Urban Master Plan Research Articles

“Tuti is Losing its Uniqueness”: Genealogy Documentation of the Maḥas of Tuti Island and the (De)Construction of Belonging

ABSTRACT Tuti Island is a river island located at the junction of the Blue and the White Nile in Greater Khartoum, the capital region of the Sudan. Through the process of documenting their genealogies, some of inhabitants of Tuti Island have constructed a historical narrative about the origins and early settlement of the island and of the Maḥas extended families who live there. For many of the Maḥas of Tuti, documenting their genealogies is a way of overcoming their fear about the island losing its uniqueness, because of urban master plans through which the island is envisioned as a waterfront development. By attaching their families’ histories to the island, they hope to assert their sense of belonging. Moreover, some of the island’s genealogists have traced their genealogical lines as far back as the time before their ancestors migrated from northern Sudan and ended up on Tuti island. The social alienation Maḥas Tuti are experiencing plays a vital role in driving people to attach their genealogies and family histories to Qāmī, the “original” land of the Maḥas of Tuti island and construct an imagined homeland.

Integrating Health Into the Urban Master Plan of Vic, Barcelona: A Comprehensive Approach

Planning healthier cities is essential for public health. However, there is a gap between the insights from public health research and applications to planning practice. Based on a scoping review and in cooperation with urban planners and public health professionals, this study developed evidence-based tools and a comprehensive approach to help urban planners integrate health into the urban master plan (2017–2020) of a medium-sized city named Vic (Barcelona). The scoping review included a systematic review of the literature (PubMed, PRISMA protocol) and an advanced Google search for gray literature (2015–2017). The systematic review identified significant associations between urban planning attributes (n = 16) and health outcomes (n = 21). After critical appraisal with stakeholders, an urban and health association matrix was developed to help urban planners understand the connection between urban planning and health. The advanced Google search identified urban planning actions (n = 117) that had an impact on health outcomes. After critical appraisal with stakeholders, a healthy urban planning actions checklist (n = 68) was developed to help urban planners’ decision-making on the inclusion of locally tailored health-enhancing urban planning actions into the urban master plan. From the reviewed evidence and tools, a comprehensive approach delineated a series of steps that successfully led urban planners to incorporate health-enhancing urban actions (n = 112) into the urban master plan. This translational research developed a comprehensive approach to include health in local urban planning. This might scale up to other European medium-sized cities to maximise the effectiveness of built environment interventions and monitor their health impact.

도시기본계획의 부문별 계획내 환경부문 연계 및 관리 체제에 관한 연구

In 2018, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and the Ministry of Environment enacted the Land Environment Integrated Management Ordinance. The Integrated Land Environment Management Guidelines focus on linking the Framework Act on the National Land and the Framework Act on Environmental Policy at the national level. There is a limit in that local governments cannot present a specific implementation plan for implementing this. It is necessary to examine the territorial-environmental linkage in terms of planning at the regional level. The purpose of this study is to confirm the status of environmental linkage between the national land plan and the environmental plan for Seoul. We confirmed qualitatively how the land-environmental linkage plan was applied, focusing on the sectoral plans of the ｢National Land Planning and Utilization Act (hereinafter referred to as the National Land Planning Act)｣ - Urban Basic Plan Guidelines - Urban Basic Plan. The contents of the urban master plan are repeated and appear as a simple response plan. It is necessary to promote systematic linkage with the environmental plan rather than a simple countermeasure for environmental conservation.

Tourism development techniques in the urban master plan

Tourism development techniques in the urban master plan

Traditional Thoughts and Modern Development of the Historical Urban Landscape in China: Lessons Learned from the Example of Pingyao Historical City

In the past 40 years, China has undergone a rapid urbanization process which has led to a significant contradiction between the desire to develop modern urban spaces and the need to protect historic urban sites. Urban construction has brought not only the destruction of the physical space of the historic urban sites, but also the fragmentation of the natural landscape and its structural disconnection to the historic urban landscape. Ancient Chinese planners had their own thoughts regarding urban construction and the specific patterns of the urban landscape. The urban landscape of Chinese historic cities focuses predominantly on the structural relationship to its neighborhood. This paper aims to explore the value and character of the historic landscape of the ancient city, finding the key causes of its decline in the process of urbanization. The World Cultural Heritage city Pingyao is taken as a case study. Firstly, an analysis of its historical spatial structure and urban planning ideas of the ancient city of Pingyao using ancient maps and historical documents is presented. Then, a quantitative analysis of the urban space expansion in Pingyao city from 1989 to 2016 is conducted and its land use structure further analyzed. Additionally, four editions of the urban master plan in Pingyao have comprehensively shown that modern urban construction and planning tend to focus more on urban economic functions and social needs. In contrast, ancient urban planning relied on the spatial connection between urban space and its natural environment to construct a higher urban cultural connotation. As a result, the different development mode between modern urbanization and construction of ancient cities could be the key reason for the decline of spatial structure and landscape fragmentation of historical cities in China. With respect to the experience and thoughts of Pingyao’s ancient urban planning and construction, technical ideas and suggestions are put forward as reference in future spatial planning for Pingyao’s urban development and cultural protection. Our findings have been incorporated into the relevant sections of the spatial planning of Pingyao.

