Patterns Of Urban Segregation Research Articles

Space‐Based Observational Constraints on NO2 Air Pollution Inequality From Diesel Traffic in Major US Cities

AbstractAir pollution disproportionately burdens communities of color and lower‐income communities in US cities. We have generally lacked city‐wide concentration measurements that resolve the steep spatiotemporal gradients of primary pollutants required to describe intra‐urban air pollution inequality. Here, we use observations from the recently launched TROPospheric Ozone Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite sensor and physics‐based oversampling to describe nitrogen dioxide (NO2) disparities with race, ethnicity, and income in 52 US cities (June 2018–February 2020). We report average US‐urban census tract‐level NO2 inequalities of 28 ± 2% (race‐ethnicity and income combined), with many populous cities experiencing even greater inequalities. Using observations and inventories, we find diesel traffic is the dominant source of NO2 disparities, and that a 62% reduction in diesel emissions would decrease race‐ethnicity and income inequalities by 37%. We add evidence that TROPOMI resolves tract‐scale NO2 differences using relationships with urban segregation patterns and spatial variability in column‐to‐surface correlations.

Symposium Issue on Social Simulation

>> Social simulation is the study of social phenomena by means of computer models where the microlevel behavior, interaction, and the social environment are explicitly modeled with a view to understanding their macro outcomes. Although relevant progress in social simulation has been made toward understanding important complex social puzzles, including urban segregation patterns, social norms, opinion dynamics, and market behavior (e.g., Edmonds & Ruth, 2013), this field has developed more on the transdisciplinary edges, rather than within the mainstream of the social sciences. This has the result that it has higher recognition in disciplines such as computer sciences, behavioral sciences, physics, and ecology than in the social sciences, with which it shares its subject matter. This pattern of impact was confirmed by a recent analysis of the Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, the flagship social simulation journal, where Squazzoni and Casnici (2013) found that social simulation articles cited a lot of the social science literature but were themselves cited more outside social sciences. They argued that social simulation is a cross-disciplinary field that is doing more to disseminate social science concepts and topics into distant fields than it has been effective at changing social sciences from the within (see also Meyer, Lorscheid, & Troitzsch, 2009; Meyer, Zaggl, & Carley, 2011). While we do not underestimate the importance of cross-disciplinary domains and crossfertilization between disciplines, with this special issue we aim to strengthen links between social simulation and the wider social sciences by showing how this approach can help explain relevant social science puzzles. Thus, we have included a representative variety of studies, from quantitative to more qualitative oriented analyses, so as to give a comprehensive overview of the potentials of this technique. In this way, we hope to show how social simulation can help fill a gap between quality and quantity, logic reasoning and measurement, which is one of the main problems in the social science (e.g., Squazzoni, 2012). The issue starts with an overview on social simulation provided by Flaminio Squazzoni, Wander Jager, and Bruce Edmonds. where important challenges of this approach for the development of social sciences are discussed. A particular focus is on the role of behavioral heterogeneity and the interplay of social behavior and structure, which are typically out of the scope of more established social science approaches, such as quantitative sociology and economics.

THE EFFECTS OF THE SPANISH HOUSING SYSTEM ON THE SETTLEMENT PATTERNS OF IMMIGRANTS

ABSTRACTGlobalisation and its consequent economic restructuring have implications at the local level. At the same time historical paths and traditions, embeddedness of local actors and institutional factors have all become significant in explaining different neighbourhood trajectories and, particularly, the patterns of urban segregation that emerge following economic restructuring. Given the unusual nature of the Spanish housing model and the massive arrival of immigrants since the end of the 1990s, this paper explores the urban effects of immigration settlement patterns in the context of a market dominated by owner‐occupation and a unique framework of social housing policy. Purchase of permanent residences is an essential step in the housing careers of the Spanish population but also for immigrants to Spain. The paper analyses the extent to which this influences urban segregation patterns and neighbourhood characteristics in Spain. Barcelona is referred to as a case study, to illustrate the influence of the existing housing system in the process of the accommodation of newcomers.

Gated communities in Mexico City: an historical perspective

This paper looks at gated communities from an historical perspective. Its main objective is to go beyond the case study and offer a broader understanding of the development of segregation and privatization of public space in Mexico City. The history of this city suggests that fortified enclaves have existed since the first colonial urban grid was laid out. This paper explores the historical forms of urban space production that have given place to different physical expressions of segregation in Mexico City. Finally, this study will try to answer whether contemporary gated developments constitute an expression of new patterns of urban segregation or rather are part of an ongoing historical process that reinforces and consolidates existing urban and social inequalities.

Tendências da segregação social em metópoles globais e desiguais: Paris e Rio de Janeiro nos anos 80

A globalização tem sido amplamente associada ao crescimento das desigualdades, da pobreza e da segregação urbanas. O modelo da cidade global, em particular, tem difundido a idéia de que a reestruturação do mercado de trabalho gerada pelo processo de globalização econômica produz inevitavelmente um novo tipo de dualização. Os casos de Paris e do Rio de Janeiro permitem uma comparação de duas cidades com mercados de trabalho bastante distintos e afetadas diferentemente pela globalização econômica. Que tendências são observadas na evolução das estruturas sociais destas cidades? Para responder esta pergunta, as mudanças no conjunto da estrutura ocupacional e seus efeitos sobre os padrões de segregação são sistematicamente comparados a partir dos dados dos últimos censos. Uma série de hipóteses são propostas para interpretar as similaridades e diferenças observadas entre as duas cidades e o modelo de cidade global, e para refletir sobre suas relações com formas específicas de reestruturação econômica global e com as características específicas das relações de trabalho, da política social, da estrutura de classes e da estratificação.