Urban Males Research Articles

Detection of lipoprotein(a)- cholesterol expression in Bangladeshi adults with dyslipidemia

<p><span>Lipoprotein(a)-cholesterol (Lp(a)-C)</span><span lang="EN-GB">, a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particle is considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). <br /> We aimed to investigate the association of Lp(a)-C expression with dyslipidemia among the Bangladeshi population and assess the relationship with cardiovascular risks. </span><span>In this cross-sectional comparative study, a total of 180 urban males and females between ages 19-65 years were included who were enrolled in a hospital setting of Bangladesh. Participants were selected based on their total c</span><span>holesterol (TC) level≥200 mg/dl, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-C<40 mg/dl, LDL-C≥140 mg/dl, and triacylglycerol (TG)≥150 mg/dl regardless of race, religion and socioeconomic status. Venous blood was collected from all participants and analyzed. <br /> Further, participants’ socio-demographics and body mass index (BMI) were collected. Expression of Lp(a)-C was detected in 22.86% patients with desirable levels (<14 mg/dL) of serum Lp(a)-C. This study suggests that the prevalence of hyperlipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia is high in the Bangladeshi population. Males were found to have lower HDL-C and higher TG than females. and, similar to other ethnic groups, a negative correlation between BMI and HDL-C was found in this population. In addition, Lp(a)-C had a positive correlation with TG which may recommend routine clinical investigation of Lp(a)-C as a biomarker for CVD risk.</span></p>

Evidence for differing trajectories of songs in urban and rural populations

AbstractLearned traits, such as foraging strategies and communication signals, can change over time via cultural evolution. Using historical recordings, we investigate the cultural evolution of birdsong over nearly a 50-year period. Specifically, we examine the parts of white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli) songs used for mate attraction and territorial defense. We compared historical (early 1970s) recordings with contemporary (mid-2010s) recordings from populations within and near San Francisco, CA and assessed the vocal performance of these songs. Because birds exposed to anthropogenic noise tend to sing at higher minimum frequencies with narrower frequency bandwidths, potentially reducing one measure of song performance, we hypothesized that other song features, such as syllable complexity, might be exaggerated, as an alternative means to display performance capabilities. We found that vocal performance increased between historical and contemporary songs, with a larger effect size for urban songs, and that syllable complexity, measured as the number of frequency modulations per syllable, was historically low for urban males but increased significantly in urban songs. We interpret these results as evidence for males increasing song complexity and trilled performance over time in urban habitats, despite performance constraints from urban noise, and suggest a new line of inquiry into how environments alter vocal performance over time.

Do Improvements of living standards lead to growth of obesity? Evidence from Chinese adults

This study estimates the impacts of income on body mass indices (BMIs) of male and female adults from both urban and rural areas in China under the neoclassic theory of obesity, using China Health and Nutrition Survey data during 1991–2011. Results of this study show that incomes has a significant inverted U-shaped impact on weight for both urban and rural males while having a negative effect on weight for urban females and positive effect on BMI for rural female, suggesting that further income growth is expected to lead to continuing growth of obesity for both urban and rural male adults as well as for rural female adults. Moreover, the strenuousness of physical activity, which is represented by types of jobs, significantly reduced the BMI for all adults except for urban females, implying that a decrease in the strenuousness of physical activity stemming from economic development and technological changes is an important factor leading to the growth of obesity for all adults and rural female adults.

The Comparison of Hearing Capabilities and Blood Pressure with Reference to Noise Pollution in Rural/Urban Areas of District Hyderabad

OBJECTIVE: To compare the noise pollution and blood pressure in urban and or rural areas of Hyderabad,Sindh, Pakistan.METHODOLOGY: A comparative cross sectional study was conducted from April 2018 to September2018. The sample size was randomly selected 201 young adults of either gender between 18 to 25 yearsof age.RESULTS: The hearing frequency in rural female (29.34Hz±8.04) was significantly (p<0.05) less than theurban female (49.09Hz±7.76). Similarly, the hearing frequency in rural male (24.72± 7.0) was alsosignificantly (p= <0.05) less than that of urban group (40.56Hz±7.6). The systolic and pulse pressure(106.2mmHg±4.35and 38.88mmHg±4.8) was recorded significantly (p=<0.05) lower in rural than Urbanfemale (114.2mmHg±6.03and45.76±4.8). Moreover, the systolic and pulse pressure(108.3mmHg±5.40 and 42.4mmHg±4.71) was significantly (p=<0.05) lower in rural than urban males(114.2mmHg±6.00 and 47.33mmHg±5.00mmHg) respectively.CONCLUSION: The study concludes that noise pollution has potent impact on hearing capabilities andblood pressure in urban areas of district Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan

Neighborhood Environment and Health of Injured Urban Black Men.