Development of Creative Handicrafts Industrial Zones in Rajapolah District, Tasikmalaya Regency: Spatial Recommendation for Village Areas

The creative craft industry in Rajapolah District as the main driver of the regional economy in supporting facilities that still concentrated in one particular area. There have been limited studies concerned on spatial functions in creative spaces. This article addresses the criteria for functions and facilities for the development of creative industrial areas and their application in spatial recommendation for village areas. This research used a quantitative method using instruments on statistical data. Data analysis was divided into three stages namely identification, determining the criteria, and determining spatial functions. The study used the form of production data includes raw materials, labor, product size, product diversity, as well as the distribution of production houses, marketing facilities and education and training. The results showed that the development of creative industrial zones can be identified on criteria functions in the provision of raw materials, production, research and development, and marketing. Some villages have fulfilled the criteria for the function of creative spaces, which are relatively scattered in craft production houses close to the center of village activities. Besides that, it is also relatively far away, however supported by adequate road access. Creative promotion centers in the form of markets, outlets and shops are mostly concentrated on the main road network. Meanwhile, creative education centers in the form of multi-purpose building are relatively concentrated in some villages. Articles contribute to the field of creative industry science which is practically used as a consideration for the government in preparing detailed urban masterplans.
 Keywords: Creative industry; Handicrafts; Spatial; Development zone
 
 Copyright (c) 2021 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

The participatory process in the review of the Master Plan of Vitória (2014-2018)

The Federal Constitution of 1988 defined the Master Plan as a 'basic instrument' of urban development policy and subsequent legislation, which regulated the Urban Policy chapter (Estatuto da Cidade, Federal Law No. 10,257 / 2001), reinforced a set of participatory requirements in the availability and implementation of the corresponding policies. Based on this new institutional arrangement, this research paper analyzes a participatory structure in the process of reviewing the Master Plan for the municipality of Vitória, capital of Espírito Santo, in the period 2014-2018. The investigation took as an analytical parameter the participatory methodology proposed by the Ministry of Cities, whose distinguishing feature was the dissemination of democratic management instruments. The empirical analysis shows that several participatory mechanisms were implemented, such as public hearings of regional and social segments, thematic seminars, round tables, territorial assemblies, implementation of a collaborative website, involvement of the Municipal Council of the Urban Master Plan (CMPDU) and realization of the Municipal Conference on Urban Policy (Encontro da Cidade), in which the draft of the Master Plan bill was presented, discussed and voted on. Thus, the process incorporated the participatory methodology recommended by the Ministry of Cities and the corresponding legislation. The effectiveness of participation according to the guidelines of the City Statute is still an ongoing process, but the inclusion of democratic management mechanisms is a reality in Vitória, constituting an institutional advance.

A study on Securing the Appropriateness of Population Estimation in the Urban Master Planning

