Urban Environmental Factors Research Articles

Multiple Impacts of Urban Built and Natural Environment on Lung Cancer Incidence: A Case Study in Bengbu.

Tumours are the main disease affecting the health of the Chinese population, and lung cancer is the malignancy with the highest incidence. Hence, the need to study and analyse the population of lung cancer incidence in order to effectively control and prevent it. In this research, we discuss the demographic characteristics of lung cancer incidence population of 2014 to 2020 from the perspective of multiple urban environmental factors, taking Bengbu city in the Huaihe River Basin of China as the research area, analyse the correlation between environmental indicators and lung cancer incidence population through the Spearman's rank correlation assessment model, and analyse the interaction between the influence factors of a geographic detector to analyse the influence of urban environmental factors. The results showed the followings: (1) The distribution characteristics of lung cancer incidence population were mainly geriatric population and spatially mainly fell in the old urban area of the study area, and the population distribution had clustered characteristics. (2) Through Spearman's rank correlation analysis, the land use, road traffic, spatial form, service facilities, and the open space of green space of the urban-built environment as well as the natural environment are all correlated with the incidence of lung cancer. (3) Factor detection and interaction analysis revealed a greater effect of spring and winter on lung cancer prevalence. In addition, the road intersection density and the distance to industrial are the most important potential influencing factors, and the interaction of any two factors will increase the risk of lung cancer.

The impact of cultural diversity on urban housing prices in China

<p>Using the commercial housing price data of 254 cities at prefecture level and above in China, this paper measures the cultural diversity by the diversity of Chinese dialects, and studies the impact of regional culture represented by dialects on urban housing prices. The research shows that after controlling the economic development level of the city, the urban ecological environment and other factors, the cultural diversity measured by dialect types has a significant negative impact on the price of urban commercial housing, that is, the more diverse the culture, the lower the house price, and the cultural diversity will restrain the house price by hindering the inflow of local population.</p>

Indoor Urban Environment and Conventional Risk Factors for Pediatric Tuberculosis Among 1–12 Years Old Children in a Megacity in Pakistan: A Matched Case–Control Study

Background: Estimated 1.1 million children developed tuberculosis (TB) globally in 2020. Household air pollution has been associated with increased respiratory tract infections among children. Nonetheless, there are scarce data regarding the association of indoor environment with pediatric TB. Objectives: To determine the association of indoor urban environment and conventional risk factors for pulmonary TB among children 1-12 years and to discern the differences of these factors among younger (1-5 years) and older children (6-12 years). Materials and Methods: We conducted an age-matched case-control study among children in 2 hospitals (tertiary and secondary care) in megacity, Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 143 pulmonary TB cases, diagnosed on Pakistan Paediatric Association Scoring Chart for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis (PPASCT), were compared with 286 age-matched controls (ratio 1:2). Indoor urban environment and other conventional risk factors were ascertained through a questionnaire and analyzed by conditional logistic regression. Results: Overall, being a female child [matched odds ratio (mOR): 2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16-3.53], having household TB contact (mOR: 8.64, 95% CI: 4.82-15.49), open kitchen for cooking in household (mOR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.59-5.66), and poorly ventilated house (mOR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.09-3.65) increased the risk of TB among children (1-12 years). Open kitchen was a risk factor for younger children (1-5 years), whereas poorly ventilated house and being female child was a risk factor for older children (6-12 years), respectively. Conclusions: This study strengthens the evidence that a poor indoor environment increases the risk for childhood TB. Concerted efforts are needed to improve the indoor air environment in urban areas for prevention of TB in addition to addressing the conventional risk factors.

