Concentration Of Urban Population Research Articles

Technological features of cultural ecosystem services assessment

The benefits that city residents receive from green spaces related to maintaining their health are a group of cultural ecosystem services (CES). To avoid subjectivity in the assessment of CES, there is a methodology based on determining the effectiveness of green spaces in providing them. Currently, there is no technological scheme for assessing the CES available to urban planners. Accordingly, the purpose of the paper is to highlight the technological features of the CES assessment. Methodologically, the work consists in creating a geodatabase (DB) on the state of green spaces and anthropogenic pressure on them. All the calculation indicators proposed in the methodology should be included in the database as attributes, and their calculation should be performed as working scenarios documented in the form of automated calculation models, etc. The technology is based on QGIS/SAGA spatial analysis tools (QGIS version 3.32.1-Lima), which contains the necessary basic geoprocessing algorithms and modules for calculating the CES. The technology for estimating CES is presented in the Model_CES. The functioning of the Model_CES depends on the amount and quality of input data. As input data, the database includes information on: urban green spaces; vegetation; landscapes; areas with multi-age urban development; local areas of urban population concentration; survey statistics, etc. Attribute information is the basis for the correct operation of the Model_CES algorithms, in particular, the calculation of parameters by which it is proposed to assess the volume of CES. Adequate to the parameters, a file database in the GeoPackage format was formed in accordance with the standards of the Open Geospatial Consortium - Model_CES, which contains the input data sets: tabular: "survey_all"; vector: "Vegetation", "BGI", "local_district", "hollow", "age_consruct". Technological procedures and algorithm for calculating CES volumes and risks of their loss in Model_CES form calculation blocks: 1. a block for determining the potential of green spaces in providing CES; 2. a block for determining the effectiveness of the green space in providing CES - the real supply of CES; 3. a block for calculating the volume of ecosystem services and the risks of their loss; 4. a block for calculating the score of alternative availability of the green space. As a result, the proposed algorithm produces the output geodataset "BGI_CES". After the implementation of the technology, this dataset contains attribute information about each green space, in particular, their ability to provide cultural ecosystem services, efficiency in providing CES, the volume of CES and the risks of their loss. Thus, the paper solves the scientific task of creating an assessment technology that meets the following requirements: it is suitable for processing information that is spatially distributed; it is focused on the availability of uncertain and often limited data; it is available for use by specialists of design and other institutions that may be limited in data. The presented technology can be used in urban planning practice as a tool for improving the quality of urban green spaces, their sustainable development and providing citizens with the maximum amount of CES.

URBANIZATION AS AN INDICATOR OF DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA: AN INTROSPECTIVE STUDY THROUGH GINI CONCENTRATION

Introduction: Development and urbanisation are closely related, there isn't a clear-cut relationship between the two. The process of urbanization can be measured in terms of many demographic dimensions. Objective: The paper aims to calculate the Gini Concentration Ratio (GCR) of urban population i.e., Co-efficient of urban concentration for the urban towns in India for 2001 and 2011 censuses to examine whether urban concentration increases or not leading to urbanization. Method: This study is an introspective type of research based on secondary data gathered from books, articles, websites, web-based journals, Census Reports, and government offices. Result and Discussion: Gini-Concentration Ratio is used to calculate for 2001 and 2011 censuses and its different values are interpreted. Findings: The value of Gini concentration ratio of 2011 census is greater than 2001 census indicating that the concentration of urban population is increasing thereby development of India. Conclusion: An important way to reduce the differences in the rate of urbanisation between rural and urban areas is seemed to prioritise for socio-economic development of the country.

