Urban Family Research Articles

A functional model explaining the dynamics of flourishing during adolescence: an interpretative phenomenological analysis

PurposeThe objectives of the study were to explore the lived experiences of adolescents for understanding the process of their flourishing and develop a functional model to explain the dynamics of flourishing during adolescence.Design/methodology/approachGuided by the qualitative approach, the authors used interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to explore how various factors affect the process of flourishing during adolescence. The authors conducted in-depth interviews with 10 adolescents to collect qualitative data.FindingsA total of eight boosters (four internal and four external) and seven barriers (five internal and two external) emerged. The results highlighted the importance of a functional model that explained the dynamics of adolescents' flourishing. Though the authors conceded that the presence of boosters and absence of barriers were instrumental in enhancing flourishing during adolescence, based on the extant literature, the authors assumed the existence and operation of other intra-individual and inter-individual factors or correlates.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, the study participants are school-going adolescents living in a supported urban family environment where expectations to study and achieve are an important cultural component. Second, the study has focussed on the participants belonging to late adolescence—a transitional phase to emerging adulthood.Practical implicationsThere are three implications of the study—theoretical (conceptualisation of a functional model), practical (construction of a new measure of flourishing) and clinical (designing intervention programmes to enhance positive living in adolescents).Originality/valueThe study has provided a deeper insight into adolescents' flourishing from insiders' perspectives using the framework of IPA and discovered and elaborated a functional model of adolescents' flourishing.

Материалы Всесоюзной переписи населения 1959 г. как источник по истории городской семьи

Using census materials for studying social history of Russia in the 20th century has serious restrictions determined by the census form and by selective publication of the obtained results. Using census forms themselves, fragmentary preserved in local archives, partially solves this problem. The researcher has to turn to the census materials for studying some topics, which are not directly reflected in the census forms, due to limited social statistics on the Soviet society. The article is to clarify the possibility of using primary materials of the 1959 census, stored in the fond of the Regional Statistical Office from the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region, alongside with the published data, for studying urban family in Sverdlovsk. The study of the Russian urban family in the second half of the 20th century is important for assessing the consequences of demographic transition of the 1930s – 1980s and the degree of population structure deformation following the Great Patriotic War. Studying the Ural family is significant, as urbanization processes in the region during the said period proceeded extremely intensively. To systematize the information on the census forms, a database “Family of the city of Sverdlovsk, 1959” has been created, combining principles of individual and family registration. The database includes information from 1,200 forms for the Oktyabrsky district. Nearly 17 000 apartment census forms for other urban settlements of the region fall outside the scope of this analysis. Comparison with published data proves that the sample is representative in its most significant indicators. Significant deviations are recorded in the social composition of the population, reflecting specifics of a central district of a large city (dominance of employees, significant number of single-parent families, presumably recent migrants). Among other things, it has been established that most commonly families consisted of two and three persons; in a significant number of cases, the households were headed by young women. The obtained information permits to characterize the Sverdlovsk urban family in terms of the so-called second demographic transition, which significantly influenced family size, distribution of intra-familial roles, and strategies of matrimonial behavior. Given the undoubted scientific value of the primary census materials, discovery of other similar documentary complexes in the Russian archives should be an important direction of research.

