Urban Conditions Research Articles

Explaining Factors Affecting Flood Evacuation From the Point of View of Stakeholders: A Content Analysis Study

Background: Floods are a natural hydrological hazard that causes human and environmental damage. In the response phase, evacuation is necessary to reduce deterioration. This study explains the influential factors on flood evacuation based on the opinion of the stakeholders. Materials and Methods: This is a conventional content analysis study conducted in 2021. A total of 27 participants were selected using the purposive sampling method. Data collection was performed using semi-structured interviews. Interviews continued until information saturation was reached. The recorded interviews were handwritten word by word and then analyzed. The criteria for entering the study included flood experience, the ability to communicate, and willingness to participate. The period of the interview was 40 to 70 min. Written consent was obtained from the interviewees for audio recording. The Granheim and Lundman method was used for data analysis. This study’s reliability was based on the Goba and Lincoln method. Results: Data analysis extracted four main categories with ten sub-categories, including human factors (a subcategory of individual characteristics and risk perception), social factors (a sub-category of cultural conditions and financial status), geographical factors (a sub-category of urban location and climate conditions), and infrastructure factors (a sub-category of facilities related to transportation tools and routes, urban constructions, communication infrastructure, and meteorological facilities). Conclusion: Reaching a successful evacuation requires determining the relevant factors. These factors include human, social, geographic, and infrastructure factors. The findings of this study can help managers in flood management.

The role of Eco-Urbanism studies in creating a comfortable and favorable urban environment

The article deals with decisions on eco-urbanism for residential buildings abroad, given the advantages and disadvantages of these solutions. The concept of “comfortable environment” is considered, its composition and the necessity to increase the urban environment comfort is shown, ways for creating a comfortable environment are considered. An analysis of the connectivity of quality of life indicators - ecology, housing conditions and public health, which showed their close relationship, was presented. Improving the environment and housing conditions directly affects human health. Safe and healthy living and urban environment conditions are one of the main requirements in any society. Analysis of surveys on problems related to environmental pollution revealed the concern of residents about environmental issues and the need to take into account their opinions when choosing measures to improve the comfort of the urban environment. The calculation of indicators of the quality index of the urban environment showed that the use of environmental elements (vertical “green” walls) gives an increase in indicators by 9 points, which demonstrates an improvement in the quality of the urban environment. The proposed solution for creating a comfortable urban environment using elements of eco-urbanism (vertical “green” walls) can be adapted in Russia under existing climatic conditions and will save recreational space and increase the total area of green squares amid dense urban building.

Selection and justification of routes of garbage cars with a hybrid power unit on the basis of the "Ural" vehicle chassis

In this paper, we study the possibility of creating a hybrid power plant based on th e chassis of the Ural car equipped with a bin for collecting municipal solid waste (MSW). The operation of municipal equipment, in particular, garbage trucks, has its own specifics, which is associated with the need for their work, often in confined spaces. The hybrid scheme of such vehicles allows the use of an environmentally friendly silent mode of electric traction in urban working conditions. When developing a traction drive and attachment systems for vehicles operating as municipal special equipment, it is necessary to take into account the features of their operation and movement routes. The aim of the work is to analyze the existing routes for the movement of garbage trucks in the city of Chelyabinsk to identify the most loaded and develop on its basis a test route for the created garbage truck with a hybrid power plant based on the chassis of the "Ural" vehicle. Keywords garbage truck, hybrid power plant, traffic routes, experimental data, statistical research

Integrating city logistics in spatial planning – Creating the conditions for decarbonization and hubs

There is a lot of attention for the reduction of city logistics’ emissions. But also if city logistics’ vehicles are zero emission, the vehicles remain present in urban areas. Zero emission vehicles also occupy valuable urban space during unloading on the road and on sidewalks. Despite the spatial impact of city logistics, it is rarely considered in spatial planning. Based on four case studies, we explore possibilities to actively integrate city logistics in spatial planning policies and practices in order to reduce nuisance, but also to enhance efficiency of deliveries. In the end, spatial planning determines the physical urban conditions in which city logistics operations are taking place for many years. From the results we distil a research agenda to bridge the gap between city logistics as a traffic issue and its integration in spatial planning policies.

