Urban Garbage Research Articles

Study on Ecological Footprint Calculation of Beijing's Urban Domestic Garbage

This article was based on Beijing urban garbage collection and disposal methods, namely, vehicle transport, landfill, composting and incineration, etc. According to garbage collection and processing methods and combining with the 2006 IPCC internationally cognition and greenhouse gas calculation that related scholars studied, ecological footprint calculation of Beijing's urban domestic garbage was summarized and developed, thus laid foundation for the study of Beijing urban ecological carrying capacity.

Os coletores de lixo urbano no município de Dourados (MS) e sua percepção sobre os riscos biológicos em seu processo de trabalho

There are several occupational risks inherent to urban garbage collection, and the scope of this study was to identify the biological risks to which urban garbage collectors in Dourados/MS are exposed. A qualitative study using the Lefévre and Lefévre Collective Subject Discourse method was used with 42 urban garbage collectors working for the outsourced provider to the Municipal Department of Urban Services. Data were collected from September 2005 to January 2006. The interviews had an average duration of 40 minutes, and were recorded at the company office when the workers arrived to start their working day and subsequently transcribed. The biological risks mentioned by the garbage pickers were accidents with glass, syringes, thorns, dog bites, and contact with substances found in the garbage. Accidents with sharp and jagged instruments are ways for microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi to infect the human body. Virus contamination, like HIV and Hepatitis B and C, can occur in accidents involving inadequate disposal of contaminated needles. The conclusion reached is that biological risks in urban garbage collection can be reduced by educating the population about adequate garbage disposal.

Environmental Risk Discrimination and Assessment for Municipal Solid Waste Secure Landfill Site

With development of urbanization, the amount of municipal solid waste is increasing. Landfill is the main method for disposing the urban garbage at present in China. But the secure landfill site is not safe completely because it has a lot of risks threatening surrounding environment. After types of environmental risk in municipal solid waste secure landfill site were analyzed, I summarized that the risks in waste secure landfill site include water environment risks, air environment risks and waste pile sliding risks which are results caused by anthropic, equipment and natural factors. The methods of calculating risk probability, affecting scope and intensity were presented. The ways and means of risk prevention and management were put forward.

The Imperial Shag (Phalacrocorax atriceps) in the Nahuel Huapi Lake (northwestern Patagonia, Argentina): distribution, abundance, and potential threats from scavenging birds

We describe the distribution and breeding abundance of the Imperial Shag (Phalacrocorax atriceps) in the northern portion of the Nahuel Huapi Lake (northwestern Patagonia, Argentina) during the 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 reproductive seasons. We recorded low population numbers and null breeding success in both seasons. Attacks from several scavenging birds were recorded, and breeding activities were interrupted abruptly. Future studies should consider the potential threats from scavenging birds, subsidized by urban garbage dumps, over this freshwater shag.

PEMBUATAN EKOSEMEN DARI SAMPAH ORGANIK

The Huge volume of urban garbage despite limited space of garbage dump and inappropriate handling have become complicated and never ended problem. Helped to these issue, the research on Forming Ecocement from organic garbage was carried out. Ecocement was made from the mixture of the ash of organic garbage and limestone. The ashing was started by putting up the dry leaves and branches and some anorganic garbage (i.e paper) in pirolisis reactor, heated at temperatures 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 ( o C). The resulted ash was mixed with limestone at (60:40) ; (55:45) ; (50:50) ; (45:55) ; (40:60) (%) ratio and blended with water. Next, the mixture was heated in a temperature of 900 o C for 1 hour. The ash analysis from the pirolisis process indicated that the best ash to produce cement was one that was heated in the temperature of 300 o C in the composition of CaO = 200.591,8 ppm SiO 2 = 160.020, 8 ppm Al 2 O 3 = 56.800,9 ppm dan Fe 2 O 3 = 5.510,6 ppm, while the best ratio of ash : lime stone is 55 % : 45 % in the composition of CaO=60,8 % , SiO 2 = 16,3 % , Al 2 O 3 = 4,8 %, Fe 2 O 3 = 0,3%. The resulted cement stand the tensile strengt 72,6 kg/cm 2 , min, in 7 days stored (standard grade of the tensile strengt 150 kg/cm 2 , min, in 7 days stored). Key words : Ecocement, Ash of Organik Garbage, Lime Stone.