Multi-scale fusion public gathering recognition based on residual network

With the rapid economic development and high concentration of urban population, people’s income level and quality of life continue to improve, resulting in more and more crowded scenes caused by people going out. Especially in urban commercial centers, transportation hubs, sports venues during important events, tourist attractions, etc., crowd gatherings occur frequently. However, accidents involving crowd gatherings in public places occur frequently, causing heavy casualties and property losses. Therefore, for crowd recognition, this paper proposes a new method to accurately estimate the number of dense crowds. In this method, a density map with accurate pedestrian locations is first generated using the focal inverse distance transform and used as ground truth labels for network training. Then, a multi-scale feature fusion algorithm based on residual network is designed, combining spatial and channel attention mechanisms to improve the accuracy and stability of crowd density estimation. In dense crowds, the phenomenon of overlapping and occlusion of people is very common and serious, making it difficult for existing pedestrian detection methods to distinguish each individual and accurately count the flow of people. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a density map-based method that uses a local maximum detection strategy and a K-nearest neighbor algorithm to convert the density map into the corresponding dense head bounding box. This method can effectively reduce the impact of occlusion and improve the accuracy of people counting. In order to further improve the estimation accuracy, a pattern recognition density peak clustering algorithm is introduced to study the clustered crowds. By treating the head bounding box as an element point, the distance between each element point is calculated, and the density of each point is calculated. Then perform clustering to find the cluster center with the highest density in each class. Finally, by comparing the density of each cluster center with the corresponding density threshold and adopting the corresponding decision-making method, the accuracy of people counting is further improved.

도시유휴공간의 문화적 재생 사례 연구

Vacant urban spaces refer to the abandoned areas resulting from the technological and scientific advancements during the industrial revolution, coupled with urban population concentration. These former secondary industrial facilities lost their original purpose and function as spaces, becoming neglected and left unused. The objective of this study is to identify the current status and vulnerabilities of cultural regeneration in domestic vacant urban spaces and suggests improvement measures. By examining case studies of Le Centquatre and Kulturbrauerei . As a result, the researchers derive various approaches and new directions to enhance the qualitative aspects of cultural regeneration for vacant urban spaces : Firstly, research should focus on developing diverse programs and systems that bridge the gap between practical experience and theoretical knowledge. Secondly, providing spaces that foster aesthetic and fundamental cultural education for children and adolescents, rather than merely instructive art training, is crucial. Thirdly, there is a need to propose and support collaborative programs for artist discovery and development. Fourthly, it is necessary to be aware of the importance of archiving and study various methodologies. Through this study, it is expected that cultural regeneration of vacant urban spaces will be sustainably activated.

Spatiotemporal pattern and driving forces of ecological carrying capacity during urbanization process in the Dongting Lake area, China

Ecological carrying capacity (ECC) is a key indicator for assessing the sustainable urbanization. The Dongting Lake area, as a national eco-economic zone, is urgently required to focus on the spatiotemporal pattern of ECC based on interactive mechanism of urbanization and ECC, which is revealed through quantitative research method in 2001–2019. The results show the ECC value appeared a fluctuating downward trend from 1.4645 to 0.8527, and the bearing state changed from under-loading to overloading. The bearing states of 17 counties showed spatially higher heterogeneous with Moran’s I value from 0.2635 to 0.3194. Yuanjiang City, Nanxian County and Taojiang County were in an under-loading state and the remaining 14 counties in an overloading state. The spatial distribution pattern displayed an “M”-type spatial differentiation pattern from southwest to northeast, the central region was evidently better than the surrounding regions. The bearing state had a positive global spatial autocorrelation. Spatial distribution of hot spots showed that the central area was a cold spot area, the edge area was a hot spot area, and the peripheral area was a sub-cold and sub-hot area. Factor detector results reveal that the urban population concentration, economic growth, land expansion, technology levels, and government policies were the main driving factors that formed the spatiotemporal pattern of ECC. The results could make up for the research shortcomings of spatiotemporal pattern of ECC, provide support to control ecological protection red line and urban exploitation boundaries, and help Chinese government formulate effective measurements to optimize the spatiotemporal pattern of ECC.

Until the wilting day: an analysis of urban population changes in provincial cities in Thailand from 2010 to 2019

ABSTRACT Population change is an important indicator of city status and can guide urban planning. Based on population changes, each city is categorised as “a growing city,” “a stagnant city,” or “a shrinking city.” Although shrinking and stagnant cities are common, city planning based on the pro-growth paradigm often omits them, causing negative impacts on the performance of urban policy, especially in less-developed countries. To fulfil the limited understanding of the population changes in those countries, this study aims to investigate the population change patterns between 2010 and 2019 using provincial cities in Thailand as a case study. All the provincial cities were categorised based on their annual population change rate. Cluster analysis was performed to categorise sub-clusters based on the status of urban population concentration and its changes. The results reveal that, although Thailand is rapidly urbanising, only 7 out of 76 provincial cities are in the growing city cluster. Most provincial cities are in the stagnant or shrinking city cluster, with urban concentration decline happening as a result. This evidence indicates that several provincial cities may be shrinking. Related government organisations should shift the paradigm of urban management based on population changes.