Современные направления в области разработки и создания пожарной техники (часть 1)

Purpose. Demonstrating achievements in the field of fire protection at the largest specialized exhibitions allows manufacturers of firefighting appliances to exchange experiences, as well as to report on the latest developments and their advantages. The article analyzes some samples of appliances presented at the international exhibition “China Fire – 2023” – one of the world largest fire-engineering exhibitions. The target of the study was firefighting appliances and equipment, the scope of the study was engineering innovations in firefighting appliances and equipment. Methods. When writing the article, methods of observation, analysis, and description were used. Findings. Considering the specifics and scale of the exhibition, it is impossible to fully cover all the presented samples of equipment and appliances, however, their selective analysis made it possible to determine the trends for the development of firefighting appliances. The first trend to be concerned is widespread implementation of unmanned aerial vehicles in fire extinguishing process. In addition, there has been an increase in capabilities of appliances developed for urban conditions, caused by emergencies associated with territories underflooding and flooding. Research application field. The results of the study are applicable in the further development of innovative equipment and appliances capable of effectively and safely extinguishing fires and eliminating accidents. Conclusions. Analysis of technical characteristics, design and other features of firefighting equipment and appliances provides an idea of existing innovations and tendencies in this area.

Aerosol source apportionment uncertainty linked to the choice of input chemical components

For a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) aerosol source apportionment (SA) studies there is no standard procedure to select the most appropriate chemical components to be included in the input dataset for a given site typology, nor specific recommendations in this direction. However, these choices are crucial for the final SA outputs not only in terms of number of sources identified but also, and consequently, in the source contributions estimates. In fact, PMF tends to reproduce most of PM mass measured independently and introduced as a total variable in the input data, regardless of the percentage of PM mass which has been chemically characterized, so that the lack of some specific source tracers (e.g. levoglucosan) can potentially affect the results of the whole source apportionment study. The present study elaborates further on the same concept, evaluating quantitatively the impact of lacking specific sources’ tracers on the whole source apportionment, both in terms of identified sources and source contributions. This work aims to provide first recommendations on the most suitable and critical components to be included in PMF analyses in order to reduce PMF output uncertainty as much as possible, and better represent the most commons PM sources observed in many sites in Western countries. To this aim, we performed three sensitivity analyses on three different datasets across EU, including extended sets of organic tracers, in order to cover different types of urban conditions (Mediterranean, Continental, and Alpine), source types, and PM fractions. Our findings reveal that the vehicle exhaust source resulted to be less sensitive to the choice of analytes, although source contributions estimates can deviate significantly up to 44 %. On the other hand, for the detection of the non-exhaust one is clearly necessary to analyze specific inorganic elements. The choice of not analysing non-polar organics likely causes the loss of separation of exhaust and non-exhaust factors, thus obtaining a unique road traffic source, which provokes a significant bias of total contribution. Levoglucosan was, in most cases, crucial to identify biomass burning contributions in Milan and in Barcelona, in spite of the presence of PAHs in Barcelona, while for the case of Grenoble, even discarding levoglucosan, the presence of PAHs allowed identifying the BB factor. Modifying the rest of analytes provoke a systematic underestimation of biomass burning source contributions. SIA factors resulted to be generally overestimated with respect to the base case analysis, also in the case that ions were not included in the PMF analysis. Trace elements were crucial to identify shipping emissions (V and Ni) and industrial sources (Pb, Ni, Br, Zn, Mn, Cd and As). When changing the rest of input variables, the uncertainty was narrow for shipping but large for industrial processes. Major and trace elements were also crucial to identify the mineral/soil factor at all cities. Biogenic SOA and Anthropogenic SOA factors were sensitive to the presence of their molecular tracers, since the availability of OC alone is unable to separate a SOA factor. Arabitol and sorbitol were crucial to detecting fungal spores while odd number of higher alkanes (C27 to C31) for plant debris.