Analysis of spatially varying relationships between urban environment factors and land surface temperature in Mashhad city, Iran

Land Surface Temperature (LST), particularly for the urban environment, is a crucial indicator of urban heat emission, urban climate, global environmental change, and human-environment interactions. In the present study, the spatial distribution of the mean LST was evaluated in association with the 16 explanatory indices at the neighbourhood's level in Mashhad City, Iran. To identify the main variables contributing to the LST variations, Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models were employed to explore the spatially varying relationships and identify the model's efficiency at the neighborhood's scale. Our findings showed the five most important components contributing to LST variances, explaining 86.2 % of the variability. The most negative relationship was observed between LST and the morphological features of neighborhoods (PC3). In contrast, the landscape configuration of the green patches (PC5) exhibited the lowest negative impacts on LST changes. Moreover, road and traffic density characteristics of the neighborhoods (PC4) were the only effective components to alert the average LST positively. With R2 = 0.687, AICc = 1545.848, and Moran's I = 0.021, the results revealed that the GWR model had better efficiency than the corresponding non-spatial OLS model in terms of the goodness of fits. It suggests that the GWR model has more ability than the OLS one to predict LST intensities and characterize spatial non-stationary. Therefore, it can be applied to adapt more effective strategies in planning and designing the urban neighborhoods for mitigation of the adverse heat effects.

Mapping the complex systems that connects the urban environment to cognitive decline in adults aged 50 years and older: a group model building study

BackgroundA supportive urban environment can prevent or delay the progress of cognitive decline. There is evidence for the existence of mechanistic pathways between the urban environment and cognitive decline, but the interrelations between these pathways are unclear. In this study, we aimed to map the mechanistic pathways by which urban environment factors affect cognitive decline in adults older than 50 years. MethodsThis group model building study was part of the Supportive environments for Physical and social Activity, healthy ageing, and CognitivE health (SPACE) project. We held a 2-day workshop with theSPACE investigators based on the Group Model Building (GMB) methodology. The workshop aimed to create a causal-loop diagram (CLD) that identifies established and potential urban environment, lifestyle, health, and physiological determinants of cognitive decline in adults older than 50 years, and the dynamic interrelations between these factors. A facilitation team guided the activities (IA-P, LG, CM, and RFH). The workshop was held online following appropriately adapted scripts. After the workshop, the modelling team reviewed the CLD to ensure that main potential causal pathways and mechanisms were captured. FindingsThe workshop ran from Dec 6–7, 2021, and 12 experts from ten different disciplines identified 83 factors and 221 connections between them. After review, the CLD presented 45 factors and 110 connections. All factors were classified in ten main domains: urban design (eg, walkability), social environment (eg, social relationships), travel behaviours (eg, active travel), by-products (eg, air pollution), lifestyle (eg, recreational physical activity), mental health (eg, stress), disease or physiology (eg, molecular risk), exogenous factors (eg, industrial pollution sources), and cognitive decline outcomes (eg, dementia). The main output was a CLD of the complex system of how the urban environment can influence cognitive decline in older adults, created by, and agreed with, the SPACE investigators. InterpretationOur findings suggested that GMB can engage experts and help them view problems, such as the determinants of cognitive decline in adults, through the lens of complex systems. FundingUK Research and Innovation.

Design strategies to influence health behaviour and mental wellbeing in the urban setting

Abstract The design of objects, spaces and systems can have a profound influence on the behaviours as well as emotional and cognitive states of the people confronted with it. With regards to health behaviour, elaborating on Schwarzer's HAPA model (1992), the Design Model for Health Behaviour Change - DMHBC (Rehn, 2018) proposes the use of the built environment to act as situative barriers or opportunities to change health behaviours and overall health promoting mindsets. Regarding urban space and mental health, most environmental stimuli and related behavioural patterns focus on consumption (e.g. retail stores) or daily routines (e.g. commuting). Using objects such as specifically designed furniture, installations and other elements to act as perceived affordances and stimuli can affect both cognitive-emotional states as well as specific behavioural responses. For instance, based on the research on mindfulness, drawing people's attention towards their own bodily sensations (e.g. breath) by playful interactive installations or information signs can increase feelings of calm, appreciation and contentment. The same applies to design interventions that guide one's view towards otherwise overlooked urban features (e.g. natural scenery). While mindfulness and relaxation are powerful techniques for increasing mental health, many other approaches (such as physical activity, social interactions etc.) can be found to have similar benefits. In fact, the orchestrated combination of various forms of stimuli might prove to be more effective than the sum of the individual interventions as they create a subsequent chain of stimuli that form a coherent experience. This approach poses particular potentials to foster mental health in vulnerable groups that usually suffer most from urban environmental risk factors. Thus, providing public and open access stimuli and affordances in this way, can have a significant effect on overall urban public health and reduce social inequalities at the same time.