Urban black males are at disproportionately high risk of poor health outcomes; thus, we need to measure neighborhood environments appropriately in order to understand aspects of neighborhoods that influence their mental and physical health. We explored associations between physical and mental health of injured, urban black men with objectively measured and perceived neighborhood characteristics. In 2017-2018, we analyzed data from 486 black, adult males in Philadelphia admitted to a trauma center with injury between January 2013 and February 2017. Area-level measures of social, economic, and built environments were obtained from multiple sources. At enrollment, participants answered questions about neighborhood environment and self-reported physical and mental health 30days before injury. We conducted factor analysis to identify neighborhood characteristics, then estimated odds of poor physical or mental health, accounting for spatial correlation of participants. Poor physical and mental health was reported by 12% and 22% of participants, respectively. In participants' neighborhoods, 29% of adults lived in poverty. Individually, 73% of men reported abandoned buildings, and 31% reported not feeling safe walking around their neighborhood. Physical health was associated with neighborhood poverty and disconnectedness. Mental health was associated with neighborhood economics and individual perceptions of social disorder and safety. Individual-level factors were not correlated with area-level factors. We found both area-level and individual-level measures were associated with health, perhaps operating through different mechanisms, but individual experiences may not be easily extrapolated from area-level data. By identifying important components of neighborhood environments, we may better understand how neighborhoods contribute to health in vulnerable populations.

Characteristics of the Provider-Patient Encounter Associated With Awareness of and Willingness to Take PrEP Among Young Minority Urban Males in Baltimore City.

We aimed to identify provider encounter characteristics associated with awareness of and willingness to take PrEP among young urban minority males at higher risk for HIV acquisition. The 74 individuals included in this analysis from a cross-sectional survey of males aged 15-24 being seen at a Baltimore city clinic were those who identified as a man who had sex with men (MSM), reported injection drug use, were in a serodiscordant relationship, had a sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the past 6 months, or reported condomless sex with a partner with unknown HIV status. Topics of provider-initiated conversations associated with willingness to take PrEP included one's sexual behavior (OR 7.35, 95% CI [2.23, 24.26]), whether one had been hurt by a partner (OR 4.71, 95% CI [1.40, 15.87]), and risk reduction (OR 6.91, 95% CI [2.10, 22.81]). This study may yield new targets for provider-level interventions for increasing PrEP uptake.

A field test of the audibility of urban versus rural songs in mountain chickadees

AbstractAnthropogenic noise can mask avian vocalizations, and several urban‐dwelling species adjust frequency or amplitude of vocalizations in ways that appear to compensate for increased noise levels. Playback studies have investigated whether receivers differentiate between signals produced by rural and urban males, but it is difficult to determine whether differential response to stimulus reflects differences in audibility versus perceived differences in male signals/condition that result from urban settlement. Here, we performed paired‐playback trials to determine whether mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli) differentiate urban versus rural songs when both stimuli were broadcast within noise. For each playback, stimuli were played in short bouts starting at a low signal‐to‐noise ratio and increasing in relative amplitude with each successive bout. If the primary function of adjusted urban songs is propagation in noise, we hypothesized that focal males would respond sooner to urban versus rural playbacks (detect at lower signal‐to‐noise ratios). If urban songs solely encode information about the male's condition (such as increased aggression), then we predicted only a differential aggressive response to playbacks once detected. If urban songs both increase propagation and embed information on male condition, we predicted a combination of both response types. We found no difference in latency to first response in urban versus rural songs, but some evidence for differential aggression to playback dependent on both stimulus type (urban vs. rural) and local ambient noise levels; focal males in noisy (urban) sites responded aggressively to both stimulus types, whereas focal males in quiet (rural) sites responded more aggressively to urban than to rural stimuli. This context‐dependent discrimination may be the result of increased aggression in urban habitats, improved communication in noisy habitats by urban signallers and receivers, or some combination of the two.

