Urban Drainage Channels Research Articles

Urban drainage channels as a pathway for microplastics in riverine systems: A case study of Delhi, India

ABSTRACT Urban drainage channels act as significant routers of microplastics (MPs) originating from terrestrial to aquatic systems. In the present study, contamination of MPs (250–5,000 μm size) has been investigated in an interlinked urban aquatic system comprising Najafgarh drain, corresponding secondary drains, and Yamuna River in Delhi, India. A range of 100–4,300 MPs/m3 (pre-monsoon) and 100–6,700 MPs/m3 (post-monsoon) were detected in secondary drains, which meet the Najafgarh drain through its course in the city. Najafgarh drain showed an average abundance of 771 and 343 MPs/m3 during pre- and post-monsoon season, respectively. The discharge of MP-laden wastewater from the Najafgarh drain into the Yamuna River created a rise in MP abundance in the river at the drain’s downstream location. Thus, revealing that secondary drains play a significant role in MP channelization to the Najafgarh drain and subsequently Yamuna River. White MP fragments were dominating in the study area. Chemical characterization revealed 11 types of MP polymers, with a predominance of polyethylene. Considering the knowledge gap in MP database of interconnected urban aquatic systems in India, this study might help in providing baseline information and encourage more studies addressing the magnitude of this problem for predicting long-term environmental risks.

Discovery of sulfonamide resistance genes in deep groundwater below Patna, India

Global usage of pharmaceuticals has led to the proliferation of bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobial treatments, creating a substantial public health challenge. Here, we investigate the emergence of sulfonamide resistance genes in groundwater and surface water in Patna, a rapidly developing city in Bihar, India. We report the first quantification of three sulfonamide resistance genes (sulI, sulII and sulIII) in groundwater (12–107 m in depth) in India. The mean relative abundance of gene copies was found to be sulI (2.4 × 10−2 copies/16S rRNA gene) > sulII (5.4 × 10−3 copies/16S rRNA gene) > sulIII (2.4 × 10−3 copies/16S rRNA gene) in groundwater (n = 15) and surface water (n = 3). A comparison between antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and wastewater indicators, particularly tryptophan:fulvic-like fluorescence, suggests that wastewater was associated with AMR gene prevalence. Urban drainage channels, containing hospital and domestic wastes, are likely a substantial source of antimicrobial resistance in groundwater and surface water, including the Ganges (Ganga) River. This study is a reference point for decision-makers in the fight against antimicrobial resistance because it quantifies and determines potential sources of AMR genes in Indian groundwater.

Water quality monitoring and modeling for an urban storm drainage channel in Thane, India.

The absence of a sewer system and inadequate wastewater treatment plants results in a discharge of untreated wastewater to the urban drainage channels and pollutes receiving waters. Field visits were carried out to observe water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in an urban drainage system (Kolshet drain) in Thane City, Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India. Dye-tracing studies using rhodamine WT dye were used for computing the velocity, discharge, and dispersion coefficient of the drain. The data analysis shows that the BOD and COD values in the drain are higher than the permissible limits (30mg L-1 for BOD and 250mg L-1 for COD), which is not suitable for disposal to any receiving water body. Also, the DO was less than the permissible limit of a minimum of 3mg L-1 (for the survival of aquatic life). It is seen that the higher BOD load significantly reduced the DO throughout the drain. The Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP 8.32, 2019) developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has been used for the simulation of the DO and BOD in the drainage channel. The model simulates an appropriate estimate of the expected variation of DO and BOD at points of interest. The modeling for the Kolshet drain is expected to enable better estimates of the wastewater parameters and the pollution transport in the drain for planning purposes.

The significant impacts of laundry wastewater on microplastics: a case study in a residential area

Microplastics (MPs) in urban drainage are a significant source of river pollution. Laundry waste, which can contain high levels of microfibers, is a potential source of MPs in urban drainage. This study investigated the abundance and characteristics of MPs in urban drainage channels in Ketawanggede Village, Malang City, Indonesia. The research involved stages such as inorganic and organic separation using Fe2SO4.7H2O and H2O2, density-based MPs separation, and analysis of abundance, size, color, and polymer through microscopy and FTIR. Statistical testing was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis Test in RStudio. The results showed that the abundance of MPs increased with distance from the river, with the highest abundance found at location 4 (267.44 particles/L). The MPs were dominated by small particles (<1 mm), fibers (58%), and transparent (74.3%) in color. The type of polymer was mostly polypropylene (PP) and nylon. The study also found that the abundance of microfibers was significantly higher at locations 2 and 3 (where laundries were located) compared to location 1. This suggests that laundry waste is a significant source of microfibers in urban drainage.

