Level Of Urban Planning Research Articles

Estimation of the thickness of anthropogenic deposits in historical urban centres: An interdisciplinary methodology applied to Rome (Italy)

In historical urban centres, the superimposition of excavation and deposition activities over time has resulted in an irregular spatial distribution of anthropogenic deposits, which may reach considerable thicknesses. The detection of those thicknesses requires extensive investigations. Broad borehole and geophysical campaigns cost time and money, consequently at the urban-planning level, it is usual to shift to an estimation of thicknesses, which may be performed through map-algebra operations, that is, by subtracting from the modelled ground surface the elevation of the anthropogenic-deposit basal surface. The latter is implemented through the interpolation of point elevation data, which are generally provided by borehole logs. Despite the development of advanced spatial interpolation methodologies, previous modelling results in the literature show that if the process is affected by insufficient input data, it produces imprecise interpolation outputs. This paper reports an interdisciplinary methodology aiming at enhancing elevation datasets, in order to obtain more accurate digital elevation models. The increase in number and spatial distribution of input points is achieved through past-landscape analyses mainly based on elevation data given by borehole logs, available archaeological reports and historical topographic maps, these being generally available for historical urban centres. The methodology was tested in an urban sector of Rome, where significant activities have been performed for millennia particularly during the Roman Age. A reliable model of the basal surface of the anthrostrata led to a better estimation of the spatial distribution of such deposits and, in addition, revealed the original topographic surface, as modified by human activities.

Improving Residential Buildings Performance against the Explosion Using Passive Defense RequirementsCase Study: Designing a Residential Building in Damascus

Because of its special situation in the Middle East, which is described as a conflict zone, Syria has been subjected to war and has suffered heavy casualties and financial losses. Nowadays, using comprehensive crisis management programs can reduce the severity and extent of damages by using effective measures. One of the most important of these measures is the use of passive defense principles as a strategy to reduce risks against various hazards and increase post-risk efficiency, which should be considered at different levels of planning, urban planning and architecture. Therefore, this article is descriptive-analytical and theoreticalpractical type that can play a significant role in achieving the goals mentioned previously. Accordingly, with the completion of necessary studies on inoperative defense and architectural requirements to be respected, architectural measures in the design of residential buildings were developed for maximum use during wartime and normal conditions. The results of the information analysis indicated that the design process of a residential building could be protected†as possible as†against the explosion based on the requirements of passive defense in an organized process. At each design stage, the impact of a new design criterion will be threatened to reduce the impact. A simple example for this method can be as follows: Step One: Landscape Design, Step Two: General Design of the Architectural Concept, Step Three: Analysis and Design of Civil Engineering, and Step Four: Designing the Systems of Coating. Based on this, a ten-story residential building in Damascus-Syria was designed talking into account the above consideration to achieve safety and security.

Big data: perspectives of using in urban planning and management

To date, there is no doubt about the need and possibilities of using large amounts of information. So called “Big Data" technology is used in a variety of areas, and urban planning is no exception. The article discusses how to use large amounts of information for a competent design of social and engineering urban networks in the interests of cities residents while preserving historical appearance of cities. The proposed hypothesis states that urban planning can transition to a new higher level with the introduction of "Big Data" technology based on the concept of "Smart City", which not only makes the life of residents comfortable, but also allows making timely adjustments to one or other urban process with the purpose of its improvement. Additionally, possible approaches of the concept implementation and their applicability under various conditions are discussed. The article analyzes the experience of Smart City concept implementation as a part of "Big Data" technologies in practice of a number of European cities. Important positive results of such implementation are noted. The role and place of each of the parties interested in sustainable development of the city, in the development of intellectual systems for managing this development is discussed. In particular, a lot of attention is paid to the role of the state as the initiator and coordinator of interaction between the parties, the main holder and user of data, services and infrastructure. It is concluded that the potential built into the "Big Data" technology will allow us to move to a new level of urban planning, based on real urban data collected by various technical means.