Suicide rates in Zhejiang Province, China, from 2006 to 2016: a population-based study

BackgroundWe investigated the current temporal trends of suicide in Zhejiang, China, from 2006 to 2016 to determine possible health disparities in order to establish priorities for intervention.MethodsWe collected mortality surveillance...

Personal ultraviolet Radiation exposure in a cohort of Chinese mother and child pairs: the Chinese families and children study

BackgroundFew studies in China have examined personal ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure using polysulfone dosimetry.MethodsIn this study, 93 mother and adolescent child pairs (N = 186) from two locations in China, one rural (higher latitude) and one urban (lower latitude), completed 3 days of personal UVR dosimetry and a sun/clothing diary, as part of a larger pilot study.ResultsThe average daily ambient UVR in each location as measured by dosimetry was 20.24 Minimal Erythemal Doses (MED) in the rural location and 20.53 MED in the urban location. Rural mothers had more average daily time outdoors than urban mothers (5.5 h, compared with 1.5 h, in urban mothers) and a much higher daily average personal UVR exposure (4.50 MED, compared with 0.78 MED in urban mothers). Amongst adolescents, rural males had the highest average daily personal UVR exposure, followed by rural females, urban females and urban males (average 2.16, 1.05, 0.81, and 0.48 MED, respectively).ConclusionsAlthough based on small numbers, our findings show the importance of geographic location, age, work/school responsibilities, and sex of the adolescents in determining personal UVR exposure in China. These results suggest that latitude of residence may not be a good proxy for personal UVR exposure in all circumstances.

Examining the relationship between body mass index and adverse cardio-metabolic profiles among Australian Indigenous and non-Indigenous young adults

Australian Indigenous young people have a 10-fold excess of deaths from ischaemic heart disease compared with non-Indigenous Australians, yet the reasons behind this remain understudied. This paper aims to describe cardio-metabolic profiles among Australian Indigenous (n = 459) and non-Indigenous (n = 117) young adults (21–27 years). The association between body size and an adverse cardio-metabolic profile (≥3 abnormal cardio-metabolic markers) is assessed by gender and urban/rural residence, employing regression analyses. The prevalence of obesity was highest among urban Indigenous participants, both males and females (22% and 23%, respectively). Overall, BMI showed a significant positive association with an adverse cardio-metabolic profile. Moreover, adverse cardio-metabolic profile was present in a substantial proportion of Indigenous participants even in overweight and normal BMI categories. Among females, this could reflect elevated waist circumference, which was present in half of those of normal weight. Remote Indigenous females had the highest predicted probability of having an adverse cardio-metabolic profile across all BMI categories (13% for underweight, 54% for normal BMI, 93% for overweight, and 99% for obese). Our findings highlight the associations between obesity and adverse cardio-metabolic profiles among Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth. Culturally-relevant strategies that address lifestyle risks, including access to healthy food, are urgently needed in this age group.

Evaluation of an Adapted Project Connect Community-based Intervention Among Professionals Serving Young Minority Men.

To address sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs of young minority urban males, we developed and evaluated Project Connect Baltimore (Connect), which was adapted from a program with demonstrated effectiveness among young females. The objectives were to determine (1) the feasibility of Connect as adapted for young minority men, (2) whether the program increased SRH knowledge and resource sharing of youth-serving professionals (YSPs) working with young men, and (3) whether the program improved awareness and use of resources for young minority men in Baltimore City, an urban environment with high rates of sexually transmitted diseases. Connect developed a clinic referral guide for male youth-friendly resources for SRH. The YSPs working with partners and organizations serving young minority men were trained to use Connect materials and pretraining, immediate, and 3-month posttraining surveys were conducted to evaluate program effects. A before-after evaluation study was conducted among young men attending five urban Connect clinics where sexually transmitted disease/human immunodeficiency virus rates are high, recruiting young men in repeated cross-sectional surveys from April 2014 to September 2017. Two hundred thirty-five YSPs were trained to use Connect materials, including a website, an article-based pocket guide, and were given information regarding SRH for young men. These professionals demonstrated increased knowledge about SRH for young men at immediate posttest (60.6% to 86.7%, P < 0.05), and reported more sharing of websites for SRH (23% to 62%, P < 0.05) from pretraining to 3-month posttraining. 169 young minority men were surveyed and reported increased awareness of Connect over 3 and a half years (4% to 11%, P = 0.015), although few young men reported using the website to visit clinics. Project Connect Baltimore increased knowledge of SRH needs among youth-serving professionals and sharing of SRH resources by these professionals with young men. This program also demonstrated increases in awareness of SRH resources among young minority urban men.