건축물 안전영향평가와 지하안전영향평가 제도의 합리적 개선방안

Purpose: Architectural structures in modern society ate evolving repeatedly while accommodation the various conditions and demands of society along with the concentration of urban population and rapidly changing economic growth. Architectural design, which along with such economic development, demonstrates the need for al prior safety impact assessment on various risk factors for efficient underground space planning in building planning in accordance with various laws and regulations required by society under the condition of a limited site. Among the safety evaluations for each purpose in accordance with the underground space development, the similarity between the evaluation papers in the ground-related fields of the building safety impact assessment and the underground safety impact assessment is to be studied to study a reasonable improvement plan. Method: Building safety impact assessment and underground safety impact assessment are institutionalized of that the results of the evaluation implementation perpared through the review of the ground safety impact assessment in accordance with the Building Act before and after building permits are reflected in the design documents during licensing and various deliberation. Therefore, each evaluation manual was compared and analyzed to suggest effective linkage of evaluation items, adjustment and sharing of evaluation contents. Result: Through this study, both systems have their respective purposes and differences of impact assessment, and at the same time, it is reviewed that the evaluation and analysis methods included in the target project are very similar of overlapping. A method of exempting evaluations similar to or overlapping with additional adjustments through sharing of related departments was proposed. In addition, additional legal and institutional research is needed to secure the execution power of the two systems in the future.

Understanding the pattern and mechanism of spatial concentration of urban land use, population and economic activities: a case study in Wuhan, China

ABSTRACT Quantifying the aggregation patterns of urban population, economic activities, and land use are essential for understanding compact development, but little is known about the difference among the distribution characteristics and how the built environment influences urban aggregation. In this study, five elements are collected in Wuhan, China, namely population density, floor area ratio, business POIs, road network and built-up area as the representative of urban population, economic activities and land use. An inverse S-shape function is employed to fit the elements’ macro distribution. An aggregation degree index is proposed to measure the aggregation level of urban elements. The kernel density estimation is used to identify the aggregation patterns. The spatial regression model is used to identify the built environment factors influencing the spatial distribution of urban elements. Results indicates that all urban elements decay outward from the city center in an inverse S-shape manner. The business Point-of-Interest (POI) density and population density are highly aggregated; floor area ratio and road density are moderately aggregated, whereas the built-up density is poorly aggregated. Three types of spatial aggregation patterns are identified: a point-shaped pattern, an axial pattern and a planar pattern. The spatial regression modeling shows that the built environment is associated with the distribution of the urban population, economic activities and land use. Destination accessibility factors, transit accessibility factors and land use diversity factors shape the distribution of the business POI density, floor area ratio and road density. Design factors are positively associated with population density, floor area ratio and built-up density. Future planning should consider the varying spatial concentration of urban population, economic activities and land use as well as their relationships with built environment attributes. Results of this study will provide a systematic understanding of aggregation of urban land use, population, and economic activities in megacities as well as some suggestions for planning and compact development.

Measuring the concentration of urban population in the negative exponential model using the Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, Hoover dissimilarity index, and relative entropy

Stewart (1947) and Clark (1951) proposed that urban population density is a negative exponential function of the distance from a city’s center. This model of the spatial distribution of urban population density has been influential in urban economics, tran

The impact of trade openness on urbanization: Empirical evidence from BRICS economies

The present study investigates the impact of trade openness on urbanization in BRICS countries, covering data from 1991 to 2017. The study uses instrument variable approach and two‐system least square method for the empirical analysis. Based on the empirical results, the study confirms the positive and significant link between trade openness and urbanization as per the New Growth Theory. The results show that the cities having more access to global trade links tend to be highly urbanized. The findings also suggest that the increasing urban concentration affects the export and import positively and enhances trade openness. However, the urban population concentration turns out to be affected negatively by trade openness in the centrally located regions. The agriculture commodity trade is found to be positively affected by the increased openness and GDP of BRICS economies. Finally, the findings suggested that trade openness plays a substantial role in promoting urban concentration in these five emerging market economies.