Seditious Spaces

Seditious Spaces

The Global Experience of Deployment of Energy-Efficient Technologies in High-Rise Construction

The objective of this research is to examine issues related to the increasing importance of energy-efficient technologies in high-rise construction. The aim of the paper is to investigate modern approaches to building design that involve implementation of various energy-saving technologies in diverse climates and at different structural levels, including the levels of urban development, functionality, planning, construction and engineering. The research methodology is based on the comprehensive analysis of the advanced global expertise in the design and construction of energy-efficient high-rise buildings, with the examination of their positive and negative features. The research also defines the basic principles of energy-efficient architecture. Besides, it draws parallels between the climate characteristics of countries that lead in the field of energy-efficient high-rise construction, on the one hand, and the climate in Russia, on the other, which makes it possible to use the vast experience of many countries, wholly or partially. The paper also gives an analytical review of the results arrived at by implementing energy efficiency principles into high-rise architecture. The study findings determine the impact of energy-efficient technologies on high-rise architecture and planning solutions. In conclusion, the research states that, apart from aesthetic and compositional interpretation of architectural forms, an architect nowadays has to address the task of finding a synthesis between technological and architectural solutions, which requires knowledge of advanced technologies. The study findings reveal that the implementation of modern energy-efficient technologies into high-rise construction is of immediate interest and is sure to bring long-term benefits.

DEVELOPING A WEB-BASED PPGIS, AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING SERVICE

Abstract. Today municipalities are searching for new tools to empower locals for changing the future of their own areas by increasing their participation in different levels of urban planning. These tools should involve the community in planning process using participatory approaches instead of long traditional top-down planning models and help municipalities to obtain proper insight about major problems of urban neighborhoods from the residents’ point of view. In this matter, public participation GIS (PPGIS) which enables citizens to record and following up their feeling and spatial knowledge regarding problems of the city in the form of maps have been introduced. In this research, a tool entitled CAER (Collecting & Analyzing of Environmental Reports) is developed. In the first step, a software framework based on Web-GIS tool, called EPGIS (Environmental Participatory GIS) has been designed to support public participation in reporting urban environmental problems and to facilitate data flow between citizens and municipality. A web-based cartography tool was employed for geo-visualization and dissemination of map-based reports. In the second step of CAER, a subsystem is developed based on SOLAP (Spatial On-Line Analytical Processing), as a data mining tools to elicit the local knowledge facilitating bottom-up urban planning practices and to help urban managers to find hidden relations among the recorded reports. This system is implemented in a case study area in Boston, Massachusetts and its usability was evaluated. The CAER should be considered as bottom-up planning tools to collect people’s problems and views about their neighborhood and transmits them to the city officials. It also helps urban planners to find solutions for better management from citizen’s viewpoint and gives them this chance to develop good plans to the neighborhoods that should be satisfied the citizens.

Urban-planning sustainability problems in a city natural framework

The paper contains the research results of the state of Moscow specially protected natural areas (SPNA). The results obtained has allowed to establish the negative factors leading to the SPNAdegradation. The reason is the contradiction between the interest to improve population life quality by using the SPNA as a recreational areas and the interest to preserve valuable landscapes in accordance with the law. It was indicated that recreational load has a significant negative impact to the natural areas. The project experimental results were presented at the example of «Elk Island» National Park. The recreational load control should be by means of urban planning regulation. This is achieved by reducing the population density at the natural area boundaries in preparing the land use and development regulations at a master plan designlevel.A zoning schemeof an area by the recreational load level (subzones) and urban planning regulations for the using of land plots and real estate properties or public improvements should be prepared when developing recreational area planning design at the urban planning level. Complex of these measures will ensure the sustainability of natural city complex.

The Craft Settings in Kainua-Marzabotto: Places and Archaeological Issues

Excavations in the Etruscan city of Marzabotto, the ancient Kainua, have brought to light a well-developed production structure over time which, especially for the Etruscan world, makes Marzabotto an especially favourable, paradigmatic context for the study of this particular aspect. Thanks to the contributions from the most recent investigations, together with the revision of older excavation data, this theme has in recent years benefitted from a series of updated considerations. The quality and variety of the data collected permits analyses from multiple points of view, not only on an architectural and urban planning level, but also on social, economic and political-institutional levels.