THE RECYCLING OF WASTE PET BOTTLES AS A LOW COST ALTERNATIVE COMPOSITE MATERIAL

PET Bottles are finding more and more applications in disposable packaging mainly in beverage segment.As on today not only cola companies are using PET bottles but also fruit juice, mineral water and liquor industries have accepted PET bottles for packaging of their product. The transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles have become increasingly common and are used for mineral water, soda waters and soft drinks. These bottles are of – course, very user friendly but environmental hazards are associated with PET Bottles. Huge consumption of these commodities causes volumetrically large PET wastage on daily basis. They contribute a large part in urban garbage. In this paper, an effort has been made to recognize the possible application of waste PET bottles for manufacturing of composite panel for economically feasible architectural and building applications.

Resíduos Sólidos na Drenagem Urbana: Aspectos Conceituais

Sustainable development includes integrated management of services and other urban factors in the Integrated Management of Urban Water Resources. The collection and final disposal of total solids generated in the cities are among the main urban services that may produce negative impacts in the receiving medium. The solids are generated by man through urban garbage and modifications of the urban surface with deforestation and increased erosive potential, generating sediments and remains of vegetation. In this paper are characterized the types of residues whose production affects the urban drainage system. Also, it shows the results of research in several countries to quantify and characterize the litter that reaches the urban drainage system as well as structural measures to control

Investigating Factors Affecting Environmental Behavior of Urban Residents: A Case Study in Tehran City- Iran

Environmental problems such as air and water pollution, urban garbage and climate changes in urban areas are the results of human behavior. Only change in human behavior can reduce these environmental problems. Thus studying attitude and behavior of people is a precondition to change this situation. So the main objective of this study was to find out individual and social factors affecting environmental behavior of urban citizens. To achieve this objective a conceptual framework derived out from review of literature to examine relationships among personal factors, attitude towards environment and environmental behavior. To examine this conceptual model, 1200 individuals of Tehran residents were randomly chosen and interviewed about their environmental behaviors, opinions, knowledge and sources of information on environment. The data were analyzed using correlation analysis, student’s t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and path analysis by SPSS software. It is emerged from the present study that education and improving problem-based knowledge of Tehran residents can change their environmental attitude and increase their feeling of stress towards environment. These changes in turn improve their preparedness to act friendly with the environment, particularly with the help of environmental legislation. Results of the study showed that environmental behavior of people in urban areas directly and indirectly are under the influence of variables like age, gender, income, education, problem-based knowledge, environmental legislation, environmental attitude, feeling of stress and preparedness to act of the residents. All these together can influence and change people’s behavior to preserve urban environment.

Nutrição mineral de crisântemo de corte submetido a diferentes doses de lodo de esgoto e composto de lixo urbano

The present work had as objective evaluates the use of composed of urban garbage and sewage sludge in the nutrition of chrysanthemum plants. The experiment driven under protected cultivation. The soil is a Latosol Red-Yellow distroferrico. The experimental design was entirely in randomized blocks with 2x4 factorial, two residues composed of urban garbage and sewage sludge: 0, 10, 20 and 30 Mg ha-1, with four repetitions. They were appraised mass dries, macro and micronutrients of the aerial part (leaves + stems) and of the system roots. The data were appraised for the program ESTAT. It is ended that the variations in the present tenors of nutrients in the chrysanthemum, they are associated the initial fertility of the soil, the constitution of the biossolids and to demands of the used variety. Conclude the best dose of residue organic is 10 Mg ha-1, independent of the origin.

Study the Function of Blue-green Algae in Urban Garbage Compost of Iran

Study the Function of Blue-green Algae in Urban Garbage Compost of Iran

Catador de material reciclável: uma profissão para além da sobrevivência?

O artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa que objetivou investigar as relações de trabalho entre catadores de materiais recicláveis e organizações de reciclagem dos materiais coletados. Os catadores atuam no município de Goiânia. A reciclagem de lixo urbano figura como atividade emergente após movimentos ambientalistas e de preservação ambiental. Embora gere vantagens ambientais indiscutíveis, sobressaem os aspectos econômicos. A catação de materiais recicláveis constitui, para muitos trabalhadores, única forma de garantir sobrevivência e possibilidade de inclusão num mercado de trabalho excludente. Essa pesquisa investigou como os catadores percebem suas relações de trabalho, as condições em que desempenham suas funções e as práticas do trabalho em cooperativas de reciclagem. Utilizou-se entrevistas com 10 catadores, que foram tratadas pela análise de conteúdo. Os dados revelaram relações de trabalho precárias e informais entre catadores e organizações de reciclagem. Os trabalhadores são expostos à periculosidade, vítimas de preconceitos e estigmas e excluídos de alguns ambientes sociais.

Survey of Deltamethrin Resistance in House Flies (Musca domestica) from Urban Garbage Dumps in Northern China

Abstract A field survey was conducted in the summer of 2003 and 2004 to evaluate resistance to deltamethrin on house flies, Musca domestica, from 17 urban garbage dumps in the cities of Beijing, Tianjin, and Zhangjiakou. Bioassays were carried out by topical application with technical deltamethrin to measure the levels of resistance to deltamethrin. Tests for synergism with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) were used to study the occurrence of metabolic resistance mechanisms. Competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific allele (cPASA) assay was used on individual house flies from these field populations to detect the presence of the kdr and super-kdr alleles associated with pyrethroid resistance. Another PCR followed by labeled allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization (PCR-ASO) confirmed the presence of the mutation and hence checked the accuracy of cPASA. Deviation of genotype ratios from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested. Relative to a susceptible laboratory strain, field house ...

Qualidade da água resultante da utilização de composto de lixo urbano e lodo de esgoto na cultura de crisântemo

To evaluate the quality of the drained water, with biosolids use in the culture of the chrysantemum, an experiment was accomplished, in protected cultivation, with to cultivate Calabria, where they were appraised 7 treatments: T1 (without composed of urban garbage sewage sludge application), T2, T3 and T4 (10,20 and 30t urban garbage waste ha), T5, T6 and T7 (10,20 and 30t sewage sludge ha). Two stakes were transplanted taken root by vase with capacity of 10L, and made evaluations to the 30, 45 and 90 days after transplanted and certain: pH, electric conductivity, chemistry oxygen derrand (COD), N3, NO2, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The results demonstrated, in a general way, that the treatments with the composed of urban garbage sewage sludge use were not shown preocupyng, in terms of contamination of the drained water.

Experimental and numerical study of pollution process in an aquifer in relation to a garbage dump field

The water quality of shallow aquifers that have direct relationship to human heath and ecological safety has been seriously threatened by widespread dumping of industrial solid waste, urban and rural garbage. A garbage dump field with hydrogeological, environ-geological characteristics typical of the Beijing plain was selected for investigation. A hydrogeological model was constructed and the equations used to describe pollutant transport in one-dimensional (1D) steady, uniform groundwater flow to investigate the transport/diffusion processes. In addition to the coefficients for calculation, diffusion coefficient and other coefficients of the aquifer were obtained by conducting in situ diffusion experiments and sample tests. Velocity and scope of pollutant transport/diffusion process were calculated. Accordingly, the real pollution situation in the aquifer was evaluated through in situ drilling and sample testing. Transport/diffusion processes of pollutants within the aquifer abide by the solute equation applicable to 1D steady flow. The transport and diffusion dominate in the direction of groundwater flowing at a speed of about 120 m per year. Comparably, the lateral diffusive width is much smaller. Pollution degree decreases by the law of Y=1.08 exp(33.533/X), where Y is the distance from the garbage dump field and X is the overall pollution index.

Avaliação do comportamento geoquímico do solo da região do Lixão de Ilhabela – SP

This work presents the behavior of the soil of the Ilhabela landfill region (São Paulo – Brazil) under heavy metals presence in the garbage. It was carried out through a percolation column filled with the local non-impacted soil that was previously fractionated in smaller than 0.075 mm grain size particles and subjected to the artificial solution of lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni). Another portion of the soil (grain size smaller than 2.0 mm) was tested using the urban garbage leachate. For both tests the leachate used was collected at the Aterro São João – São Paulo. The results of the adsorption tests showed that the heavy metals were more concentrated in the soil particles smaller than 0.075 mm than in the smaller than 2.0 mm grain size. The results allowed to conclude that the studied material, which is classified as a silty sand soil, where is located the domestic garbage dump of the Ilhabela region, is unsuitable for an efficient retention of heavy metalspresent in contaminated leachates.