Antisocial behavior with callous-unemotional traits is associated with widespread disruptions to white matter structural connectivity among low-income, urban males.

Antisocial behavior (AB), including violence, criminality, and substance abuse, is often linked to deficits in emotion processing, reward-related learning, and inhibitory control, as well as their associated neural networks. To better understand these deficits, the structural connections between brain regions implicated in AB can be examined using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), which assesses white matter microstructure. Prior studies have identified differences in white matter microstructure of the uncinate fasciculus (UF), primarily within offender samples. However, few studies have looked beyond the UF or determined whether these relationships are present dimensionally across the range of AB and callous-unemotional (CU) traits. In the current study, we examined associations between AB and white matter microstructure from major fiber tracts, including the UF. Further, we explored whether these associations were specific to individuals high on CU traits. Within a relatively large community sample of young adult men from low-income, urban families (N = 178), we found no direct relations between dimensional, self-report measures of either AB or CU traits and white matter microstructure. However, we found significant associations between AB and white matter microstructure of several tracts only for those with high co-occurring levels of CU traits. In general, these associations did not differ according to race, socioeconomic status, or comorbid psychiatric symptoms. The current results suggest a unique neural profile of severe AB in combination with CU traits, characterized by widespread differences in white matter microstructure, which differs from either AB or CU traits in isolation and is not specific to hypothesized tracts (i.e., the UF).

Weakened Functional Connectivity Between the Amygdala and the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Is Longitudinally Related to Psychopathic Traits in Low-Income Males During Early Adulthood.

Psychopathy is a complex disorder comprised of harmful personality traits and impulsive-lifestyle and antisocial behaviors. Weakened functional connectivity between limbic and prefrontal brain regions is thought to underlie impaired sensitivity to others' emotions that contribute to the interpersonal and affective personality traits associated with psychopathy. We tested whether weakened functional connectivity between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) during the processing of fearful, angry, and neutral facial expressions, was prospectively related to psychopathic traits in early adulthood. The sample included 167 low-income, racially diverse, urban males who completed an fMRI scan at age 20 and questionnaire measures at ages 20 and 22. Weakened amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity to fearful, but not neutral or angry, faces at age 20 was related to higher psychopathic traits at age 22.

Urbanisation and sex affect the consistency of butterfly personality across metamorphosis

Animal behaviour may change with age, when young individuals experience different environments from adults. However, the role of ontogeny in personality traits is still open to debate and it is not clear whether individual differences in behaviour are maintained across important ontogenetic changes such as metamorphosis. Here, we repeatedly quantified personality in rural and urban populations of the speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria) at the larval, pupal and adult stages. We detected significant repeatability at all life stages, showing that personality is already present at the immature stages. We found no evidence for landscape-related differences in personality traits, but adult males were bolder and more active than adult females. Adults also became bolder with trial sequence, suggesting habitation to the experimental procedure. Urbanisation, together with sex, affected relationships among larval and adult personality traits. More active larvae with short latencies resulted in more explorative adults. However, this was the case in males of urban origin only, and we detected no such correlation in females or in rural males. We suggest that harsh conditions prevailing in cities may lead to stronger trait integration across metamorphosis but also that these urbanisation-related selective pressures may act differently on males and females. In many taxa, metamorphosis marks the transition between the juvenile and the adult stages. During this crucial developmental step, morphology and physiology are deeply remodelled, which may have important consequences for the behaviour of individuals. Although personality has emerged as a hot topic in behavioural ecology, little is known about the consequences of metamorphosis for personality stability. We studied rural and urban speckled wood butterflies at the immature and adult stages to examine whether insect personality is retained over metamorphosis. Sexes differed regarding boldness and activity, but rural and urban butterflies behaved similarly. Nevertheless, urbanisation affected relationships among larval and adult personality traits. Some larval and adult traits correlated in urban males, whereas this was not the case in females or in rural males. This suggests that urbanisation may alter trait combinations across metamorphosis, but this in a sex-specific manner.