Perspective of Evidence-Based Medicine among Egyptian Family Physicians in Egypt

Objective: To assess family practitioners’ attitudes toward and awareness of evidence-based medicine in Egypt. Introduction: Evidence based medicine (EBM) is a systematic approach to medicine in which health care professionals use the best available scientific evidence to help make decisions about the care of individual patients. The use of evidence-based medicine may help plan the best treatment and improve quality of care and patient outcomes. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 135 family physicians from Rural and urban family medicine centres throughout Egypt that are affiliated with Ministry of Health and the private sector by using self- administered Evidence-Based Medicine Questionnaire distributed between October and November 2020. Results: With a 100% response rate most of the participants were females 91 (68.9%), aged between 30-39 (73.3 %), and worked in mixed urban and rural settings (53.3%). Most physicians welcomed or strongly welcomed the use of EBM (54.1% and 38.2% respectively). Moreover, 97% of the respondents agreed that EBM is useful or extremely useful.The majority (98.5% ) agreed that EBM improves patient care. . About 71% of the participants thought that the adoption of EBM will add more load on the family medicine practitioners Conclusion: Egyptian family physicians generally have a good attitude towards EBM, however their general knowledge about it is still insufficient. Keywords: Guidelines, Standards, Care pathways, Africa, Quality of health care

Я-мать-отец: исследование внутрисемейной перцепции и идентификации методами окулографии и проекции

Objective. Identification of the peculiarities of adult children’s perception of themselves and their parents, the study of identification as identification (similarity) of the image of the self of adult children with the image of the father and mother using the eye-tracking technology and the projective approach.Background. Context and relevance. In the modern world, the mechanisms of identification and social perception are changing, and numerous online interactions (with strangers, strangers) occur in parallel with offline interaction. Therefore, the question of the significance of the images of parents in family identification and perception becomes open.Study design. Using oculography technology and projective procedures determined characteristics of self-perception, and then by matching and comparison revealed the degree of identification (similarity) of the image I adult children with the image of the father and mother checked the relationship of the obtained images.Participants. The study involved 132 people studying in the bachelor’s and master’s degree programs of Moscow universities, including 94 (71%) female and 38 (29%) male students. The age of the subjects-from 16 to 46 years (M=20,9, SD=6,2).Measurements. Diagnostic (oculographic and projective), comparative analysis, and mathematical statistics.Results. As a result of the study, the diagnostic procedures were evaluated, a description of the revealed specifics of self-identification, social perception and family identification was presented, and a comparative analysis of the results of perceptual and identification processes in the study participants was made.Conclusions. The process of identification, despite the multiplying and deepening virtualization of the modern world, constantly occurs in significant, subject-subject relations. The modern urban family does not “break up” into individuals, but changes the levels and forms of integration between them. The increased importance of biological family and relations with parents shows a similarity in the reproduction of its parent image, gender performance and personal properties. The mother is a significant standard for emotional and personal identification (the private sphere of self-realization) of adult children, and the father becomes such a standard for the formation of an axiological orientation (the public sphere of self-realization). In the perception of parents, there are more imitative moments, in the identification — explicative ones.

Persistent Barriers to Colorectal Cancer Screening Completion Amid Centralized Outreach: A Mixed Methods Study.

To understand patient experiences and persistent barriers to colorectal cancer (CRC) screening amid centralized outreach at urban family medicine practices. Following a pragmatic trial assessing mailed fecal immunochemical test (FIT) outreach, we invited a subset of participants to complete a semi-structured qualitative interview and structured questionnaire. Single urban academic healthcare system. Sixty patients who were eligible and overdue for CRC screening at the time of trial enrollment. Using Andersen's Behavioral Model, we developed an interview guide to systematically assess factors shaping screening decisions and FIT uptake. Close-ended responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Most participants (82%) self-reported that they had ever completed any modality of CRC screening, and nearly half (43%) completed the mailed FIT during the trial. Most patients (60%) preferred FIT to colonoscopy due to its private, convenient, and non-invasive nature; however, persistent barriers related to screening beliefs including fear of test results and cancer treatment still prevented some patients from completing any form of CRC screening. Mailed FIT can overcome many structural barriers to CRC screening, yet clear communication and follow-up amid centralized outreach are essential. For some patients, tailored outreach or navigation to address screening-related fears or other screening beliefs may be needed to ensure timely completion of CRC screening.