Poverty, Urban Environmental Factors and Spatial Distribution of Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Area of Recent Emergence in Inner Brazil

In an urban area of recent emergence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil, the spatial distribution of both VL and VL-HIV coinfection was negatively associated with per capita income, population density, paving of streets, existence of sidewalks and drains for rainfall. Poverty and urban infrastructure deficits may influence VL emergence.

Mapping the complex systems that connects the urban environment to cognitive decline in older adults: a group model building study

Background and aim: The number of people living with dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is increasing. A supportive urban environment can prevent or delay the progress of cognitive decline. There is evidence for the existence of mechanistic pathways between the urban environment and cognitive decline, but the interrelations between these pathways are unclear. In this study, we aimed to map the mechanistic pathways by which urban environment factors impact cognitive decline in older adults. Methods: This study was part of the Supportive environments for Physical and social Activity, healthy ageing and CognitivE health (SPACE) project. A 2-day workshop with the SPACE investigators was conducted based on the Group Model Building (GMB) methodology. The workshop aimed to create a causal-loop diagram (CLD) that identifies established and potential urban environment, lifestyle, health, and physiological determinants of cognitive decline in older adults. A facilitation team guided the activities. The workshop was held online following appropriately adapted scripts. After the workshop, the modelling team reviewed the CLD to ensure that main potential causal pathways and mechanisms were captured. Results: During the workshop, 12 experts from 10 different disciplines identified 83 factors and 221 connections between them. After review, the CLD presented 50 factors and 154 connections. All factors were classified in 10 main groups: urban design, social environment, travel behaviours, urban design by-products, lifestyle, disease/physiology, mental health conditions, exogenous factors, and cognitive decline outcomes. The main output was a CLD of the complex system of how the urban environment can influence cognitive decline in older adults. Conclusions: The CLD detailed the plausible causal pathways between the urban environment and cognitive decline. Our findings suggested that GMB can engage experts and help them view problems through the lens of complex systems. Keywords: cognitive decline, urban environment, group model building

A joint analysis of school neighbourhoods’ exposure to urban environment factors in Greater London

A joint analysis of school neighbourhoods’ exposure to urban environment factors in Greater London

Prediction of Urban Thermal Environment Based on Multi-Dimensional Nature and Urban Form Factors

The urban thermal environment is affected by multiple urban form and natural environment factors; research on the accurate prediction of the urban thermal environment, considering the interaction among different urban environmental factors, is still lacking. The development of a machine learning model provides a good means of solving complex problems. This study aims to clarify the relationship between urban environmental variables and the urban thermal environment through high-precision machine learning models as well as provide scenarios of future urban thermal environment developments. We defined an urban thermal environment index (UTEI), considering twelve urban form and natural indicators sourced from the remote sensing data of 150 cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji region from 2000 to 2015. We achieved accurate predictions of UTEI through training a gradient-boosted regression trees model. By unpacking the model, we found that the contribution rate of elevation (ELEV) was the highest. Among all the urban form indicators, the elongation index (ELONG), urban population (POP), nighttime light intensity (NLI), urban area size (AREA), and urban shape index (SHAPE) also had high contributions. We set up five scenarios to simulate the possible impact of different urban form factors on the overall urban thermal environment quality in the region. Under extremely deteriorated patterns that do not control urban expansion and vegetation reduction, the average UTEI could be as high as 0.55–0.76 °C in summer and 0.24–0.29 °C in winter, yet in the extremely optimized situation, UTEI decreased by 0.69 °C in summer and 0.56 °C in winter. Results showed that better urban form improves the quality of urban environments and can provide important insights for urban planners to mitigate urban heat island problems.