Development Pattern of IT-Based Islamic Religious Learning After Covid-19 Pandemic in Coastal Serang Regency

Purpose - This study aims to determine the learning rate of Islamic religious education in the new-normal era after the COVID-19 pandemic in the coastal areas of Serang Regency. The constantly growing use of information technology has made most students reluctant to go to school. Design/methods/approach – This study is qualitative research. This research approach is descriptive. The data collection techniques used were observation, interview, and documentation. The number of informants in this study included students, teachers, and the community as parents of students. The respondent selection technique used purposive sampling, where the number of informants was 90% of the total sample. Findings - The findings in this study have included the use of a home visit strategy for post-pandemic learning continuity, where most students were reluctant to go to school and many students were contaminated with online games. The home visit method is a real form of visiting students one by one to provide understanding to parents and students about online learning, as well as a form of direct monitoring of the student learning process. Research implications/limitations – This research highlights how the educational process of the new normal era after the COVID-19 pandemic was in the coastal area of Serang Regency. Supposedly, the coastal area is a geographical location far from urban conditions, making the infrastructure aspect still very limited. Originality/value - This study presents the serious impact that occurred in the coastal area of Serang Regency when the learning process took place after the COVID-19 pandemic. Ranging from the personal pick-up strategy to numerous students who were reluctant to go to school to many students who were contaminated by online games.

Urban Wilderness

The new urban condition has generated ambiguous spaces within it: Terrain Vague or Urban Voids are spaces within the city, nameless and without clear boundaries, difficult to define. They are unpaved and vegetated spaces that are neither public spaces, nor gardens, nor agricultural fields, lying in a state of abandonment, suspension, and invisibility. With no specific function and temporarily outside the logic of the market, these spaces are appropriated and used daily by people and nature.
 Indeed, they eschew traditional cartographic representation, where they are often represented as mere white spaces, or spaces with future destinations. For this reason, walking as a common action becomes the fundamental tool for approaching, getting to know, and studying these spaces, while photography and other visual media become not only a means of representation, but also of studying and understanding the dynamic reality of these spaces and the different realities that inhabit them.
 With this visual essay, I do not aim to provide an unambiguous representation or definition of these spaces, far from it. Going along with the fragmentary and uncertain nature of these places, I have used photography as a means of urban research to understand and describe these places, and as a personal travelogue within these spaces, as if to take notes. Having chosen Lisbon as the privileged terrain of my research, this visual essay has the sole purpose of trying to represent these spaces in a disorderly and fragmentary way, following their nature, and in doing so, trying to unveil a hidden beauty and reveal their enormous potential for the city.

Retrofitting Public Space

Public space is critical for urban life to thrive. Yet, a global deficiency exists in available public space, particularly in the cities of the global south, but affecting cities in the global north as well. While much attention has been paid to upgrading existing public spaces, the thorny problem of retrofitting additional public spaces in existing urban fabrics has been under researched. Grounded in a review of the value and costs of public space, it is argued that there is no ‘ideal’ amount of public space that applies universally, and that public space supply should be allowed to change over time as urban and social conditions change. Public space suffers from a directionality problem in which adding public space is much harder than subtracting public space, such as through encroachment or sale of public land. Through a comparative case study approach, this paper responds to this problem by articulating the solution space to retrofit public spaces in existing neighbourhoods through five distinct pathways, namely ‘acupuncture’, ‘superimposition’, ‘marketplace’, ‘reblocking’ and ‘plot subdivision’. It explores the particular characteristics of each approach in varied urban contexts and provides a cross-cutting typology that connects practices across a global north and south context. The five pathways are offered as a practice-oriented typology to empower planners and policymakers to make more informed urban planning and design choices.

Long-Term Monitoring Studies of the Mycorrhizal Colonization of Aesculus hippocastanum L. Roots and the Vitality of Soil Microorganisms in Urban and Non-Urban Environments

Stress factors typical in urban environments adversely affect the productivity and vigor of trees and may limit the development of tree roots with associated soil fungi and bacteria. Studies on mycorrhizal symbiosis and the activity of soil microorganisms are important in monitoring the adaptation of trees to urban conditions. We compared the symbiotic activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) living in the rhizosphere of mature white chestnut trees (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) in an urban ecosystem at sites with varying degrees of anthropopressure and in a rural area. We used two methods: (1) direct analysis of the root samples, (2) assessment of the colonization of trap plants grown in the soil taken from under selected white horse chestnut trees. The seasonality of mycorrhizal colonization and soil microbial respiration based on the enzyme activity of nonspecific dehydrogenase (DHA) was studied over several growing seasons. The concentrations of macronutrients in the soil from all study sites were in the ranges accepted as normal for the upper soil layer. However, the C/N ratio indicated carbon limitation in the soil at urban and rural study sites. The results showed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi indigenous in the rhizosphere of A. hippocastanum developed a functioning mycorrhizal symbiosis at all research sites, including at highly disturbed urban locations, and that the mycorrhizal colonization varied between the study sites and the research term. The trap culture method confirmed the high biological potential of the soil microbial community, including AMF in urban ecosystems, which was comparable to that at the reference site in the rural environment. Soil moisture strongly affected the overall soil microbial vitality. This research showed that the mycorrhizal status of A. hippocastanum is more strongly influenced by climatic conditions and seasonal rhythms of trees than by urban/non-urban locations.