Urban Family Migration and Economic Livelihoods of Migrants in Colombo District, Sri Lanka

Globally, there are numerous types of migrations in the internal migration process. Most of the internal migration studies have focused on individual migration than family or household level migration and their social and economic livelihoods. Therefore, this study explores the reasons for urban family migration and their status of economic livelihoods. The study uses the quantitative method to gather information and utilizes data from the Population and Housing Census, 2012 in Sri Lanka and primary data collected in 2015-2016 from the Municipal Council and Urban Council areas in the Colombo district in Sri Lanka. The unit of analysis is the migrant household. The Chi-square test and Contingency Coefficient were applied to examine the factors which influence family migration to urban areas and their economic livelihoods in the destination areas. A composite index was constructed using the PCA method to analyse the quantitative data. The findings of the study reveal that approximately two-thirds (60.79%) of families have migrated to urban areas in the Colombo district due to their children’s educational attainments. The majority of migrant families in the study have migrated due to easy access to non-agricultural employment opportunities, good education facilities, public services and opportunities to utilize other infrastructure facilities available in the urban locations The findings may assist policymakers and planners to implement new policies or making necessary changes to existing policies so as to reduce the urban migration in highly urbanized areas in the capital city of the country.

Factors Associated With the Utilisation and Unmet Need for Modern Contraceptives Among Urban Women in Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Family planning (FP) is a key intervention in improving maternal and child health. Hence, we assessed the factors associated with utilisation and unmet need for modern contraceptives among urban women in Kenya.Methods: The study used pooled data on 10,474 women 15–49 years from the seven rounds of the performance monitoring for accountability surveys collected between 2014 and 2018. The surveys were conducted in 11 of the 47 counties of Kenya using a multistage cluster design. Sample characteristics were described using frequencies and percentages while factors associated with utilisation and unmet need for modern contraceptives were assessed using multivariable logistic regressions.Results: The prevalence of modern contraceptives use and unmet need for FP among urban women in Kenya was 53.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 52.1–55.3%] and 16.9% (15.8–18.1%), respectively. The use of modern contraceptive was associated with the county of residence, age, marital status, parity, education, household wealth quintile, exposure to media, and survey year. Teenagers, poorest urban women, women with no formal or primary level of education and those who seek services at a dispensary or health centres had higher odds of unmet need for FP while women who resided in Kitui and Nyamira counties had reduced odds of unmet need for FP. The odds of unmet need decreased with the survey year while that of modern contraceptive use had an inverse trend.Conclusion: Overall modern contraceptive use in urban areas is lower than the national average while the unmet need for FP is higher than national average, highlighting a potential urban-rural disparity in FP indicators in Kenya. Individual sociodemographic and socioeconomic and contextual factors are associated with the use of modern contraceptive and unmet need for FP among urban women in Kenya. Urban family planning policies and programmes in Kenya need to focus on strengthening urban healthcare systems to provide equal and accessible FP services, especially targeted towards teenagers and young women and those of low socioeconomic status.

Underlying factors and challenges of implementing the urban family physician program in Iran

BackgroundThe family physician program was launched in 2005 in rural areas of Iran and then piloted in 2012 in the cities of Fars and Mazandaran provinces due to insufficient health coverage in these cities. However, despite its pivotal role in the health system, this program has not progressed according to the policies. This study aimed to explain the underlying factors and challenges of implementing the urban family physician program in Iran.MethodsThis qualitative study was conducted on 44 policy-makers and managers at national and provincial levels selected via snowball and purposive sampling with maximum variation. The data were managed in MAXQDA 2020 and analyzed by directed content analysis. A triangulation method was adopted for this purpose.ResultsA total of 10 categories, 18 sub-categories, and 29 codes were formed. Most challenges related to underlying factors included precipitancy, economic sanctions, belief in traditional medicine, belief in the expertise of previous physicians, and global ranking of countries. For program implementation, most challenges included a diversity of insurance organizations, budget allocation, referral system, electronic file, educational system, and culture building.ConclusionsThe major challenges pertaining to underlying factors included international pressure for reforms and precipitancy in program implementation due to management changes. The challenges associated with program implementation included budget provision and interaction with insurance organizations. Therefore, to expand this program to other provinces in Iran, the identified factors should be carefully considered so that sufficient confidence and commitment can be guaranteed for all stakeholders.