A Study on Spatial Variation of Water Security Risks for the Zhangjiakou Region

Zhangjiakou region is situated in an agro-pastoral ecotone with a fragile ecosystem. While it has limited surface water resources available and serious groundwater over-exploitation, the city is located in the water conservation zone for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development area, so its water security is crucial for the entire Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Therefore, it is of vital significance to determine the zoning management of water resources and decision-making according to the magnitude of water resource security risks. This study built an indicator system for water security risk assessment in line with the principles of scientific validity, comparability, operability, and data availability, and this system gives weights to these indicators using the AHP approach. County-level multi-source data for the study area, based on water resource zones, were collected by using mathematical statistics and 3S technology. With normalized data and a weighting method the water security risks were calculated. The results showed large spatial variations of water security risks in Zhangjiakou on the scales of geomorphic and administrative units as well as river basins. High-risk areas are extensive in the Bashang Plateau, and extremely high risk values are found in the Baxia areas. On the watershed scale, high-risk areas are mainly distributed in the inland river basins and the Yongding River basin. The risk values of the Luanhe River, Chaobai River and Daqing River basins in the Zhangjiakou region tend to decrease from north to south. For the northern and western areas of the Bashang Plateau, the factor of “vulnerability of the disaster-prone environment” contributes the most to the water security risk level. Agricultural water use constrains industrial and ecological water use, but in the context of inadequate water resource endowments, the urban population concentration and industrial development are the main causes of water shortages and water pollution so they contribute more to water security risks. This study of the spatial variation of water security risks in Zhangjiakou can provide an important scientific reference for zone-based management and decision-making for reducing the water security risks in the farming-pastoral ecotone.

Giants and midgets: The effect of public goods provision on urban population concentration

This paper analyses explains population distribution within a system of cities with availability of public goods in the country and provides an explanation for the existence of urban giants in developing economies. The article argues that (1) differences in public goods provision cause disproportionate population growth of the primate cities; (2) better provision of public goods at the national level decreases the difference between growth rates of the primate agglomeration and the hinterland; (3) low provision of public goods at the national level leads to the emergence of urban giants. These findings are especially relevant for developing countries, where rapid urbanisation is currently taking place.

Extended urbanization in smaller-sized cities and small town development in Java: The case of the Tegal Region

Urbanization processes in Java are characterized by the extended urbanization of its cities, that also create and develop small towns in surrounding areas of large and much smaller cities. This paper aims to bring greater attention to processes unfolding in smaller Javanese cities, and elaborates these processes through Tegal case study. To do this, long-term development is studied in the Tegal region through a time-series comparison by examining the development of urban villages within the administrative area of the region, based on statistical data collected from the Village Monographs (potensi desa) over a period from 1990 to 2017. Urban development in the Tegal Region is described in urban spatial development and urban population concentration to identify and analyse the small towns developed in the region. The study reveals that Tegal has undergone a similar process of core-periphery spatial development patterns that are experienced among larger urban agglomerations. The scattered towns surrounding the core city developed in a variety of sizes. The development of the city and towns in the surrounding areas in Tegal Region converging into an urban agglomeration that could already be considered its own metropolitan region with the city of Tegal as the core.

Опыт типологии региональных систем городского расселения России

The paper proposes typology of Russia regions by the key features of urban settlement networks. Applied typologizing method is designed for strategic spatial development and involves size-status parameters of central cities along with the intra-regional urban structure (the population of the regional centres and concentration of urban population at the intra-regional level) as principal criteria. At more specific level subtypes, these indicators are extended by two general characteristics of urban settlement – share of the urban population and urban network density. The approach formally allows to engage the settlement pattern morphology as a condition and factor that, directly or indirectly, differentiate regional development. By comparison of two main and two additional urban settlement parameters, 5 types (metropolitan urban systems (capital cities’ agglomerations), urban systems with 1+ million urban centers, systems with major urban centers, urban systems with large-city centers, undeveloped urban settlement systems) and 13 subtypes of regional urban settlement systems are set. The mostly wide-spread is the large-city type, covering a total of 35 regions. A brief description of the types and subtypes of regional urban settlement systems is provided, summarizing principal challenges and directions of strategic spatial development specified by regional features of urban settlement networks.

