan is a developing country with the second highest prevalence 4.5-8% of hepatitis C. The main purpose of this study was to estimate the quality of life of people affected with hepatitis, to create general awareness about the disease and to determine pharmacoeconomic considerations of hepatitis C treatment. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in village Wali Pur Bura of District Nankana sahib, Punjab, Pakistan. Sample size determined by Daniels equation was 100, both male and female participants were included this study. The data was collected to assess the health status data of study population through validated questionnaire and a urdu version of tool EuroQol 5D-5L, comprising of five (5) questions covering the various aspects of health. Data were analyzed through SPSS version 16. Paired sample statistics for comparing two attributes of the study and frequencies were calculated. Results: In current study, majority (70 %) of patients were belong to the lower class and only 39% patients were aware of Punjab Government's participation in hepatitis free treatment plan. 60% patients showed marked reduction in quality of life and the reason behind was painful interferon therapy. Poor quality of life is observed due to the extra hepatic symptoms of HCV including depression. According to the health scale of 60 participants out of 100 was having below Average health status, 21 participants possessed Average Health while 19 participants had Excellent Health. Conclusion: Hence, concluded that due to hepatitis C, health as well as socioeconomic and family life is badly affected. Majority of the participants were having poor quality of life. Costly treatment is beyond the reach of majority of rural population that increases the incidence of depression among patients and their families.

Psychometric Evaluation and Validation of an Urdu Version of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure (U-SDSCA).

Psychometric Evaluation and Validation of an Urdu Version of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure (U-SDSCA).