The House on Henry Street: The Enduring Life of a Lower East Side Settlement

The House on Henry Street: The Enduring Life of a Lower East Side Settlement

Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among college freshmen in China

Hypertension is the leading single contributor to all-cause death and disability worldwide. However, there is scarce evidence on the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension for Chinese youth. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hypertension among Chinese college freshmen and to identify the influencing factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study of all freshmen from 2015 to 2017 at a university in Wuhan, China by physical examination and standard-structured questionnaire. The Pearson chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. Forward stepwise logistic regression method was used in the multivariate analysis to identify independent predictors of hypertension in youth. A total of 12,849 participants were included, and the prevalence of hypertension of Chinese college freshmen was 4.3% (7.9% in men and 1.6% in women). Men had a higher risk of hypertension than women (odds ratio [OR]: 5.358, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.345–6.607, P < 0.001). Obese people were more likely to develop hypertension than those with normal body mass index (OR: 10.465, 95% CI: 8.448–12.964, P < 0.001). People with elevated resting heart rate (RHR) had a higher prevalence of hypertension (OR: 4.987, 95% CI: 3.641–6.832, P < 0.001). Staying up late (OR: 2.957, 95% CI: 2.482–3.523, P < 0.001), physical inactivity (OR: 4.973, 95% CI: 4.141–5.972, P < 0.001), living in urban district (OR: 1.864, 95% CI: 1.493–2.329, P < 0.001) and family history of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) (OR: 2.685, 95% CI: 2.108–3.421, P < 0.001) were related to higher prevalence of hypertension in youth. Male, obesity, elevated RHR, physical inactivity and family history of CVDs were identified as important risk factors of hypertension in youth. These risk factors should be given more attention when designing and implementing the interventional programs.

Socio-ecological correlates of neophobia in corvids

Behavioral responses to novelty, including fear and subsequent avoidance of novel stimuli, i.e., neophobia, determine how animals interact with their environment. Neophobia aids in navigating risk and impacts on adaptability and survival. There is variation within and between individuals and species; however, lack of large-scale, comparative studies critically limits investigation of the socio-ecological drivers of neophobia. In this study, we tested responses to novel objects and food (alongside familiar food) versus a baseline (familiar food alone) in 10 corvid species (241 subjects) across 10 labs worldwide. There were species differences in the latency to touch familiar food in the novel object and novel food conditions relative to the baseline. Four of seven socio-ecological factors influenced object neophobia: (1) use of urban habitat (versus not), (2) territorial pair versus family group sociality, (3) large versus small maximum flock size, and (4) moderate versus specialized caching (whereas range, hunting live animals, and genus did not), while only maximum flock size influenced food neophobia. We found that, overall, individuals were temporally and contextually repeatable (i.e., consistent) in their novelty responses in all conditions, indicating neophobia is a stable behavioral trait. With this study, we have established a network of corvid researchers, demonstrating potential for further collaboration to explore the evolution of cognition in corvids and other bird species. These novel findings enable us, for the first time in corvids, to identify the socio-ecological correlates of neophobia and grant insight into specific elements that drive higher neophobic responses in this avian family group. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

Urban Gardens as Sustainable Attractions for Children in Family Tourism

Most of the global population live in urban environments and the majority of tourist flows are concentrated in cities. Urban agriculture has recently emerged as an avenue for the protection of sustainable food production and the promotion of sustainable food consumption. Also, the relationships between horticulture and tourism are attracting growing interest in the context of urban studies. Drawing on a qualitative approach based on ten semi-structured interviews, this research analyzes the relationship between urban gardens and family tourism. The paper innovatively contributes to the understanding of gardens as an urban attraction that improves the sustainable production and consumption of food in the context of family tourism experiences. The results show the relevance of urban gardens for the creation of sustainable experiences that engage families with local food, enhance local supply chains, and inform the future of urban environments. Urban gardens are a visitor attraction that may lead to the development of sustainable people, places and products, and they represent the sustainable integration of horticulture in tourism based on participatory experiences, direct contact with the natural environment and the discovery of the origin of food.