우리나라는 높은 경제성장 과정에서 높은 출산율 속에서 인구는 증가하였고 도시로 모여들었다. 도시가 급증하는 인구로 인해 많은 문제가 발생하면서 도시계획법은 도시기본계획과 도시관리계획을 마련하여 이를 해결하였다. 저출산ㆍ고령화로 인해 인구가 감소하는 지금에 있어서 기존에 인구가 증가하는 것을 전제로 하여 규정된 도시기본계획은 근본적인 변화가 불가피하다. 하지만 인구감소로 인해 지역소멸이 현실화되고 있지만 지방자치단체는 과거와 같이 인구가 증가하는 것을 전제로 한 도시기본계획을 수립하고 있다. 지방자치단체가 수립한 도시기본계획에서는 장래인구를 과다하게 추정하면서 인구가 줄어드는 현실과의 격차는 점점 크게 증가하고 있다. 도시기본계획은 해당 지역의 도시의 미래상을 제시하고 있어서 계획의 기본이 되는 인구격차가 증가하는 것은 결국에 지역의 무분별한 난개발과 재정낭비를 초래하여 도시의 쇠퇴를 가속화시키는 결과를 낳고 있다. 계획과 현실간의 인구격차를 해소하여 도시기본계획이 본래의 기능을 수행하기 위해서는 지방자치단체가 도시기본계획의 수립을 위해서 보다 다양한 인구지표를 활용할 수 있도록 하고 보다 탄력적인 계획수립을 할 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 또한 계획인구 추정에서 사회적 요인에 의한 인구증가에 대해서는 보다 구체적인 통제방안 요구된다. 인구감소시대의 인구이동은 지방자치단체에게는 제로섬 게임이라는 점을 인식하고 주변 지방자치단체가 도시기본계획을 상호 연계할 수 있는 방안도 고려되어야 한다. 무엇보다 지방자치단체의 도시기본계획 수립 역량을 강화하고 도시기본계획의 합리적 수립을 위한 데이터를 국가와 지방자치단체가 용이하게 공유할 수 있는 근거도 필요하다. 인구감소시대에 직면한 지금에 있어서 지방자치단체가 과거와 같이 도시기본계획상의 인구를 과도하게 추정하게 되면 지금의 어려움을 가속화시킬 것이다. 보다 다양한 방법을 통한 인구추정을 유도하고 과도한 인구추정을 통제하여 본래의 기능에 적합한 도시기본계획을 수립할 수 있는 방안 마련이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

전라남도 중소도시의 공간계획 관리 방안 연구

This study conducted a management system and business analysis related to urban and architecture in local small and medium cities. The current status of the management department of the master plans, which were established based on the laws related to the spatial environment and implemented projects based on them, was analyzed, and the problems were derived. The basic urban master plan of the local government is classified as a hierarchical higher plan than other plans established within the same city, but there was a problem in that the timing of each plan was different. As a problem, the contents of the sub-plan were not included in the upper plan, or the opposite phenomenon occurred. In addition, the management entity of the master plan and sub-projects was different. To solve this problem, it is necessary to form a consistent structure of systematic planning and management subjects. In addition, in the future planning stage, it is necessary to establish a master plan establishment system according to hierarchies. This study is meaningful in that it can be used to establish a master plan establishment system according to hierarchy in the future planning stage and to establish the same management entity as the master plan in the projects stage.

The Construction of Ecological Security Patterns in Coastal Areas Based on Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment-A Case Study of Jiaodong Peninsula, China.

Increasing land utilization, population aggregation and strong land–sea interaction make coastal areas an ecologically fragile environment. The construction of an ecological security pattern is important for maintaining the function of the coastal ecosystem. This paper takes Jiaodong Peninsula in China, a hilly coastal area, as an example for evaluating landscape ecological risk within a comprehensive framework of “nature–neighborhood–landscape”, based on spatial principal component analysis, and it constructs the ecological security pattern based on the minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR). The results showed that the overall level of ecological risk in the study area was medium. The connectivity between the areas of low landscape ecological risk was relatively low, and the high risk areas were concentrated in the north of the Peninsula. A total of 11 key ecological corridors of three types (water, green space and road corridors) and 105 potential corridors were constructed. According to the ecological network pattern, landscape ecological optimization suggestions were proposed: key corridors in the north and south of Jiaodong Peninsula should be connected; urban development should consider current ecological sources and corridors to prevent landscape fragmentation; and the ecological roles of potential corridors should be strengthened. This paper can provide a theoretical and practical basis for ecological planning and urban master planning in coastal areas in the future.

Planning for Simultaneous Regional/Urban and Tourism Development with Case Studies

This research suggests optimal planning and designing techniques for tourism complexes in urban master planning. Firstly, it explains the importance of the tourism industry through the theories of scholars and experts. It also emphasizes the connection between the development of urban economies and the tourism industry. This helps integrate the tourism industry and comprehensive regional/urban planning. It starts with planning and designing the tourism complexes in the early stages of the municipality’s master plan. This research paper suggests urban land-use policies and location techniques. This paper brings out land-use policies and centralized and symmetric urban design models for regional/urban sustainable development. It charts the following steps to meet the goal: determining a location for a tourism complex, setting a spatial table of required construction, preparing a land-use map, preparing a map album, developing investment and construction contracts. This paper assists civil engineers, urban and regional planners, tourism industry bodies, and students to develop rationally and optimally.