Relationships between Land Surface Temperatures and Neighboring Environment in Highly Urbanized Areas: Seasonal and Scale Effects Analyses of Beijing, China

Urban environments have a strong influence on the land surface temperature (LST) in urban areas. Understanding the relationship between LST and urban environmental factors can help develop effective strategies to reduce high LSTs in urban areas, which is critical for mitigating the urban heat island effect. Previous studies have focused on the correlation between LST and the environmental factors that drive its formation, without considering the influences of the neighboring environment and the vertical expansion of highly urbanized areas. Notably, the correlation between LST and its neighboring environment in different seasons remains unclear. In this study, we selected central Beijing in China as our study area and employed the moving window method to characterize the environmental factors of the neighboring environment of the central LST cell. We explored eight environmental factors from three layers: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI), building density (BD), building height (BH), building volume (BV), sky view factor (SVF), and road density (RD). The Pearson correlation and extreme gradient boosting (XGB) regression methods were applied to measure the correlation between LST and the different factors in moving windows of different sizes. The results indicated that the correlation between NDVI, MNDWI, and LST was considerably different in the winter and other seasons. However, NDBI was positively correlated with LST in all seasons, although the correlation was strongest/weakest in summer/winter. Among building-related factors, BD and BH were more strongly correlated with LST, and the positive/negative correlation between BD/BH and LST was stronger in summer/winter. The correlation between LST and its neighboring environment varied with increasing window size, and this variation differs significantly between winter and other seasons. In spring, summer, and autumn, the strength of the correlation between LST and its neighboring environment showed an “inverted V” pattern with increasing window size. The optimal spatial scales to explore the influence of neighboring environments on the LST of 30-m cells were 210 m and 270 m. This study revealed the seasonal correlation between LST and its neighboring environment while explaining the variation at a spatial scale. Notably, this study can provide a new perspective for understanding the driving mechanism of the urban thermal environment, while contributing to its scientific optimization and management.

Assessment of Ecological Environment Quality for Urban Sustainable Development Based on AHP.

Cities are gradually developed on the basis of adapting and transforming the natural environment. In a certain urban area, human activities, natural environment, and other factors and their mutual influence constitute the urban ecological environment. Therefore, the evaluation of urban ecological environment quality is of great significance to the analysis of urban development. This paper takes a city in Western China as the evaluation object, uses AHP to determine the index weight, reasonably analyzes the current situation of the urban ecological environment, and further comprehensively evaluates the quality of the urban ecological environment. The study shows that from 2013 to 2018, the comprehensive capacity of the city's ecological environment quality showed a steady upward trend, except that the natural disasters of floods and mudslides in 2014 had a certain degree of fluctuation. The comprehensive index of ecological environment quality has increased from 0.337 in 2013 to 0.412 in 2018. The overall level is still low, but the development speed is relatively stable. The urban ecological environment has been gradually improved, and society, economy, and nature have maintained a certain degree of sustainable development.

The Effect of Carbon Emission Trend on Urban Thermal Environment from the Perspective of Transportation Energy Consumption

Figuring out the action mechanism of carbon emission trend on the influencing factors of urban thermal environment from the perspective of transportation energy consumption is of great significance for transforming citizens’ means of transportation and promoting sustainable development of urban environment. However, existing studies on urban thermal environment generally focus on the quantification of urban landscape forms, the correlation analysis, or the analysis of relative importance, few of them have concerned about the action mechanism of fluid flow, heat transfer, pollutant diffusion and other process parameters on the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect with both transportation energy consumption and carbon emission trend taken into consideration. For this reason, this paper gave the spatial structure of urban thermal environment, constructed fluid flow control equation, heat transfer control equation, pollutant diffusion control equation, and turbulence model for the urban thermal environment; then, it quantitatively analyzed the UHI intensity and air pollutant concentration, aiming to alleviate the UHI effect under the influence of transportation energy consumption and carbon emission trend. At last, this paper used experimental results to verify the effectiveness of the constructed model and gave the analysis results of thermal environment in the target city.

Walking and cycling for health: A multi-group analysis of path models between genders.