Analisis Alokasi Anggaran Kegiatan Pembangunan Bidang Drainase pada Dinas PU dan Penataan Ruang Kota Banjarmasin

This study aims to analyze 1) the criteria that determine the budget allocation for drainage development activities at the Banjarmasin City PUPR Service, 2) Alternative drainage development activities at the Banjarmasin City PUPR Service, 3) Budget allocation preferences for drainage development activities at the Banjarmasin City PUPR Service. Eight respondents in the study are considered influential in determining the budget allocation for drainage development activities at the Department of Public Works and Spatial Planning Banjarmasin using the AHP method. The results of the study show that alternative criteria for HR, Benefits, and Funds can determine the budget allocation for drainage development activities with the highest order of preference, namely Funds (54%), Benefits (29%), and Human Resources (0.17%). Based on these criteria, the preference for budget allocation for drainage development activities is Operation Maintenance of Drainage System (39%), Construction of Environmental Drainage System (24%), Rehabilitation of Urban Drainage Channels (20%), and Improvement of Environmental Drainage Channels (18%). With the conclusion that the most dominant is the Operation and Maintenance of Drainage Systems (39%).

Circulation of adenovirus and other viruses in urban drainage channels: an environmental surveillance in Belém, Amazon region, Brazil.

Urban channels in amazon cities are very polluted, with garbage and sewage disposal in these aquatic environments, favoring the high dissemination of waterborne viruses such as human adenovirus (HAdV). The aim of this study was to perform the detection and molecular characterization of adenovirus in urban channels and in a wastewater treatment plant located in a metropolitan city in the Amazon. Additionally, metagenomic analyses were performed to assess viral diversity. Samples were concentrated by organic flocculation, analyzed by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) and sequenced (Sanger e next generation sequencing). Cell culture was performed to verify the viability of HAdV particles. A total of 104 samples were collected, being the HAdV positivity of 76% (79/104). Among the positive samples, 29.1% (23/79) were characterized as HAdV-F40 (87%, 20/23), HAdV-F41 (8.7%, 2/23), and HAdV-B (4.3%, 1/23). Average precipitation rates ranged from 163 to 614 mm, while the pH ranged from 6.9 to 7.6. Eight positive samples were inoculated into A549 cells and in 4 of these, was observed changes in the structure of the cell monolayer, alteration in the structure of the cell monolayer was observed, but without amplification when analyzed by PCR. The metagenomic data demonstrated the presence of 14 viral families, being the most abundant: Myoviridae (41% of available reads), Siphoviridae (24.5%), Podoviridae (14.1%), and Autographiviridae (6.9%) with more than 85% of the total number of identified reads. This study reinforcing that continuous surveillance may contribute to monitoring viral diversity in aquatic environments and provide early warning of potential outbreaks.

Mengatasi Genangan Jalan Donowati Kota Surabaya Melalui Perbaikan Drainase

Surabaya plays a crucial role as the economic center in eastern Indonesia. However, it is identified as a waterlogging-prone area. Several regions have experienced flooding with water heights ranging from 10 to 70 cm, lasting up to 6 hours. This issue also happened in the Donowati area, Surabaya where mismatches in the construction of urban drainage channels with design criteria were found, resulting in inundation. These inundations cause infrastructure damage, health risks, disruption of activities, and economic losses. This research aims to evaluate and optimize the drainage system in Jalan Donowati, Surabaya. The research was conducted by collecting existing canal dimension data and hydrological data. Furthermore, data analysis was carried out, including hydrological and hydraulics analysis. Repairs will be carried out if an overflow occurs so the channel can run normally. The results showed drainage channels on Jalan Donowati could not accommodate rainwater due to their small capacity, namely one secondary and three tertiary channels. The channel redesign obtained dimensions of 1 m x 1 m for the secondary channel and 0.7 m x 0.6 m for the tertiary channel. The validation results show that the new dimension is safe against high rainfall. In addition to channel re-dimensions, inlet additions were also made to allow rainwater to enter the drainage canals more efficiently. So that with this new dimension, it can prevent inundation that occurs during the rainy season.