Simulation-based daylighting analysis procedure for developing urban zoning rules

ABSTRACTIncreasing urban density leads to a conflict between space-use efficiency and daylight access. Cities have traditionally relied on zoning guidelines that consist of section-based geometric evaluation techniques and/or hours of access to direct sunlight. However, it is now possible to quantify the performance of detailed design proposals before construction. Annual climate-based daylighting performance metrics for urban environments can be computed accurately, in high spatial resolution and in a timely manner. Given that massing design decisions at the urban planning level may make or break the long-term daylighting potential of a whole neighbourhood, the adoption of these tools by zoning boards, developers and urban planners seems particularly relevant. A simulation-based daylighting analysis procedure reveals the capabilities for both formulating more nuanced prescriptive zoning rules as well as for use by design teams. The procedure is used to evaluate the daylighting performance of 50 block typologies in New York City (NYC). The analysis demonstrates that certain urban massing approaches (e.g. pencil towers on a contextual base) outperform conventional massing strategies. A second case study application of an actual city block shows that innovative urban massings can improve access to daylight for the massing itself as well as for neighbouring buildings.

Study on the relation between urban planning and noise level

Abstract Different streets of a city of Spain were randomly selected and analyzed, extracting 135 different urban variables. The urban variables were compared with measured noise levels, and the possible significance in the relationships among them was analyzed. From the variables with a significant correlation, a multiple regression model for urban traffic noise was developed, which allows explaining 63% of the variability of urban noise. In this regression model, only eight of the initial urban variables were included. The obtained model was validated, and its prediction capacity was analyzed with 30 new randomly selected independent sampling points, showing a global uncertainty lower than 2 dBA, similar to that obtained in noise mapping techniques. The proposed methodology could be extrapolated to other cities, and the obtained models could be an important tool for city planning agents.

Regional Development Evaluation AssessmentCase Study of the New Suez Canal Role inRegional Developing

Regional Development as any other field of planning procedures needs a well-established evaluation assessment. The importance of evaluation assessment is as significant as strategy formulation because it spots light on the efficiency and effectiveness of the comprehensive plans in attaining the anticipated outcomes. It can also assess the suitability of the current processes and methods and acclimatize them to keep up with socio-economic, political and technological innovations of our dynamic world. Another aspect of the significance of regional development evaluation lies in its capability to synchronize the task performed by executive managers, working groups, divisions and subdivisions etc., through controlling of performance. Moreover, it helps in developing inputs for new strategic planning, enhance feedback process, review strategic management process and judging the validity of strategic choices. In August 2015, Egyptian Government announced its new regional development strategy to develop Sinai Peninsula based on the establishment of the economic zone of the New Suez Canal. The economic free zone of Suez Canal is expected to change the nature of the whole region socially, economically and also on the urban planning level as what Jebel Ali Port of Dubai did. The Egyptian new development plan comprises a strategy aims to establish new factories, logistic services areas, fisheries, agricultural lands reclamation and formation of new urban communities. The impact of such a development ¬¬needs to be pre-assessed on the planning level to estimate the degree of success or failure that could be attained by the end of strategy time frame on 2052. This paper is exploring the impact of such a strategy on the area through conducting SOWT analysis followed by a proposed framework capable of determining –quantitatively- the degree of the mentioned strategy in fulfilling the targeted aims.

From practice to policy: frameworks for temporary use

From informal, experimental practice, temporary use has become a structured policy in many cities in the past years. The responses given to the problem of empty properties appear at various levels of urban planning and policy. Some municipalities open up their real estate databases to engage citizens and entrepreneurs in revitalizing empty properties; others create frameworks for mediating between property owners and potential users; introduce incentives by raising taxes or tax exemptions, facilitate permission procedures, or secure funding and loans by offering public guarantees. While these policies correspond largely to their specific political, economic, social, and cultural contexts, they converge in their attempt to create a better connection between citizen and community initiatives and public policies. In this paper, the authors present an incomplete inventory of municipal policies and approaches elaborated in the past decade, offering examples to feed the continuous quest of how to include communities in the planning process and better integrate local initiatives in development projects.