An Intervention to Improve Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Testing Among Adolescents in Primary Care.

Rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea among adolescents continue to rise. We aimed to evaluate if a universal testing program for chlamydia and gonorrhea improved testing rates in an urban general pediatric clinic and an urban family medicine clinic within a system of federally qualified health care centers and evaluated the feasibility, cost, and logistic challenges of expanding implementation across 28 primary care clinics within a federally qualified health care centers system. A universal testing quality improvement program for male and female patient 14 to 18 years old was implemented in a general pediatrics and family medicine clinic in Denver, Colorado. The intervention was evaluated by using a controlled pre-post quasi-experimental design. The difference in testing rates due to the intervention was assessed by using a difference-in-differences regression model weighted with the inverse probability of treatment. In total, 15 541 pediatric encounters and 5420 family medicine encounters were included in the analyses. In pediatrics, the unadjusted testing rates increased from 32.0% to 66.7% in the intervention group and from 20.9% to 28.9% in the comparison group. For family medicine, the rates increased from 38.5% to 49.9% in the intervention group and decreased from 26.3% to 24.8% in the comparison group. The intervention resulted in an adjusted increase in screening rates of 25.2% (P < .01) in pediatrics and 11.8% (P < .01) in family medicine. The intervention was well received and cost neutral to the clinic. Universal testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea in primary care pediatrics and family medicine is a feasible approach to improving testing rates .

Urban Family Planning in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Critical Scoping Review.

Health agendas for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) should embrace and afford greater priority to urban family planning to help achieve a number of the global Sustainable Development Goals. The urgency of doing so is heightened by emerging evidence of urban fertility stalls and reversals in some sub-Saharan African contexts as well as the significance of natural increase over migration in driving rapid urban growth. Moreover, there is new evidence from evaluations of large programmatic interventions focused on urban family planning that suggest ways to inform future programmes and policies that are adapted to local contexts. We present the key dimensions and challenges of urban growth in LMICs, offer a critical scoping review of recent research findings on urban family planning and fertility dynamics, and highlight priorities for future research.

Chinese urban emotional Slm — a Taste of life in lyrics

The Chinese film industry began in the early twentieth century. Chinese urban emotional film has become more and more popular with the Chinese people in recent years, so urban working youth emotional film also appears more and more often on the screen. An urban emotional film takes the city as a theme, takes urban life as a backdrop, takes urban family, friendship and love as the main clue for plot development, and takes the artistic expression of emotions as the main point of note. The combination of cinema and music is an independent cultural product generated by the film industry. Music plays a leading role in the film, especially in order to emphasize the theme and convey the inner connection of the characters. Je combination of cinematography and music is an essential element in the development of cinema. Chinese people love Chinese urban emotional movies, and most of them depend on processing good songs from movies. Therefore, a good movie and a good episode of the movie, in the audience’s understanding and expectation, are equally important things. Successful Chinese urban emotional films often have more than one popular song that can be passed on to the general public as their cinematic song, and the song’s value orientation is determined by the connotation of the text. Therefore, the creation of song lyrics can be described as the pursuit of excellence, which should not be underestimated.

Primary care bonus payments and patient-reported access in urban Ontario: a cross-sectional study.