Walking and cycling are beneficial for urban adults' health. Transport and recreation are modifiable domains of major physical activity resources. The purposes of this study were to explore associations among psychological and environmental factors, walking and cycling behaviours and quality of life by developing a path model and comparing gender differences. A cross-sectional study. Participants were community-dwelling healthy urban adults aged 20-65 years. Data were collected between September 2019 and June 2020 by self-reported questionnaires, including health beliefs, the neighbourhood environment, walking and cycling behaviours and the World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Scale. An ANCOVA, chi-squared tests, partial least squares-path model and a multi-group analysis were performed for statistical analyses. In total, 1294 valid responses were received, which included 41.27% men and 58.73% women. Men had lower walking behaviours and better self-efficacy than women. The developed path model indicated an acceptable model fit. Significant path coefficients were found among psychological and environmental factors, walking and cycling behaviours and quality of life. The path model between men and women found no significant differences in any path coefficients. Significant path coefficients of environmental factors with cycling behaviour and of walking behaviour with quality of life were found in men but not in women. Improving individuals' health beliefs, self-efficacy and perceived walkability and cyclability is a beneficial strategy for promoting physical activity. Walking and cycling behaviours are recommended to improve the quality of life of urban adult populations. What problem did the study address? A large proportion of urban adult populations still have insufficient physical activity globally. It is essential that implications from an overall perspective of psychological and environmental factors and their interactions be integrated to develop efficient strategies for promoting physical activityand quality of life. What were the main findings? The developed path model with an acceptable model fit found that psychological and environmental factors were important in explaining urban adults' walking and cycling behaviours and quality of life. Differences were not found between men's and women's path models. Where and on whom will the research have impact? Improving urban adults' psychological and environmental factors might be an efficient strategy for promoting sufficient physical activity. Men's low engagement in walking behaviours should garner increased attention. Providing equal opportunities for both genders to engage in walking and cycling behaviours are recommended for health promotion in urban regions.

도시환경요인과 범죄정책인식의 관계연구

The purpose of this study is to empirically explore the effect of urban environmental factors on criminal policy through crime fear and crime prevention activities. In addition, it was confirmed that crime fear and crime prevention activities are closely related to the characteristics and structure of the city, and are deeply related to criminal policy and satisfaction with life in urban areas. As a result of the study, it was found that urban environmental variables were not related to crime prevention activities, did not directly affect crime policy perception, and had an indirect effect on crime policy perception by completely mediating crime fear. Contrary to expectations, crime prevention activities did not have the effect of mediating urban environmental variables and criminal policy perception, and it was found that they served as independent variables that influence criminal policy perception by completely mediating criminal fear. Through this, it was confirmed that environmental variables such as urban environment and behavioral variables such as crime prevention activities are likely to affect recognition factors such as crime suppression policy satisfaction through psychological variables.

Epiphytic Bryophytes in an Urban Landscape: Which Factors Determine Their Distribution, Species Richness, and Diversity? A Case Study in Wroclaw, Poland.

There is still a lack of knowledge on the effect of urban environmental factors on bryophyte species distribution and richness. The goal of this study was to fill that gap. We assumed the hypothesis that the urban heat island is the most important factor affecting epiphytic bryophyte species in urban space. The survey was based on a network of 500 one hectare study plots, scattered throughout the city of Wrocław (SW Poland). A set of 27 environmental factors was assessed in the field, as well as by the collection, processing, and interpretation of satellite imagery, LiDAR scans, and climatological data. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to evaluate the significance of the effect of the studied variables on the distribution of bryophyte epiphytes. The effect of the normalized difference vegetation index on epiphytic bryophyte distribution and richness was the strongest. The effects of the urban heat island as well as the tree species diversity appeared weaker, though significant. Among the tree stands features, the supply of European ash Fraxinus excelsior and tree height appeared to be the strongest. Maintaining afforested areas rich in old tree individuals with cooler and more humid microclimates seems to be crucial to the keeping of epiphytic bryophyte species diversity in the urban landscape.

Metal-algae interaction contributes to the water environment heterogeneity in an urbanized river

The ecological environments of urban rivers are greatly affected by human activities, leading to serious water quality deterioration. We thus investigated urban aquatic environment and water pollution factors by collecting water samples over one year upstream, midstream and downstream of the Funan River in Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Measured water quality indicators included total N/P ratio, ammonia N, chemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll a, biochemical oxygen demand, transparency, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and pH, as well as the heavy metal concentrations and algal communities in the river sediments. Additionally, a water pollution index (WPI) and trophic level index (TLI) were calculated and a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. The WPI analysis indicated serious pollution in this river during the sampling year. Moreover, moderate eutrophication with high pollution was found in summer (TLI = 64.7), while mild eutrophication occurred in the other seasons. The number of Cyanobacteria species sharply increased from 6 to 23 in summer, indicating a high risk of blooms. Furthermore, the PCA also revealed that two metals, chromium and cadmium, affected the water quality, which may be because of the interaction of nutrients and metals due to the land use types, industrial activities and hydrodynamic conditions. In general, we have systematically discussed the influences of various factors on the water environment and the mechanisms of their interactions in urbanized rivers, which is very important for the protection and restoration of river ecology as China and the world become more urbanized.