협력적 계획의 실행에 관한 연구: 미국 위스콘신을 사례로

도시개발에 따른 외부효과 발생을 최소화하고 개발의 편익을 주변지역으로 확산하고자 하는 사회적 요구가 증가하면서 다양한 협력적 계획방식에 대한 논의가 증가하고 있다. 장기적으로는 협력적 계획을 뒷받침할 수 있는 법규 및 제도정비가 필요한 사항이지만 이에 앞서 미국사례의 협력적 계획이 실행될 수 있는 요소, 절차, 방법론 고찰을 통해 단일 행정구역 뿐만 아니라 여러 지자체에 걸쳐 도시개발이 이루어지는 복합경계신도시 등에 적용 가능한 협력적 계획의 대안과 시사점을 도출하고자 한다. 본 논문에서는 미국 위스콘신주의 사례조사 및 분석을 통해 다음과 같은 시사점을 도출하였다. 먼저 다수 지자체 경계 구역 내 공동계획구역을 설정하여 복합경계신도시 등과 같은 특수지역에 협동계획을 위한 구역 설정이 필요하며, 이를 위한 도시 계획적 수단이 마련되어야 한다. 이와 함께 협력계획의 유연성을 높이기 위해서는 생활권 단위의 계획단위 설정과 커뮤니티 활성화를 위한 제도적 운영체계가 마련되어야 한다. 또한 지역의 성장으로 인하여 발생한 수익은 공동세를 통하여 약정된 비율로 각 지자체에 배분하는 등 소규모 지역에서의 서비스 공유 및 공동세를 운영하는 방안도 협력계획의 실천력을 확보하는 방안이 될 수 있을 것이다. 이와 함께 협력적 거버넌스 구축을 위해서 계획단계에서부터의 이해관계자 참여와 중재인을 통한 갈등관리 방안이 마련되어야 하며, 도시기본계획 수준에서 협력계획의 실행 방안이 마련되어야 한다. As social needs are increasing to minimize the occurrence of external effect due to urban development and to diffuse the benefits of development to surrounding areas, diverse cooperative planning methods are increasingly being discussed. In the long term, laws and systems need to be refined to support cooperative planning, but prior to such development, elements, procedures, and methodologies wherein cooperative planning in U.S.A cases could be implemented were examined to derive the alternative to and implications of cooperative planning that can apply not only to single administrative districts but also to complex boundary new towns being developed by various local governments. This paper surveyed and analyzed the cases of Wisconsin State of the U.S.A, thereby deriving the following implications. First, joint planning areas should be established within the boundary area of various local governments to establish cooperative planning areas in special areas such as complex boundary new towns, and to this end, urban planning means should be prepared. Together with such efforts, to boost the flexibility of cooperative planning, life sphere unit-based planning unit should be established, and a well-organized operation system to activate communities should be prepared. Also, revenues, generated through regional growth, should be distributed to individual local governments through joint tax according to the agreed-upon ratios, and as such, measures to share services and operate joint tax in small-size regions should be secured. Together with such efforts, to establish cooperative governance, measures to manage conflicts through the participation by stakeholders and arbitrators should be prepared from the planning stage, and measures for implementing cooperative planning at the level of basic urban planning should be prepared.

Relationship between the Built Environment in the Community and Individual Health in Incheon, Korea

With increasing global interest in creating healthy communities, research in urban planning and public health has been progressing on this topic. While discussions and researches in South Korea are beginning to occur at the urban planning level, most studies hitherto have centered round public health, with very few considerations of built environments. This paper aims to explore how individual characteristics and built environments in the community are correlated to individual health levels in Incheon, Korea. This study establishes a conceptual model to examine the relationship between public health, individual attributes, and built environments and analyze the effect of built environments on health level using a multilevel regression model. The results reveal that, with the exception of some variables, the correlations between individual health levels and built environment variables are statistically significant.

A Research on the Small Towns' Characteristic Construction Problem and the Innovation under the Background of Rapid Urbanization in the Less Developed Areas

Small town is the breakthrough point to quicken urbanization. This paper analyses many problems during the small towns construction in the less developed areas such as conservative ideas, the low level of urban planning, lack of economic dynamism and the negligence of cultural advantage. The characteristic innovations on concept, planning, economy, culture and architecture are put forward, for developing its distinct local characters and advantages.