Interacting The Urban Masterplan of Unicamp with the Sustainable Development Goals

Universities are the training centers for future decision-makers in the social, political and economic sectors. Considering the university campus as an urban locus or even a microcosm of society, the change that begins in the urban planning of a university is an opportunity for example and replication in the city. This paper presents the development of the Unicamp Urban Masterplan, a strategic project of the university that involves the participation of all-around social actors: professors, students, researches, staff and local community and brings the actual panorama, the future scenarios and the guidelines to achieve them. It is organized through six planning areas: 1. Urban usage and heritage; 2. Environment; 3. Urban infrastructure; 4. Mobility and accessibility; 5. Social interaction; and 6. University and society. Projects resulting from these guidelines should be developed through living laboratories. Campus territories and their evolution are monitored through performance indicators aligned with the UI GreenMetric sustainable university ranking process indicators. This paper explains the methodology in which the urban projects be implemented through living laboratories to put into practice the SDGs, as necessary action for the transition to sustainability in the campuses. The use of the university campuses as a living laboratory results in the transformation of the Unicamp space and impel the replication to transform the local community to sustainability and to disseminate solutions to the cities and other universities

MasterplanGAN: Facilitating the smart rendering of urban master plans via generative adversarial networks

This study proposes a prototype for the smart rendering of urban master plans via artificial intelligence algorithms, a process which is time-consuming and relies on professionals’ experience. With the help of crowdsourced data and generative adversarial networks (GAN), a generation model was trained to provide colorful rendering of master plans similar to those produced by experienced urban designers. Approximately 5000 master plans from Pinterest were processed and CycleGAN was applied as the core algorithm to build this model, the so-called MasterplanGAN. Using the uncolored input design files in an AutoCAD format, the MasterplanGAN can provide master plan renderings within a few seconds. The validation of the generated results was achieved using quantitative and qualitative judgments. The achievements of this study contribute to the development of automatic generation of previously subjective and experience-oriented processes, which can serve as a useful tool for urban designers and planners to save time in real projects. It also contributes to push the methodological boundaries of urban design by addressing urban design requirements with new urban data and new techniques. This initial exploration indicates that a large but clear picture of computational urban design can be presented, integrating scientific thinking, design, and computer techniques.

시스템 사고를 활용한 정책형성의 고도화 방안 연구: 환경성이 내재화된 도시기본계획을 중심으로

This paper studies ways to improve policy formation using systems thinking to prevent or ameliorate confusion or policy conflict. In this study, the overall structure are identified by utilizing systems thinking and causal loop diagrams to pinpoint policy situations that are opposed by the development-oriented logic of urban planning and the conservation-oriented logic of environmental planning. And to resolve the problem, we propose an alternative plan called integrated urban master plan where the environmental factors are internalized. By the improvement policy formation using systems thinking, problems can be prevented in advance and policy delays or side effects can be minimized.

Integrating conformance and performance for the evaluation of urban planning implementation from a goal-oriented perspective

Urban planning implementation evaluation (UPIE) is an important tool for the supervision and inspection of the outcomes, processes and effectiveness of planning implementation. Conformance-based evaluation refers to the exploration of the degree of coincidence between actual situations and planning contents. Decision-centred performance evaluation focuses on exploring the role and purpose of plans in the implementation process. Although consensus has been reached on conformance and decision-centred performance evaluation, goal-oriented performance evaluation needs further development. Therefore, the integrated theoretical framework of UPIE, which emphasizes social effectiveness, has been constructed with goal-oriented performance in mind. It is suggested that performance-based evaluation that focuses on social effectiveness reveals the gap between actual situations and planning goals and can be established by the degree of realization of planning goals. Meanwhile, it has put forward a service-capabilities-based evaluation methodology which relies on the spatial matching between service supply and user group demands. Taking the Urban Master Plan of Xi’an (2008–2020) as an example, the results of UPIE show that this blueprint needs further revisions and adjustments. Through a goal-oriented methodology, the integrated theoretical framework can attract more attention to social effectiveness.

A real options framework for adaptive urban design

ABSTRACT Urban designs, and in particular urban masterplans, must deal with an inherently uncertain future. However, in practice, many urban masterplans still seem to underestimate or even ignore uncertainty. Some scholars have proposed design flexibility and adaptivity as a way to deal with uncertainties, but a formal framework has been lacking in urban design theory. Drawing upon theories of real options in finance and economics, a framework for design under conditions of uncertainty is developed. Five generic design strategies are identified, offering different flexibility options to urban design. Although such design options are currently used in practice in an intuitive way, the real options framework allows designers to cope with uncertainties in a more structured way and offers the possibility to quantify the added value of flexibility options.