ON THE ISSUE OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF ELECTRIC TRANSPORT IN CITIES

In this article, the authors consider issues related to the efficiency of the use of electric transport in cities. Currently, environmentally friendly modes of transport, including means of individual mobility, are becoming increasingly relevant. To determine the prospects for the development of electric transport in cities, it is necessary to evaluate the performance indicators of its work. Based on the experience of using electric transport, it can be concluded that the development of this type of transport in the cities of our country is a promising direction.
 The purpose: the purpose of this study is the efficiency of the use of electric transport in cities. Within the framework of achieving the set goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: analysis of the characteristics and effectiveness of various types of electric transport; analysis of the experience of using electric transport in urban conditions.
 Method or methodology of the work: when conducting research, the authors used such research methods as analysis, practical modeling.
 Results: to date, the following results have been achieved: comparative costs of electric transport and other types of urban transport have been analyzed. The international experience of using electric transport is analyzed. The technical characteristics of vehicles, the consumption of electrical energy, the possibility of charging and operation in urban conditions are considered.
 Scope of application of the results: research activity on the development of new approaches in the field of organization of transportation on vehicles with alternative energy sources.

Considering geographical spatiotemporal attributes for seamless air temperature data fusion with high accuracy

High-resolution, high spatiotemporal continuity, and high-precision temperature data (3H Ta) are essential for understanding local to global climate change and for studying urban heat conditions. Our prior research demonstrated the effectiveness of combining deep learning and point-to-surface scaling to generate 3H Ta. However, the accuracy of the 3H Ta data fusion methods is influenced by the geospatial attributes of temperature itself. In this study, we investigated the effects of geographical spatio-temporal factors on the three aspects of temperature fusion, i.e., data input, deep learning-based temperature fusion, and fused temperature error calibration. The results showed that temperature data had strong geospatial attributes, exhibiting spatiotemporal autocorrelation at the microscale and different clustering characteristics in different macro spatial regions. After incorporating geospatial autocorrelation factors into the temperature fusion model, the R2 was 0.995, the RMSE was 0.697 °C, and the MAE was 0.527 °C after 10-fold cross-validation. Compared with the model that does not consider spatio-temporal factors, RMSE and MAE are reduced by 68% and 73%, respectively. The use of geographical spatio-temporal difference analysis (GSTDA) error correction combining spatio-temporal factors compensated for temperature underestimation or overestimation at specific times or locations. After calibrating for fusion temperatures at the four validation sites, the RMSE and MAE decreased from 0.75 °C to 0.64 °C–0.69 °C and 0.58 °C, with RMAE and MAE decreasing by 9.37% and 10.15%, respectively. Finally, we generated 500 m daily 3H Ta data for Wuhan Metropolitan Area in 2019. The result were expended to Austin, Texas and Los Angeles, in USA. Our research results and comparative analysis confirm the necessity of considering geospatial and temporal factors in temperature fusion models, which helps generate 3H Ta.

CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN TERRITORIES OF UKRAINE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

In the current territory conditions of urbanization, development, and intense urbanization, a series of problems arise related to implementing and realizing effective policies amid constant internal and external changes. This necessitates the identification of problems in the economic development of urbanized territories in Ukraine. The issue was exacerbated by the Russo-Ukrainian War, which posed direct risks and threats to the country's national security. Through the analysis of the current state of economic development in urbanized territories, it identified that the following problems hinder economic development: disparities in the development of urbanized environments, a low level of cooperation between regions, outdated approaches to urban planning leading to urban sprawl and chaotic construction, unbalanced housing policies, and urban infrastructure that does not meet modern requirements. The military; aggression from the Russian Federation has led to the decline of economic development in urbanized territories, resulting in a high level of external and internal migration, increased unemployment, and overall deterioration of the country's economic growth. Effective development programs at national and regional levels address urbanized territory development problems. These programs should focus on reconstructing territories, infrastructure, and industry, creating a comfortable and safe environment, providing new job opportunities, reducing unemployment, and promoting overall economic growth.. Keywords: urbanized territories, Russian-Ukrainian War, social problems of territory development, economic problems of territory development, national security.

SEARCH OF OPTIMAL SPATIAL PARAMETERS FOR GEODETIC DELINEATION OF MOTORWAY INTERCHANGES WITH BRAKING TRANSITION CURVES

The most widespread grade-separated road junction — cloverleaf interchange — is a complex engineering structure, in which all the parameters and limitations of the plan and longitudinal profile must be coordinated with each other. The goals of the analysis: traffic safety, technical and economic indicators of the movement of transport units, the compactness of left-turn and right-turn exits and, as an additional, but extremely important aspect, the minimization of the area occupied by the entire transport structure, which is very important in tight urban conditions. 
 First, let's emphasize that the trajectories of cars at the intersection must correspond to their real variable speeds on left-turn exits, since this is traffic on curves of small radii. In our previous studies, it has been experimentally proven that cars entering a left-turning exit reduce their speed, and conversely, when leaving the exit, their speed increases. Therefore, it is necessary to use braking curves as transition curves of left-turn exits, and not clothoid curves, which are often used, and which are designed for constant speed of movement.
 Some braking transition curves designed for variable speed are also used in traffic junctions [4]. But, analyzing these curves, we came to the conclusion that they do not meet the classical purpose of the transition curve, namely, they do not provide the necessary radius at the end of the curve, which is equal to the radius of the circular insert for a smooth transition from a transition curve to a circular curve. This leads to dangerous moments of the car's movement at the junction of the transition and circular curves.
 Therefore, we previously derived the formulas of refined braking transition curves that meet the requirements of the radii of classical transition curves [1, 2]. In addition, it later turned out that these refined transition curves have, as an additional effect, the property of reducing the area occupied by the left-turn exit, as shown in Fig. 1.
 We offer a method for optimizing the spatial parameters of cloverleaf interchanges with refined braking transition curves.

Characterisation of Morphological Patterns for Land Surface Temperature Distribution in Urban Environments: An Approach to Identify Priority Areas

The validated influence of urban biophysical structure on environmental processes within urban areas has heightened the emphasis on studies examining morphological patterns to determine precise locations and underlying causes of urban climate conditions. The present study aims to characterise morphological patterns describing the distribution of Land Surface Temperature (LST) based on a prior classification of biophysical variables, including urban density (building intensity and average height), surface characteristics, shortwave solar radiation (broadband albedo), and seasonal variations in vegetation cover (high, medium, and low levels), retrieved from multisource datasets. To describe the distribution of LST, the variables were calculated, classified, and subsequently, analysed individually and collectively concerning winter and summer LST values applied in an urban neighbourhood in Madrid, Spain. The results from the analytical approaches (observation, correlations, and multiple regressions) were compared to define the morphological patterns. The selection of areas resulting from the morphological patterns with the most unfavourable LST values showed agreement of up to 89% in summer and up to 70% for winter, demonstrating the feasibility of the methods applied to identify priority areas for intervention by season. Notably, low and high vegetation levels emerged as pivotal biophysical characteristics influencing LST distribution compared to the other characteristics, emphasising the significance of integrating detailed seasonal vegetation variations in urban analyses.