Ecological risk assessment of phthalates in the urban channels of São Vicente, Brazil

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are a group of plasticising chemical compounds used in the plastic industry worldwide that are well known for their environmental contamination and toxicological effects as endocrine disruptors. In this work, the occurrence and preliminary ecological risk of six PAEs – namely, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-octyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate – were investigated, for the first time, in five urban drainage channels located along the poor nearby neighbourhoods on the outskirts of São Vicente City, São Paulo, Brazil, whose diffuse loads flow continuously to the estuarine waters of this island. Of these, three congeners, DMP (&lt;limit of detection (LOD), 0.023 μg/l), DEP (&lt;LOD, 0.033 μg/l) and DBP (&lt;LOD, 0.042 μg/l), were consistently quantified using gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Specifically, the DBP occurrence is a cause of environmental concern for the São Vicente estuary, because the results suggest moderate risk for algae and fishes and high ecological risk for crustaceans after acute exposure. Therefore, even at low concentrations, the occurrence of PAEs cannot be neglected in this coastal zone. In addition, the present study reinforces the need for further ecotoxicological studies (particularly with tropical marine organisms) to assess the toxicity of these bioactive compounds.

A Combined Approach Using Water Quality Indexes and Statistical Analyses to Assess the Urban Surface Runoff: a Case Study in São Paulo Coastal Zone, Brazil

Although the most conventional methods to determine the quality of an aquatic ecosystem are aimed to evaluate its physicochemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological characteristics, the monitoring of a large number of environmental variables can represent a high cost for developing countries like Brazil. However, a combined approach using water quality indexes and statistical analyses may help us to monitor water quality through a previous selection of a few key environmental variables. In this context, the objective of this study was to highlight the set of environmental variables most useful to assess the urban channels water quality of Guarujá, Brazil, whose diffuse loads flow continuously into four tourist beaches (Tombo, Enseada, Perequê and Iporanga). For this purpose, three different methods were applied: (i) an existent published large data set (30 environmental variables: 28 physicochemical/microbiological, plus 2 ecotoxicological) obtained during a previous monitoring of the urban drainage channels of these beaches; (ii) the potential risks for the aquatic local fauna and flora through established water quality indexes, such as IMPC, TSI and ALPI; and (iii) through statistical methods such as Cohen D test, Standardized Odds Ratio and Logistic Regression, the set of environmental variables with the greatest potential to cause acute and chronic toxicity in urban channels waters. This combined approach using water quality indexes and statistical analyses was effective to successfully reduce the number of environmental variables needed to assess the ecological status of this coastal area. Moreover, this combined approach was useful to gather intuitive and user-friendly environmental information that could help decision makers (i.e., public authorities and environmental agencies) to plan and perform low-cost and effective monitoring plans in different coastal zones worldwide, namely in developing countries such as Brazil.

Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and cocaine in the urban drainage channels located on the outskirts of the São Vicente Island (São Paulo, Brazil) and related ecological risk assessment.

“Wealth by the sea and poverty away from the sea breeze” is a metaphor that mirrors what happens along the Brazilian coastal zone, namely in São Vicente Island, São Paulo, Brazil. Due to the high cost of the properties on this shore, the impoverished population started to migrate to the northern outskirts of the island (away from the tourist beaches), potentiating the emergence of poor housing conditions, namely stilt-house slums. Consequently, the urban drainage channels across these outskirts neighbourhoods are potentially contaminated by human wastes. In this context, the occurrence and preliminary ecological risk assessment of eleven pharmaceuticals of various therapeutic classes (including cocaine and its primary metabolite, benzoylecgonine) were investigated, for the first time, in five urban drainage channels whose diffuse loads flow continuously to the estuarine waters of São Vicente Island. The results showed the widespread presence of these environmental stressors in all urban channels analysed, namely losartan (7.3–2680.0 ng/L), caffeine (314.0–726.0 ng/L), acetaminophen (7.0–78.2 ng/L), atenolol (6.2–23.6 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (10.2–17.2 ng/L), furosemide (1.0–7.2 ng/L), cocaine (2.3–6.7 ng/L), carbamazepine (0.2–2.6 ng/L), diclofenac (1.1–2.5 ng/L), orphenadrine (0.2–1.1 ng/L) and chlortalidone (0.5–1.0 ng/L). The overall total estimated load of pharmaceuticals and personal care products flowing to the estuarine waters of São Vicente Island is on the order of 41.1 g/day. The ecological risk assessment revealed a great environmental concern for São Vicente Island, ranging between low (e.g. carbamazepine and cocaine) and moderate to high (e.g. caffeine, acetaminophen and losartan) threats for the aquatic biota. Therefore, initiatives promoting basic sanitation, land-use regularisation and population awareness are highly recommended.Graphical abstract Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-19736-4.