Background:Rurality strongly correlates with higher pay-for-performance access bonuses, despite higher emergency department use and fewer primary care services than in urban settings. We sought to evaluate the relation between patient-reported access to primary care and access bonus payments in urban settings.Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional, secondary data analysis using Ontario survey and health administrative data from 2013 to 2017. We used administrative data to calculate annual access bonuses for eligible urban family physicians. We linked this payment data to adult (≥ 16 yr) patient data from the Health Care Experiences Survey to examine the relation between access bonus achievement (in quintiles of the proportion of bonus achieved, from lowest [Q1, reference category] to highest [Q5]) and 4 patient-reported access outcomes. The average survey response rate to the patient survey during the study period was 51%. We stratified urban geography into large, medium and small settings. In a multilevel regression model, we adjusted for patient-, physician- and practice-level covariates. We tested linear trends, adjusted for clustering, for each outcome.Results:We linked 18 893 respondents to 3940 physicians in 414 bonus-eligible practices. Physicians in small urban settings earned the highest proportion of their maximum potential access bonuses. Access bonus achievement was positively associated with telephone access (Q2 odds ratio [OR] 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98–1.42; Q3 OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.10–1.63; Q4 OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.19–1.79; Q5 OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.50–2.33), after hours access (Q2 OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.09–1.47; Q3 OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.23–1.74; Q4 OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.46–2.15; Q5 OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.52–2.32), wait time for care (Q2 OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.85–1.20; Q3 OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.97–1.41; Q4 OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.05–1.55; Q5 OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.32–2.00) and timeliness (Q2 OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.98–1.69; Q3 OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.94–1.77; Q4 OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.16–2.13; Q5 OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.38–2.82). When stratified by geography, we observed several of these associations in large urban settings, but not in small urban settings. Trend tests were statistically significant for all 4 outcomes.Interpretation:Although the access bonus correlated with access in larger urban settings, it did not in smaller settings, aligning with previous research questioning its utility in smaller geographies. The access bonus may benefit from a redesign that considers geography and patient experience.

Репрезентация материнства в казахской культуре: традиционные практики социализации детей

The article examines the status and role of the mother in Kazakh culture and the influence of traditions on its functioning. Social sciences ascertain a wide variety of maternal practices and characteristics of the socialization of children in different cultures. In this article, we will consider the attitude of modern Kazakh womenmothers, representatives of the urban middle class to the observance of such traditional practices of socialization of children as «at koyu», «shildekhana», «besikke salu», «kyrkynan shykaru», «tusau kesu», « toy «,» tilashar «,» togym kaqar «. The main directions of the Kazakh folk system of upbringing are: respect for elders, reverence for ancestors, care for representatives of the older generation, manifestation of love and care in a reasonable combination with exactingness towards children (family traditions associated with various stages in a child's life). Many customs, traditions, rituals of the Kazakh people are the unwritten laws of upbringing, a kind of moral code of the family, they crystallized the centuries-old experience of raising children in a family. Customs and traditions, rituals, proverbs, sayings, fairy tales do not have an educational effect on their own, but on condition that the parents by personal example in the family observe and support the principles and ideas expressed in them. Cultural traditions, rituals, customs in the Kazakh family are reproduced from generation to generation and are the moral framework of socialization. The purpose of this article is to analyze the use of traditional practices of socialization of children by Kazakh women-mothers, representatives of the urban middle class. The scientific significance of the work lies in the problematization of the use of traditional practices, when the conditions of urban life often do not allow the use of these practices and this causes the assessment of these practices by women-mothers as important / not important, necessary / unnecessary. The value of this study lies in the analysis of the traditions and rituals of raising children that have been preserved and reproduced in urban Kazakh families. Some rituals have changed, lost their former meaning, but have still survived to this day. In our study, we wanted to reveal the issue of preserving traditions and customs in matters of raising a child and implementing motherhood in an urban Kazakh family. The study showed that there is a tendency to preserve the national identity and identity of the Kazakh people in urban families through the reproduction of the traditions and customs of the socialization of children.