Evaluation of Open and Green Space Systems in the Context of Urban Livability

Urban that has overgrown in recent years have affected human lifestyle and ecological balance in a negative way. Open and green spaces decreased. With this, unhealthy urban conditions occur. Therefore, urban is becoming more unlivable. The aim of this study, starting from the problem of insufficient/unqualified open and green areas in urban, is to show that cities are more livable when the open and green spaces system is designed. The “top 10 livable cities” ranking the world cities are listed by 6 different institutions and the same cities included in this list are selected. The open and green areas of 4 different selected cities were examined. In the scope, two basic concepts are based on: open-green space systems and urban livability. As a result of the study, it has been seen that open and green space systems affect cities more livable. Therefore, open and green areas are planned systematically for maximum benefit with a sustainable approach. However, systems also need new approaches at some points. At this point, a hypothetical open green space system is proposed in this study. The concept of urban liveability and open and green spaces, an index of urban liveability, are explained. Then, open and green space systems in the literature are clarified with examples. To show the relationship between urban liveability and open green spaces, the research results done by different institutions, the most overlapping cities have been selected according to the top 10 list of most liveable cities list. The value of this study to make itself original and the literature contribution is that at the end of the research, a new open and green system was suggested based on the open and green systems in the literature.

Analysis of the development of the transport system taking into account natural and geographical factors (on the example of the city of Chernivtsi)

The article is devoted to determining the influence of natural and geographical factors on the transport structure in the conditions of urbanization. Transport has always played a significant role in the organization and development of territories, the level of transport provision reflected the status of the country, its importance in the world community. The purpose of the study is to establish the nature of the dependence of the transport structure on the natural conditions of the area and the geography of the region using the example of the city of Chernivtsi, to determine the conditionality of the features of building internal and external transport links in the urban space and beyond, and changes in the environment under their influence. The research methodology involves the involvement of general scientific and special methods, which allows us to consider the problem in different aspects, take into account the peculiarities of interdisciplinary issues in the field of urban planning and transport geography. The types of transport and the nature of the links between settlements, and in general the choice of the place where these settlements were founded, directly depended on the natural and geographical conditions of the area. The structure of urban development was formed on the basis of land and waterways. The streets duplicated directions to neighboring settlements or economic points of attraction (raw material extraction sites, trading posts, etc.). In the modern world, additional questions arise regarding the environmental aspects of the development of transport infrastructure - its impact on the environment and the quality of human life. This is especially true for large transport hubs that create a significant burden on the entire ecosystem due to the consumption of large amounts of energy, noise and light pollution, and chemical emissions. The adoption of the most adapted decisions on the nature of the traffic load in certain environmental conditions allows maintaining the balance of the ecosystem in a space that automatically passes to the status of an urbanized one. The city of Chernivtsi is indicative for Ukraine in terms of considering the relationship of the transport structure with the natural and geographical environment, since here the problem can be considered in temporal genesis, taking into account spatial changes - the transfer of transport hubs and main networks. In addition, Chernivtsi is positioned as a potential international transport hub based on a new airport, which will allow joining the international air transportation system. The most successful geographical position since the founding of the city on the trade route ensured the further development of the entire transport system. As a result, it was found that the main directions of economic relations and the transport networks served by them were laid down from the beginning of the formation of the city of Chernivtsi as an important stronghold on trade routes. Further, they developed due to the expansion of needs and new modes of transport (the consequences of technological progress). The tracing was determined by the location of neighboring settlements and the features of the terrain. In the city itself, the Prut became the main forming axis and significant differences in elevation marks on its right bank, which determined the nature of the development of the territory, the general street system. With the advent of the railway, it became necessary to create additional transport routes that were required to ensure its functioning. The construction of the airport also required the creation of an entrance to it by land transport. Automatically, all additionally involved territories were subject to gradual ordering, that is, they passed into the status of suburbanized. In recent years, there has been an urgent need to modernize the airport in Chernivtsi. Modern requirements for its equipment required the choice of another location - in the suburban area, which continues to develop the trend of suburbanization of new territories outside the city. The formation of a large transport hub based on the new airport will give impetus to the further development of the city, its inclusion in the international transport system in the field of air traffic. The rest of the transport structure is obliged to ensure its functioning. Taking into account natural and geographical factors will reduce the impact on the overall ecosystem of the territories, which is one of the most important requirements of our time. Keywords: transport system, natural and geographical factors, suburbanized space, transport hub, transport network.