Elemental concentration analysis in soil contaminated with recyclable urban garbage by tube-excited energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence

Soil and radish (Raphanus Sp) samples from areas treated with organic compost of recyclable urban garbage were quantitatively analyzed by using tube-excited energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. Soils treated with 10, 20 and 30 t/ha of recyclable urban garbage and control soil were analyzed. The layer soils were collected at 0–5, 5–10, 10–20, 20–40, 40–60 cm depth. It was possible simultaneously to determine the elemental concentration of various elements: K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr and Pb in recyclable urban garbage, soil treated with organic compost of recyclable urban garbage and radish plants cultivated in these soils. The elemental concentration of K, Ca, Ti and Fe were determined at percent level (macro-elements) and the other elements at ppm level (micro-elements). It was also possible to observe a significant increase in the contents of K, Ca, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr and Pb in the soil treated in comparison with the control soil and it was also verified whether the transport of these elements to radish plants cultivated in these soils occurred.

Quantitative determination of metals in radish using x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry

AbstractUsing energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence analysis with a Ti‐filtered x‐ray tube it was possible to determine the concentrations of several elements, such as K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr and Pb, at ppm levels in radish plants (root and foliage) cultivated in soils treated with concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 t ha−1 of organic compost from urban garbage. A significant increase was observed in the concentrations of K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Rb and Pb in radish plants cultivated in the treated soils in comparison with a control soil. The results suggest that radish plants can be used as bioindicator of contamination of agricultural soils. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Quantitative analysis of metals in soil using X-ray fluorescence

Using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis with an X-ray tube filtered with Ti, it was possible to determine the concentration at ppm level of several elements (K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Y and Pb) in soil treated with organic compounds of urban garbage. It was possible to observe a significant increase in the contents of K, Ca, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr and Pb in the soil treated in comparison with the soil control.

Fermentation properties of agro-residues, leaf biomass and urban market garbage in a solid phase biogas fermenter

The decomposition and gas production pattern of eight unprocessed biomass feedstocks representing annual weeds, leaf litter, agro residues and market wastes were monitored in this laboratory study. Solid phase fermentation was effected with a weekly fed biomass bed sprinkled twice daily with recycled fermentor liquid to initiate and sustain biogas production from the decomposing biomass bed. Fermentors were fed from the top with gradually increasing feed rates to determine maximum feed rates sustainable. Feed rates of 1 g total solids (TS) l −1d −1 was possible which lead to pseudo steady state gas production rates between 0.26–0.98 l l −1 d −1 at specific gas yields of 0.18–0.44 l g −1 TS at 35–75% volatile solids (VS) destruction. Feedstocks such as paper mulberry ( Broussenetia), Parthenium, Synedrella and urban garbage lost >50% VS in 30 d while paddy straw, bagasse and sugarcane trash exhibited lower VS loss (≥35%) in this period. During decomposition, bulky biomass feedstocks underwent compaction and obviated the need for a pretreatment step. Bulk densities rose manifold to reach between 150–350 g l −1 within 20 d. A higher decomposition rate, process optimization and use of pre-compacted feedstocks have the potential to increase the feed rates (0.96–1.93 g TS l −1d −1), quantity of feedstock held in the reactor as well as gas production rates. The current gas production rates and space economy in these fermentors compare well with Indian cattle dung fermentors (0.3–0.5 l l −1 d −1) and is attractive.

Achievements in the urban garbage incineration plant field

The paper briefly shows the results acquired by research performed in ICPET-SA to burn urban garbage in the main towns of Romania. Generally, they are characterized by a very low calorific power (2265–2621 kJ/kg). Based on these results, garbage incineration plants have been carried out, being able to burn the garbage, under self combustion load (with no hydrocarbons added to support the flame), having the calorific power of 2345 kJ/kg (560 kcal/kg) minimum.