The principles of architectural and planning organization of structures for bicycles in cities

The dynamic development of modern cities has led to an increase of the concentration of urban population, complications in communication, and environmental degradation. Effective strategies for increasing the use of alternative types of transport are emerging. Bicycle and pedestrian traffic, combined with high quality public transport, forms a sustainable transport system that influences cost management, quality of life in cities, health and the environment. The development of bicycle infrastructure is a response to the reduction of motorization in some parts of the city, positively reflects on the environmental situation of the city, increases its tourist and investment attractiveness.Bicycle structures, the main functions of which are short-term and long-term storage, are an important component of urban bicycle infrastructure. The location of these properties in the city should be conveniently accessible from the source to the transitional or final destination. Functional areas of the building should be rationally planned in the interconnection of the premises and optimal in the calculated areas. The need for additional features depends on the degree of integration: whether bicycle storage areas are built into public buildings or designed as separate rooms, built-in or located at a distance. When increasing bicycle units, storage areas should be allowed to expand.Based on the analysis, the basic principles of architectural and planning organization of bicycle structures were determined: the principle of accessibility, functional expediency, integration and spatial development of the structure. The principle of "accessibility" implies locating of bicycle facilities on the main pedestrian traffic routes, in the areas of transplantation, in recreational areas, from which the calculation of accessibility radii to the day care facilities accessible by bicycle is obtained. The principle of "functional expediency" aims at such a rational planning organization of the structure, which provides the necessary conditions for maintenance of the bicycle and the cyclist. The principle of "integration" of structures or premises for bicycles makes it necessary to combine with objects of another purpose. The principle of "spatial development" of a bicycle facility provides the possibility of incorporating additional functions of maintenance, transformation and modularity in the expansion and completion of structures of this type.

Analysis and Research on Wind Energy Utilization in Wind Field of Urban Buildings

With the concentration of urban population and the development of construction technology, more and more high-rise buildings with irregular shapes and different heights have been built. These buildings have a greater impact on the surrounding wind field.[1] And the turbulent strong wind field between urban high-rise buildings also brings many inconveniences to the life of the surrounding residents. The purpose of this study is to discuss the utilization value of wind energy in turbulent strong wind field by analyzing the wind field between simulated urban high-rise buildings and to explore the possibility of installing wind energy collectors in appropriate locations and to turn waste into treasure. This study also discusses the possibility of wind energy utilization and value. At the same time, through the grid division of the wind field area, the wind field situation is simulated and other factors are considered comprehensively, it is possible to find a proper position of wind energy utilization. The results show that the wind speed distribution of high-rise buildings has a higher wind speed in the corridor between buildings. And for a single building, the wind speed at the middle is higher than that on the ground and the top. This provides the possibility of collecting and utilizing wind energy among buildings.

Calculation of the Risk of Lawsuits over Construction Flaws in Flat Roofs

In order to achieve sustainability objectives in the use of a building, its elements’ operating problems should be minimized. From this premise, a total of 497 cases related to construction flaws in flat roofs were analyzed in this research. A matrix was developed indicating the risk of lawsuits by owners according to the degree of nuisance resulting from the construction flaws studied, their technical importance, and the type of pathological origin. Based on these factors, it is possible to predict a greater or lesser probability of an owner filing a lawsuit—risk factor (F). A wide range was found for this probability, with the largest value being 865 times greater than the smallest value. The value of F was divided into 5 categories to classify the diverse results obtained and determine the number of cases and interrelations ascribed to each category. Additionally, the level of presence of said cases was calculated through the analysis of 3 different demographic aspects, it being noted that a greater purchasing power and a higher concentration of urban population lead to more stringent requirements and, subsequently, to a greater number of lawsuits. With all these results, building quality can be improved while resulting in greater constructive-financial sustainability and in a reduction of the economic resources required of society (fewer lawsuits and associated human resources).