Urban drainage channels as microplastics pollution hotspots in developing areas: A case study in Da Nang, Vietnam

This study provides information on the current situation of microplastics contamination in inland freshwater bodies in Vietnam. An urban drainage channel in Da Nang City was selected as a case study. Receiving mainly domestic wastewater and landfill leachate, the channel itself is becoming a microplastic pollution hotspot with a microplastic concentration of 1482.0 ± 1060.4 items m−3 in waters and 6120.0 ± 2145.7 items kg−1 in sediments. The dominant shapes of microplastics were fibers and fragments, in which the polymer types were mainly polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. Microplastics with sizes ranging from 1000 to 5000 μm tended to be distributed primarily in surface waters, whereas particles from 300 to 1000 μm accumulated in sediments. The channel places Da Nang Bay at a high risk for microplastic pollution, with an estimated pollution load of approximately 623 × 106 items d−1 in dry weather.

Study on the Contribution of Normalization to Reducing Flood Risk in the Ciliwung River, Tebet District, Jakarta

Jakarta is the capital city of the State of Indonesia and fast economy and population growth rate. With these, urbanization continues to increase every year. In this study, we analyse the effect of river normalization on reducing flood risk on the MT. Haryono - Manggarai section based on the Hec-RAS hydraulic model. Boundary Condition applied in upstream river is flow hydrograph with a peak discharge of 561.48 m3/s. In the upstream part, a rating curve is applied from the water level measurement data for the Manggarai Sluice Gate. While in the middle, the lateral flow from the urban drainage channels is inserted. The simulation results show that normalizing the channel can increase the drainage capacity as implied by the decrease in the flood water level. However, downstream there is backwater due to the lack of capacity of the Manggarai floodgate.

Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and cocaine in the urban drainage channels of Santos beaches (São Paulo, Brazil): a neglected, but sensitive issue.

In some Brazilian coastal cities, it is common to observe 'black tongues' in beaches, i.e. a mixture of urban runoff and untreated domestic sewage containing pollutants of emerging concern, namely pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), flowing into the South Atlantic Ocean. Such diffuse loads of pollutants might expose nontarget aquatic organisms to harmful compounds. In this work, the occurrence and preliminary ecological risk of 27 PPCPs of various therapeutic classes (including cocaine and its primary metabolite, benzoylecgonine) were investigated, for the first time, in seven urban drainage channels whose diffuse loads flow continuously to the beaches of Santos Bay, São Paulo, Brazil. Of these, 21 compounds were detected using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and nine of them were consistently quantified in all urban channels of Santos, suggesting that those pollutants are ubiquitous in this region: caffeine (143.4-516.0 ng/L), losartan (4.2-21.8 ng/L), atenolol (1.1-18.2 ng/L), acetaminophen (1.5-13.8 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (1.0-4.8 ng/L), carbamazepine (1.1-4.0 ng/L), diclofenac (1.9-3.5 ng/L), cocaine (0.5-1.7 ng/L), and orphenadrine (0.1-0.8 ng/L). Moreover, twelve compounds were found below the limit of quantification ( <LOQ): citalopram, propranolol, diazepam, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, midazolam, ranitidine, chlortalidone, clopidogrel, chlorpheniramine, enalapril and valsartan. According to our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of midazolam, ranitidine and chlorpheniramine in surface waters in Latin America and, therefore, these compounds should be considered environmental warning signs. A preliminary ecological risk assessment revealed that caffeine, acetaminophen and losartan presented a moderate risk, and carbamazepine a low risk to sensitive aquatic organisms at maximum measured concentrations. This study provides valuable information to reinforce the importance of a continuous monitoring of the diffuse loads (containing PPCPs and illicit drugs) flowing to the coastal zones in developing countries.

Mutagenic and ecotoxicological assessment of urban surface runoff flowing to the beaches of Guarujá, State of São Paulo, Brazil.