Street fighters: Bite force, injury rates, and density of urban Australian water dragons (Intellagama lesueurii)

AbstractIn an increasingly urbanized world it is imperative that we understand how wildlife responds to this novel anthropogenic landscape, both at the individual‐ and population‐level. Urbanization generally reduces biodiversity, but can also favour particular species and increase their abundance relative to wild populations. When population density increases, so too does the frequency and cost of social interactions. We studied Australian water dragons (Intellagama lesueurii), a species common in urban, semi‐natural and natural areas, to firstly test the prediction that urban populations occur at higher densities, and then determine the consequences of urbanization for combat rates (quantified using wounding) and bite force. We established that urban populations are denser than ones from semi‐natural and natural habitats. We also recorded significantly more wounds in females from urban populations than females from both natural and semi‐natural populations. Urban males also had significantly higher incidence of wounding than males from natural populations. We did not find a difference in male or female bite force among any populations across the urban‐natural gradient. Overall, we found evidence that urbanization results in a higher population density of water dragons and more frequent conspecific combat, but this was not associated with an increase in bite force. These finding suggests that there may be a physiological cost to living in urban habitats related to increased contest rates and wounding.

Correlates of Early Sexual Debut Among Sexually Active Youth in Ghana.

Using the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, this study explores the correlates of early sexual debut among 2,746 (males = 670 and females = 2,076) sexually active youth aged 15 to 24 years in Ghana. The results indicate that males aged 15 to 19 years (odds ratio [ OR] = 8.84, p < .001) and who had basic education ( OR = 3.17, p < .001) were significantly more likely to initiate sexual debut early. Urban males who had used modern contraceptive ( OR = 0.35, p < .001) were significantly less likely to initiate early sexual debut. Meanwhile, females aged 15 to 19 years ( OR = 4.26, p < .001); who had used modern contraceptive ( OR = 1.99, p < .001); with no formal ( OR = 2.90, p < .001) or basic ( OR = 3.12, p < .001) education; with partial access to media ( OR = 1.58, p < .01); and from the Akans ( OR = 1.73, p < .001), Ewes ( OR = 1.92, p < .001), and other ethnic groups ( OR = 1.63, p < .001) were significantly more likely to initiate early sexual debut. However, employed females living in rural areas ( OR = 0.70, p < .01) and those with average ( OR = 0.54, p < .01) or rich ( OR = 0.51, p < .01) household living in urban areas were significantly less likely to initiate early sexual debut. Interventions and policies targeting those living in both rural and urban areas are therefore needed for adolescent males and females in their early teens before they start engaging in sexual intercourse.

Role of gender and urban/rural divide in language shift in Pakistani Punjab

ABSTRACT Despite positive attitudes towards Punjabi in the urban areas of Pakistani Punjab, there is a shift towards the Urdu language in almost all domains. This study shows that significant differences in language choices are found between the rural/urban and male/female residents of Punjab province. Urban females are leading this shift in spite of their positive attitudes towards Punjabi. Urban females use Punjabi very little and only in the home domain. In social and business domains Punjabi language is almost non-existent among urban, educated, and middle class females. The shift from Punjabi to Urdu in the educated urban female group is almost complete in spite of their positive attitudes towards their ancestral language. Urban males use more Punjabi than the urban females. In rural areas Punjabi is still used in most domains by both males and females.

Abstract P105: An Exploration Of The Relationship Between Endothelial Function, Blood Pressure And Anthropometric Measurements In 6-8 Year Old Rural Versus Urban Children In The Eastern Cape Province Of South Africa.