The potentials and limitations, and specialization of regional cities in Thailand

This research article aimed to highlight the potentials and limitations, and the specialization of regional cities in Thailand. Multiple data collection techniques were applied: direct field observations, key informant interviews, a literature review, and data retrieval from the Internet. A geographic information system, descriptive statistics, and content analysis were utilized for data analysis. It was found that all regional cities had potential in the population aspect as the highest concentration of urban population in their individual regions, the center of non-farm sector production, and the educational center (except Songkhla with the outstanding role as the commercial and service center overshadowed by Hat Yai’s influence). Limitations were also found in various social services (especially for public health) as well as in road network and urban structure (except Chiang Mai with its well-planned road network). It could thus be summarized from the present status that all regional cities were centers of human settlement and urbanization. In comparison to other regional cities, Chiang Mai’s specialization was mostly in commerce and education. Khon Kaen was the industrial center and the growth center of the western Indochina Peninsula. Chonburi specialized in export- oriented manufacturing and international trade, enhanced by Mueang Pattaya—the hub of world-class tourism. If the role of Hat Yai were taken into account, Songkhla would be the border trading center of the central Malay Peninsula.

City Size, Population Concentration and Productivity: Evidence from China

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of China's city size and urban population concentration on city productivity by developing a distinctive index based on global nighttime light data. Using the panel data of 280 prefecture cities from 2004 to 2013 and employing dynamic system generalized method of moments and panel threshold model regression techniques, our results show that city size has a positive impact on city productivity; therefore, cities in China still have the potential to expand. While moderate urban population concentration can benefit city productivity, excessively concentrated urban population distribution may impede the growth of city productivity. We also find that the level of labor income significantly affects the impacts of urban agglomeration on labor productivity. Therefore, our results imply that city development policies should focus more on how to appropriately allocate economic activities and adjust population distribution in urban areas according to different stages of economic development.

РОЗВИТОК СИСТЕМИ РОЗСЕЛЕННЯ СТОЛИЧНОГО СУСПIЛЬНО-ГЕОГРАФIЧНОГО РАЙОНУ ЯК ФАКТОР ФОРМУВАННЯ ТУРИСТИЧНОГО РИНКУ РЕГIОНУ

Main goal: To analyze the level of the urban settlement system development of the Capital Socio-Geographical region by means of a cluster analysis method and by selecting the optimal number of capacitive indicators. It is assumed that the most significant characteristics, may be the most important and have a determining function. Methodology: The use of special statistical and mathematical methods of research, in particular, the method of cluster analysis is the basis of the study. This method has gained wide popularity for the study of both the general socio-economic development of the administrative-territorial units of the state and the corresponding systems of settlement of different taxonomic ranks. Cluster analysis is a research tool for analyzing data to solve classification problems. Its purpose is to sort cases into groups or clusters in such a way that the degree of dependency is strong between members within one cluster and weak between members of different clusters. The process of clustering involves the selection of optimal indicators, which most fully and objectively reflect the situation of the manifestation of a phenomenon in the studied area.Results: It is established that the presence of agglomerated settlements around the agglomeration center, namely the city of Kyiv, significantly increase its concentration potential, which leads to an increase in the area of both direct and indirect influence of the city center. Thus, the zone of influence of the city of Kyiv is not limited to the boundaries of the administrative Kyiv region, but extends beyond it, involving the territories of Chernihiv, Zhytomyr, Cherkasy and, to a lesser extent, Vinnitsa and Poltava regions. Scientific novelty: The clusterization of administrative-territorial units of the Capital Socio-Geographical region is carried out. Clustering was based on the degree of manifestation in them of the main indicators of the development of regional urban settlement systems.It is revealed that the presence of agglomerated settlements around the agglomeration center, the city of Kiev, significantly increase its concentration potential, which leads to an increase in the area of both direct and indirect influence of the city center. Thus, the zone of influence of the city of Kyiv is no longer confined to the boundaries of the administrative Kyiv region, but extends beyond it, involving the territories of Chernihiv, Zhytomyr, Cherkasy and, to a lesser extent, Vinnytsia and Poltava regions. The degree of localization of the urban population of the district and the cluster analysis of its administrative-territorial units in accordance with the levels of development of their settlement systems were considered to present the situation regarding the concentration of urban population of the Capital Socio-Geographical region. Practical relevance: Publication materials can be used in the development of measures to optimize the settlement system of the Capital Socio-Geographical region and to adjust the administrative and territorial reform of the state.