Along the coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, urban drainage channels introduce a complex mixture of pollutants into the South Atlantic Ocean, that may cause deleterious effects to the aquatic biota. The objective of this study was to analyse, for the first time, the mutagenicity (Ames Salmonella/microsome test) and ecotoxicity (acute and chronic tests, with Daphnia simillis and Ceriodaphnia dubia, respectively) exerted by the diffuse loads discharged in Guarujá, São Paulo coast, Brazil. Water sampling occurred bimonthly between January and July 2018 (rainy season: January through March; dry season: May through July) at four beaches with different profiles of use and land occupation: Tombo (Blue Flag certification), Enseada (high use by tourists), Perequê (fishing community) and Iporanga (conservation unit). No mutagenic potential was detected in the complex mixtures flowing to the study beaches. However, 30 and 80% of the analyses showed acute and chronic toxicities, respectively, mainly in the Enseada and Perequê channels during the rainy season. To improve the environmental quality of these coastal waters and to reduce the ecological risks posed to the aquatic organisms and public health, several actions are imperative, such as the amelioration of the basic sanitation facilities and land regularisation actions.

Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and cocaine in a beach area of Guarujá, São Paulo State, Brazil, under the influence of urban surface runoff.

The occurrence of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in water resources is widely documented in Europe, North America and Asia. However, in South America, these studies are still incipient. The objective of this study was to screen and identify the presence of pharmaceuticals of various therapeutic classes, including illicit drugs such as cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, in urban drainage channels that flow into thebathing waters of Guarujá city, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Moreover, the ecological potential risks to the aquatic biota were also assessed. The water samples were collected from four beaches of Guarujá in two different points: in the urban drainage channels and in the nearby coast line. A total of 16 compounds were detected using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry: carbamazepine (0.1-8.0ng/L), caffeine (33.5-6550.0ng/L), cocaine (0.2-30.3ng/L), benzoylecgonine (0.9-278.0ng/L), citalopram (0.2-0.4ng/L), acetaminophen (18.3-391.0ng/L), diclofenac (0.9-79.8ng/L), orphenadrine (0.2-1.5ng/L), atenolol (0.1-140.0ng/L), propranolol (limit of detection: LOD-0.9ng/L), enalapril (2.2-3.8ng/L), losartan (3.6-548.0ng/L), valsartan (19.8-798.0ng/L), rosuvastatin (2.5-38.5ng/L), chlortalidone (0.1-0.4ng/L) and clopidogrel (0.1-0.2ng/L). The hereby data also showed that five of these compounds, namely caffeine, acetaminophen, diclofenac, losartan and valsartan, could raise moderate to severe risks to aquatic organisms (algae, crustaceans andfishes). This study is the first report of the occurrence of several pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in urban drainage channels that flow to the bathing waters in South America, and it is the first quantification of rosuvastatin, chlortalidone and clopidogrel in environmental marine waters of Latin America.

Spatial and temporal evaluation of the urban runoff water flowing into recreational areas of Guarujá, São Paulo State, Brazil

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the water quality of the urban runoff flowing into the public beaches and recreational waters of Guarujá, São Paulo State, Brazil. Monthly samples were obtained from October 2017 to August 2018 in four beaches: Tombo (Blue Flag certification), Enseada (high-used by tourist), Perequê (fishing community) and Iporanga (conservation unit). Twenty-eight environmental variables (physical, chemical and microbiological) were analysed using standard statistical tests, and different quality indexes were obtained. Data showed that urban drainage channels are the main responsible for pollutant transport to the Guarujá Sea, mainly during the rainy season. Moreover, the different occupations and land uses appear to interfere with the water quality of the urban runoff. The best water quality was recorded at Iporanga (environmental compliance over 90% according to the Brazilian law, with low total phosphorus enrichment, but medium aluminium toxicity). The quality ratings for the other beaches were classified as very bad (57%–66% compliance with current legislation). Moreover, these waters were eutrophic showing high aluminium toxicity. This study highlights the environmental and public health risks arising from the urban runoff flowing into the beaches of Guarujá. Better water management practices, improvement of basic sanitation and population awareness, is highly recommended to prevent potential socio-environmental risks in this tourist area.

Occurrence of human adenoviruses in a beach area of Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil.

Along the coastal zone of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, diffuse discharges that flow directly to tourist beaches are responsible for introducing various pathogens into recreational waters. The objective of this study was to analyze, for the first time, the presence of protozoa (Cryptosporidium ssp and Giardia ssp), as well as human mastadenoviruses (HAdV-species C and F) and other species of adenoviruses (AdV) in beach drainage channels of Enseada and Perequê, municipality of Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil. Protozoa were not detected in any sample over the course of the 11-month study. In relation to HAdVs, 100% (n=22) of the water samples presented contamination by at least one type of virus (C, D, or F species), suggesting potential risks to the public health following recreational exposure of beach users to these waters. PRACTITIONER POINTS: First report on the presence of human adenoviruses in urban drainage channels in the coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. Urban surface water runoff is responsible for introducing human adenoviruses linked to disease outbreaks in areas of intense recreation. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were below the limit of detection for all analyzed samples. However, all sites were positive for at least one of the viral species (HAdV-C, HAdV-D, or HAdV-F). Viral loads found in the water were similar to those commonly found in the wastewater.