Measurement and Optimization Strategy of Urban Environmental Governance Efficiency in Different Provinces of China

The urban environment has certain attributes of public products, and its governance activities are often led by the government. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has actively promoted the coordination of resources and the environment, steadily promoted the construction of socialist ecological civilization, and sought breakthroughs in urban environmental governance methods, governance scopes, and governance concepts. Studying the level and efficiency of urban environmental governance in different regions is conducive to the realization of coordinated urban and rural development and the improvement of regional comprehensive environmental conditions. This paper uses data envelopment analysis to measure the urban environmental governance efficiency of 31 provinces in China in 2019, and quantitatively analyze and compare comprehensive technical efficiency score, pure technical efficiency score, scale efficiency score, and return to scale. It is found that (1) the urban development in various regions is unbalanced, and the efficiency of environmental governance varies greatly; (2) the overall efficiency of urban environmental governance in Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, and Tibet is relatively good. The pure technical efficiency score of urban environmental governance in Guangdong, Hunan, and Shandong performed relatively well; The economies of scale in Guizhou, Hainan and Qinghai are relatively obvious, and the growth level of urban environmental governance output factors is higher than that of input factors. China should refine the investment direction of environmental governance, introduce advanced environmental governance technologies, explore comprehensive governance models involving all citizens, and formulate environmental governance plans that meet the actual conditions of the city, so as to improve the efficiency of urban environmental governance, optimize the level of urban environmental governance, and realize the sustainable development of economy, resources and environment.

Impact of Urban Environmental Quality, Residential Satisfaction, and Personality on Quality of Life Among Residents of Delhi/NCR

Environmental quality and sustainability seek to preserve, enhance, and protect our environmental resources that directly aim at providing an amicable quality of life and sustainable development for the upcoming generations. Considering the hazardous environmental urban quality in Delhi NCR, air pollution is the topmost factor deteriorating the health of the population in general. The urban air database by WHO reports Delhi exceeding the maximum PM10 limit by almost 10-times at 292 μg/m3. Noticing that an individual's surroundings have an enormous value in human lives, the study aimed at understanding the impact of urban environmental quality, residential satisfaction, and personality on the quality of life among residents of Delhi NCR. In addition, we also track the environmental world views to attitudes on pro-environmental behavior in understanding sustainability. The results from the SEM model indicated that one index rise in RESS lead to a fall in quality of life by 0.029 point value, whereas one index rise in personality could enhance the quality of life by 0.15 point value. Pro-environmental behaviors and urban environmental factors did not showcase any significant impact on the quality of life.

Kentsel Parklara İlişkin Memnuniyet Düzeyinin Değerlendirilmesi: Eskişehir Millet Bahçesi Örneği

Urban parks are important for improving the city's environment and meeting the psychological and physical needs of the users. Activities carried out in open areas are among the urban environmental factors that increase the quality of life. However, factors such as the ease of access to the parks, the convenience and security of the parks and the facilities in the parks influence parks satisfaction levels. Eskişehir Millet Bahçesi is one of the parks serving as an amusement and education park in the city of Eskişehir. The aim of this study is to determine the satisfaction levels of city residents from city parks in the case of Eskişehir Millet Bahçesi. Urban area quality parameters and a group of indicators are used to measure the level of satisfaction in the park. The indicators cover three main topics: comfort; use of different physical activities, aesthetics, safety and access. A questionnaire was applied to evaluate the indicators and the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) technique was used. The results indicate high performance and high importance, so that all evaluation indicators enter the first quarter of the IPA scheme, thus indicating the achievement of user satisfaction in Millet Bahçesi. It is thought that the results obtained from the research will guide the authorities in determining the priorities in the development of new parks and the improvement of existing parks.