Investing in Urban Studies to Ensure Urban Archaeology’s Future: A Response to ‘The Challenges and Opportunities for Mega-infrastructure Projects and Archaeology’

In reading J. J. Carver’s excellent suggestions for how to better enable archaeology and large urban infrastructure projects to progress to mutual benefit, I found myself in enthusiastic agreement with his point that ‘professional working relationships are the most important challenge for archaeology in mega projects’ and that we must convince project directors, engineers, and site teams that archaeology ‘can enhance the value of the project they are building’ (4). This is especially crucial in cities like New York City (NYC), where government protection of cultural heritage is weaker than in London and where the city’s identity is tied more to its future than its past. In future-oriented cities, it is thus necessary to take Carver’s point even further and to engage people involved in all levels of urban planning and development, both at project sites and within the academic programs that train them, to help bring about a cultural shift in attitudes towards the value of archaeology.

Storm-water management in low-income countries

Rapid urbanisation coupled with a changing climate is increasing surface run-off in many cities in low-income countries. Badly managed run-off has a disproportionate impact on the poor. In a series of ten research projects the state of storm-water management in Vietnam, Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, Pakistan and India has been examined, including issues of management, maintenance, health impacts (such as malaria) and design standards. The findings show that institutional issues such as urban planning, financing, management responsibility and skills levels are areas that require attention if storm-water is to be controlled effectively. Integrated approaches are required, making institutional coordination critical. Technical issues also need to be addressed, with silt and solid waste being a significant design problem.

서촌한옥마을 조사에 따른 한옥지구 보전 개선방안 연구

본 연구는 한옥에 대한 인식의 변화와 가치가 재조명되는 상황에서 향후 우리나라 고유의 한옥마을을 보전하고 활성화하기 위해 요구되고 개선되어야 하는 것이 무엇인지를 연구하였다. 분석방법은 한옥 거주지의 문제점을 파악하고 그에 대한 개선방안 및 개선 중요도를 분석하였다. 분석결과로 한옥자체의 건축적인 요소의 보전도 필요하나 더불어 더 중요한 것은 공동체적인 마을단위의 고유의 역사성과 문화성을 재창조하여 가치를 높이고 체계적이고 계획적인 보전 및 개발을 위한 도시계획적인 차원에서 주민의 협조와 정부의 정책적인 지원과 배려가 요구된다는 것을 제시하였다. Recently, the korean-style houses are shedded new light. So, this study analysed what it is required and improved for preservation and vitalization of traditional korean village. At tool of analysis and systemic analytical approach, the problem of traditional korean village figured out. and then, the method and Importance of improvement are deducted. As a result of this study, it is represented to need that the preservation of architectural factors in the self korean-style house, but the more important things are deducted cooperation of citizen, political support and consideration of government at level of urban planning. There must be considered for planned conservation and development, increasing value by recreation of historicity and culture in city unit of community.

Ecology of the Mosquito Larvae in Urban Environments of Cairo Governorate , Egypt

Mosquitoes were surveyed over one year period in two localities in Cairo representing different levels of urban planning: El-Muqattam (planned) and Abu-Seir (unplanned). Culex pipiens, Cx. perexiguus, Cx. pusillus, Ochlerotatus caspius, Culiseta longiareolata and Anopheles multicolor were the collected species at both sites. Mosquitoes were more common in Abu-Seir than in El-Muqattam, with larvae of the filaria vector Cx. pipiens accounting for 81% and 52% of recorded individuals at these sites, respectively. Five types of the potential breeding habitats were detected of which, the cesspits (El-Muqattam) and drainage canals (Abu-Seir) were the most common while springs in El-Muqattam and drainage canals in Abu-Seir were the most productive types. Both Cx. pipiens and Cx. perexiguus bred year round with peaks of abundance coinciding with higher temperatures.

Iranian New Towns and their Urban Management Issues: A critical review of influential actors and factors

As a key component of Iran’s urban policy and planning, new town development has been scrutinised from various aspects such as design and architecture, geography, and sociology, with much of the literature concentrating on the substantive challenges of the development process. Missing, however, is the account of its procedural challenges arising from the influential actors and factors involved in that process. This paper focuses on the critical assessment of the performance of the key factors and actors involved in the Iranian New Town development decisions. These modifications seem necessary, as will be argued, because due to weak governance, the new town development programme has not yet achieved all its goals.Part one of this paper discusses the planning framework of the Iranian New Towns; part two discusses the national and regional levels of urban planning in Iran, stressing the planning process and the actors involved; part three concentrates on master planning, and part four concludes with suggestions for improving the urban development process in Iran.