Perception and Practice of Bangladeshi Adults Towards the Prevention of COVID-19: A Statistical Analysis

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has continued to spread across the world with increasing numbers of confirmed cases and deaths. Due to outbreaks of new variants of the virus and limited treatment options, positive perception and good practice of preventive guidelines have remained essential measures for the prevention of the disease and slowing down its transmission. We aimed to study perception towards COVID-19 and the practice of guidelines for preventing the disease among Bangladeshi adults during the early stage of the rapid rise of the outbreak.&#x0D; Methods: Data was collected data from 320 participants. For measuring their level of practice, we asked a general question: “Are you properly following the WHO-recommended guidelines to avoid COVID-19?” The frequency distribution, Chi-square (χ2) test and binary logistic regression model were used in this study.&#x0D; Results: The average risk perception among the participants was 3.05±0.75 (median, 3.00) (95% CI of mean: 2.96-3.13) where the score ranges from 0 (no risk) to 4 (high risk). More than 27% of participants showed high-risk perceptions. Males (p&lt;0.05), high educated (p&lt;0.05), rich (p&lt;0.01), service holders (p&lt;0.05), and younger adults (p&lt;0.05) had higher odds of high-risk perception. More than 71% of participants had a good practice of always following the WHO guidelines to prevent COVID-19 and living locations in urban areas (p&lt;0.01), high education (p&lt;0.01), rich (p&lt;0.01), and joint family (p&lt;0.01) had the most contributions to good practice.&#x0D; Conclusions: The study findings revealed that special attention should be given to rural areas, and individuals of low literacy, education and socioeconomic level to more effectively prevent COVID-19.

The Relationship Between Perceived Stress, State-Trait Anxiety, and Sleep Quality Among University Graduates in China During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The study aimed to investigate the relationship among perceived stress, state-trait anxiety, and sleep quality of graduates to provide a reference for improving their psychological status and attitude adjustment of job-searching during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was conducted in a descriptive cross-sectional online survey between May 2020 and August 2020. The data were collected from 1,200 participants by using the personal information form prepared by the researchers in line with the literature, the Perceived Stress Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Among the surveyed participants, 47.67% were female, and 10.92% were medical students. The mean perceived stress, state anxiety, trait anxiety, and sleep quality were moderate and found as 31.4±6.69, 46.67±5.80, 49.45±5.54, and 5.94±2.47, respectively. The detection rates of state anxiety and trait anxiety were 48.63 and 49.50%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the detection rate of state anxiety and trait anxiety among different genders and majors (p >0.05). The detection rate of state anxiety and trait anxiety of rural family students was higher than that of urban family students (p <0.01). The score on the PSQI was positively associated with the scores on the perceived stress, state anxiety, and trait anxiety scales (p <0.001 for each model). Sleep quality was associated with increased perceived stress, state anxiety, and trait anxiety among graduates in China. Collectively, the study revealed the relationship between perceived stress, state-trait anxiety, and sleep quality among university graduates in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results offer novel practical implications for all circles of the society to ensure students’ health under the context of the COVID-19 epidemic.

Determinants of Physical Activity Practices in Metropolitan Context: The Case of Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal

Physical activity is an important health determinant for people’s quality of life and well-being. This study intends to (1) identify how the practice of physical activity fits into families’ daily lives; and (2) verify to what extent the practice of physical activity is influenced by the urban model, family composition, and family perceptions. A survey was applied to 410 families (corresponding to 1006 individuals) in Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA), Portugal, focusing on different physical activities—gym, swimming, walking/trekking/hiking, and cycling. Results are based on descriptive and bivariate data analysis and show the existence of asymmetries in the practice of physical activity in LMA. The urban context impacts the choice and frequency of physical activity practices. The typology of family and age proved to be more differentiating factors than income, being reinforced by daily lives (e.g., daily movements, transport modes, etc.). Positive self-perceptions of quality of life and health levels are also conducive to more active practices, contrary to negative perceptions of the neighborhood that are related to practices in peripheral destinations. Conclusions highlight the need for differentiated measures of physical activity promotion according to the territories and communities’ characteristics in a multilevel approach.