Arterial stiffness is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. Although mostly detected in adults evidence in children is conflicting. Many more children are being diagnosed with hypertension indicating that these children might have some level of endothelial dysfunction. The current study set out to investigate the relationship between endothelial function as measured by the Vicorder and anthropometric measurements as well as blood pressure in 6-8 year old children. A total of 202 children were recruited from a rural and an urban community were recruited into a cross sectional study between March and November 2017. Anthropometry was performed followed by measurement of blood pressure parameters and flow mediated slowing (FMS) using the Vicorder. Urine samples were collected for creatinine/albumin ratio. Body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were converted to percentiles for age, height and sex. Stata ® was used for all data analysis. Mean PWV and FMS% were 5.0 m/s and 25.7% respectively. PWV and heart rate (HR) were different by sex and location (p&lt;0.01 and p&lt;0.0001 respectively) while FMS% was similar in all groups. FMS% correlated negatively with most anthropometric and blood pressure variables. PWV was significantly higher in hypertensive children (5.9 vs 4.7; p&lt;0.05) and correlated modestly with Neck circumference (r= 0.46; p&lt; 0.05), SBP (r= 0.35; p&lt;0.05), DBP (r=0.046; p&lt; 0.05) while in rural males it correlated with SBP and DBP (r=0.50, r= 0.44; p, 0.05) and it urban males it correlated with creatinine/albumin ratio (0.52; p&lt; 0.05). There was no correlation in urban females. PWV was higher in 6-8 year old children who had either hypertension or pre-hypertension and was predicted by DBP in rural girls. Correlation of PVW with creatinine/albumin ration may be indicative of compromised endothelial function.

Distribution, partitioning and inhalation exposure of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in urban and rural air near Lake Chaohu, China

To investigate the distribution, partitioning, and inhalation exposure risks of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), gaseous and particulate samples were collected monthly between September 2013 and September 2015 in urban and rural areas near Lake Chaohu. Twelve PFAAs were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The mean concentrations of PFAAs in the gaseous phase and the particulate phase were 40.31 ± 31.47 pg/m3 and 63.26 ± 41.87 pg/m3, respectively. Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was the predominant contaminant in the gaseous phase (32.56% ± 9.28%), while perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the main contaminant in the particulate phase (33.21% ± 18.69%). The ratios of gaseous to particulate distribution ranged from 0.01 to 16.75. The gaseous-particulate partitioning coefficients, ranging from 0.01 to 23.41 ± 10−2 m3/μg, were significantly correlated with PM10 concentrations and meteorological conditions, such as temperature and air pressure. The inhalation exposures of PFOA and PFOS were 1.94–60.2 pg/(kg·d) and 0.30–4.22 pg/(kg·d), respectively. The carcinogenic risk of PFOA for urban males was the highest and that for rural females was the lowest; the risks were lower than the acceptable level (10−6) defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The non-carcinogenic risks of PFOA and PFOS were far below one.

Association between household physical activity level and type 2 diabetes among urban males in northern China.

Physical activity contributes to preventing type 2 diabetes (T2D). Doing housework is an unstructured mild-intensity physical activity. We aimed to investigate the association between household physical activity level (HPAL) and T2D in urban Chinese men. This is a cross-sectional study. This study contained 13,862 male adults aged 35-78 (48.4±7.1) years. According to the self-reported time (hours/day [h/d]) spent on housework, they were stratified into three levels: 0h/d, >0-2h/d, and >2h/d. The association of HPAL with T2D was investigated by logistic regression analysis. The odds ratios (ORs) for T2D across increasing categories of HPAL were 1.00 (reference), 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72-0.89), and 0.60 (95% CI 0.51-0.70), respectively (P for trend <0.001), after adjusting for confounding factors. Further adjustment for waist circumference or body mass index (BMI) had a minimal impact on these ORs. The inverse association of HPAL with T2D was persistent in subgroup analyses based on age, hypertension, family history of diabetes, smoking, BMI, waist circumstance, and fasting plasma glucose level. Our findings indicated that HPAL was inversely associated with the risk of T2D among urban males in northern China. This implied that household physical activity may contribute to long-term glucose control. Well-designed longitudinal studies are required to improve our understanding of this association.