Temporal and spatial variation of benthic macroinvertebrates on the shoreline of Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil, under the influence of urban surface runoff

In recent decades, the management of urban surface runoff in coastal regions has become a global priority. However, in Brazil, whose coastline is 8,500 km, these actions are still scarce. This study aimed to characterise, for the first time, the structure of the benthic assemblages near urban drainage channels, whose waters flow permanently to four beaches of Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil. Collection of sediments took place between October 2017 and August 2018. Macroinvertebrate fauna were identified in a certified laboratory using international standard methodologies. The data showed that although the species richness was in general low, a great abundance and density of taxa tolerant to organic pollution was observed (e.g. Oligochaeta, Gastropoda and, mainly Insecta: Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, Chironomus and Culicidae) during the period of greatest tourist influx (rainy season/summer). Furthermore, the results of water quality indexes (in all channels) suggested heavily polluted environments: (i) Shannon-Wiener: H’ < 1; (ii) Biological Monitoring Working Party: BMWP’ < 12 and (iii) Average Score per Taxon: ASPT < 2. Therefore, it is urgent to adopt management measures to improve the environmental water quality and to prevent human health risks associated with tourism activities taking place in the recreational coastal waters of Guarujá municipality.

PERAN PEMERINTAH KOTA MALANG DALAM MENINGKATKAN KESIAPSIAGAAN MASYARAKAT MENGHADAPI BENCANA (STUDI MANAJEMEN BENCANA)

&lt;p&gt;In Indonesia, the dangers of disasters such as floods, droughts, storms, and landslides have caused much loss of human lives and livelihoods, economic and infrastructure degradation, social order changes as well as environmental damage. In the face of disasters, the improvement of the system's preparedness in the community to reduce the risk of hazards is done through mitigation and adaptation efforts. Under Law No.26 of 2007 on spatial planning confirms disaster mitigation to be an important aspect of attention. Malang city of East Java including the recorded area is potentially prone to disasters, either flood, landslides, tectonic earthquakes or volcanic earthquakes. This study aims to determine the efforts of Malang City Government to improve community preparedness in facing the threat of disaster in Malang. The method used is positivism approach with qualitative approach. The result of this research indicates that the readiness of Malang City Government in facing disaster is with structural and non-structural mitigation. The structural mitigation effort that is done is the improvement of urban drainage channels, increasing the RTH and RTNH, incessant in the greening program by building a city park where as a tourist place is also useful for urban RTH, river normalization, reforestation on the banks of the Brantas river and other small rivers and cutting big trees on the street. While the effort in non-structural mitigation is the existence of regional regulations governing disaster (Malang Regional Regulation No. 1 of 2017 on Disaster Management Implementation, Strategic Plan (RENSTRA) BPBD Malang City 2015 - 2018), build synergy program with all actors (ministries, state institutions, social organizations, business entities, and universities) to empower communities, simulate increased knowledge and community awareness, increase community capacity to reduce and adapt to disaster risks by simulating and direction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords: disaster; preparedness; mitigation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Water quality study of Sunter River in Jakarta, Indonesia

Sunter River flows in the city of Jakarta with the designation of river water for agricultural purposes, and can be utilized for urban business and hydroelectric power industry. This study aims to determine the Sunter River water quality based on physical and chemical parameters. Water sampling was conducted 2 times which done in April and May with 5 sampling stations for measuring. The samples was analayzed in the laboratory according SNI methods for parameters BOD, COD, PO43-, NO3, Oil & Grease and Detergents. The quality status of Sunter River is determined by the Pollutant Index method. The results show that the water quality of Sunter River is influenced by organic parameter as dominant pollutant with COD concentration ranging from 48 mg/l – 182.4 mg/l and BOD concentration ranging from 14.69 mg/L – 98.91 mg/L. The Pollution Index calculation results show that the water quality status of Sunter River is moderate polluted with IP 6.47. The source of pollutants generally comes from the urban drainage channels, tributaries, and slaughtering industry. The results of this study expected to be use by the government to improve the water quality of Sunter River for better environment.