Revisiting Transit-Oriented Development Evaluation for Urban Master Plans in the Context of Developing Countries

Transit-oriented development (TOD) advocates sustainable development and the building of livable neighborhoods. Several measures are proposed to evaluate TOD principles; however, the suitability of these measures is not fully explored in the context of developing countries. This paper provides a systematic method for multivariate analysis of TOD measures in the context of developing countries. A bivariate analysis is conducted to simultaneously study all TOD measures against the distance to transit measure because of its essential role in TOD. A dynamic zoning system is introduced to capture a realistic reflection of neighborhood that is walkable for its residents. In the proposed zoning system, neighboring zones can overlap, as the walkable areas for the nearby residences may overlap. The adherence of Tehran’s Master Plan to TOD principles is examined with a focus on TOD measures and multidimensionality in assessment. The results highlight the curse and the blessing of the high-density urban sprawl in sustainable development.

Identification of green infrastructure networks based on ecosystem services in a rapidly urbanizing area

Urban growth accompanied by sharp environmental changes has degraded ecosystem services (ESs). Green infrastructure (GI) is premised on the various social and ecological benefits of high-quality ESs that humans acquire from natural ecosystems; hence, the conservation of GI can be considered an effective way to safeguard ecological security and contain rapid urban sprawl and outward expansion. Taking Hangzhou, a typical ecologically sensitive but rapidly urbanizing area, as the case study, a GI network was established according to the quantification and mapping of diverse ES values. The equivalent ES value in China based on Xie’s table was adjusted by calculating the priority index and the spatial difference index, and then the adjusted value was applied to obtain the spatial distribution of the comprehensive ES value in Hangzhou. On this basis, the high-level spatial agglomeration area with the highest comprehensive ES value was extracted as a hub using Getis-Ord Gi∗ hotspot analysis, while the accumulated channel with the lowest cost of comprehensive ES value was generated as a corridor through the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model. Both the established GI network and its buffer were delineated as the GI conservation area, which further supported the revision of the construction area in the Hangzhou Urban Master Plan (2020–2040), which was formulated by urban development policy to coordinate the conflicts between rapid urbanization and ecological protection. This study provides a characteristic example of how to establish GI networks based on ES evaluations and provides a strong reference for land-use and environmental planning in other developing countries and regions that are exposed to severe ecological deterioration. It also proves that GI network identification is not only applicable to ecological security safeguards but can also be regarded as a useful tool for containing rapid urban sprawl and outward expansion to shape and promote a sustainable urban growth pattern.

안산신길2지구 도시건축통합 마스터플랜 - 설계공모 당선작을 중심으로

한국토지주택공사(LH)는 2018년에 기존 도시계획의 문제점과 한계를 극복하고자 가로공간 중심의 ‘도시건축통합계획’을 3기 신도시 및 신규 공공주택지구에 적용하기로 하였다. 이 설계기법은 초기 기획 단계부터 도시 · 건축 · 시설물을 아우르는 입체적 도시 마스터플랜을 통해 도시계획과 건축계획을 결정하는 방식으로, 안산신길2지구는 과천지구에 이어 두 번째로 이 방식을 적용한 대상지로, 현상설계공모 후 2020년 9월 심사를 통해 ‘Interactive Flow: 다층적 흐름의 공간구조 제안’이 당선작으로 선정되었다. 당선작은 물과 녹지를 따라 경험하는 도시의 ‘흐름’, 자유로운 도시의 흐름을 따르는 ‘리듬’, 발걸음을 따라 마주하는 곳곳의 ‘장면’ 등 다양성을 기반으로 걷고 싶은 도시, 다층적 흐름의 공간구조를 제안하였으며, 가로공간 중심의 커뮤니티 활성화 계획과 인근 시흥거모지구와의 교통 · 녹지 체계 연계성, 역세권 및 제기천변과 주요 도로를 아우르는 활성화 계획의 창의성이 공모취지에 부합한다는 평가를 받았다. 본 설계공모과정에 대한 연구를 통해 도시계획가 및 건축가들이 과거와는 다른 협력체계가 필요하다는 것을 제안하였다.

Discussion on the Teaching Reform of Urban Master Planning Under the Background of Territorial Space Planning

The advent of the era of territorial space planning poses new challenges to urban planning education. As the core curriculum of urban planning, urban master planning needs to actively respond to the national strategy and local practical needs, and reform the teaching. The article attempts to analyze the core demands of territorial and spatial planning for the teaching of master planning from three aspects: knowledge system, professional skills, and value orientation, and discusses the three aspects of teaching mode, teaching content and teaching methods. In the teaching mode, we should carry out joint teaching within the school, school-enterprise, and school-government to promote the collaborative participation of multiple parties. In the teaching content, we should build a multi-core knowledge and skill system, focusing on the integration and application of knowledge. In the teaching method, we should adopt modular teaching that closely integrates theory courses, design courses, and seminars, and pay attention to the cultivation of thinking ability and tolerance.