Impact of lockdown policies on urban traffic conditions and carbon dioxide emissions based on an emission model on the link level in hour granularity

This study presents an emission model at the link level, with hourly granularity, incorporating traffic conditions and driving characteristics to analyze the impact of lockdown measures on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions within an urban road network. A case study in Beijing, China, utilizing comprehensive datasets, was conducted. More than 25 million data points from floating cars and 13 million activity data records from light-duty vehicles were collected and employed in this study. The results reveal significant changes in traffic conditions during lockdown compared to the post-lockdown period. However, driving characteristics remained consistent between the two periods. The temporal and spatial aspects of CO2 emissions are examined in detail. Furthermore, we quantified the emissions reduction resulting from "working from home," which accounted for 9.1% of the total daily CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles post-lockdown. The model developed in this study is transferable, providing a valuable tool for researchers to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of urban road traffic and emissions at high resolution. These findings have practical implications for the implementation of urban carbon-reduction policies, such as working from home.

FEATURES OF ROADSIDE LANDSCAPING DESIGN OF CITIES

The article focuses on a detailed analysis of the legislative and regulatory framework and theoretical sources of domestic and foreign experts on the problem of making urban planning decisions on the organization of greening of the street and road network of urban settlements. The main functions of greening - urban planning and ecological - are singled out and characterized. A study of the street and road network of Kyiv was carried out with a decomposition of problem areas related to urban improvement and landscaping, namely: an inefficient surface drainage system, increased soil salinity along the roadway and pedestrian zones, a limited life span of tree and shrub plantings.
 The foreign experience of greening city streets was studied, where the main attention is paid to the restoration of biodiversity due to the sowing of onion grasses with a ban on mowing, planting trees and shrubs for nitrogen fixation and soil retention from landslides, erosion, significant wind load, preservation of soil moisture due to the use of various types of mulching for the vital activity of beneficial microorganisms and provision of water-soluble plant nutrients, arrangement of rain gardens and ditches, where moisture can accumulate after significant atmospheric precipitation and directly feed the plants that grow nearby, and already the excess rainwater is subject to extraction in the surface drainage network. 
 A principle model of the stages of selection of green spaces for the street and road network of cities is presented according to the following aspects: urban planning conditions and restrictions, agrotechnical and decorative properties of green spaces, performance of ecological and urban planning functions by green spaces. When organizing landscaping, the importance of taking into account the needs of different users of public spaces (drivers and passengers of vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians), as well as the nature and function of adjacent buildings, is emphasized. The range of problems of the organization of greening of urban transport hubs and races of the city of Kyiv has been determined. The importance of developing uniform standards for the organization of greening of the street and road network of cities, criteria and indicators of the quality of greening, taking into account the functions and principles of greening organization, is emphasized. The development of the specified quality indicators will make it possible to approach the choice of plant assortment on city streets and roads in a balanced and rational manner, and the implementation of such urban projects will meet the requirements of time and the ecological state of urban settlements.

Enhancing traffic signal control with composite deep intelligence

Traffic signal control has always been a hot topic in the field of intelligent transportation. With the increasing complexity of urban traffic conditions due to urbanization, how to develop effective scheduling strategies to adapt to the changing traffic demands has become a key problem in current intelligent transportation. In light of this, this paper focuses on the traffic signal control problem at intersections and proposes a composite intelligent traffic signal control model based on heterogeneous graph neural networks with dual attention mechanisms and deep reinforcement learning. For the first time, the model incorporates the dual attention mechanism in graph neural networks into the traffic signal control, integrating graph neural networks with deep reinforcement learning techniques and traffic intersection scenarios. This allows for the construction of traffic condition models and the scheduling control of traffic resources, catering to the perception and decision-making needs in complex traffic environments. Firstly, the graph relationship representation of intersection resources is established, constructing the graph information structure for traffic flow and signal states. Then, a heterogeneous graph neural network is designed, incorporating both node-level and semantic-level dual attention mechanisms to characterize the traffic state and explore the relationships, enabling the extraction of explicit and implicit information in traffic intersections. Lastly, a deep reinforcement learning algorithm that combines Double Deep Q-Network (DDQN) and Dueling DQN is implemented to improve the algorithm's generalization and execution efficiency, enhancing the adaptability and stability of traffic signal scheduling in complex environments. Simulation tests are conducted on the SUMO simulation platform using real-world application datasets. Compared to four other similar traffic control model, the proposed model demonstrates performance advantages of more than 13% in terms of average reward, average delay, queue length, and waiting time. This validates the effectiveness of the proposed model.