Urban Areas In Indonesia Research Articles

The Relationship between Intakes of Iron, Folic Acid, Vitamin C, Age at Menarche, Hemoglobin Status and Physical Activity with Menstrual Cycles in Female Students at Smait Al-Ichwan Cikarang Utara-Indonesia

Background: Adolescence is the period of transition from children becoming adults that is marked by the occurrence of puberty, namely menstruation. At that time there was a change in the reproductive system that allows the occurrence of disturbances, one of which is menstrual cycle disorders. Aim: Based on data from RISKESDAS (basic health survei) (2013), it shows that the percentage of menstrual cycle irregularities at the age of 10-29 years is 16.4% (RISKESDAS (basic health survei). Irregular menstrual cycles in adolescent girls aged 15-19 years are 11.7% and as many as 14.9% women who live in urban areas in Indonesia. Methods: Samples were taken by using purposive sampling technique; it is obtained a sample of 35 students from grade 11 and 12 aged 16-18 years at SMAIT-Al-Ichwan Cikarang Utara. Data on the age at menarche and menstrual cycle with the method of interview used a questionnaire, food intake was obtained from 2x24 hours food recall form that is not in a row and hemoglobin status used Easy Touch Blood Hb tool conducted by nurses. Physical activity data was obtained by filling out a form and the results were calculated by using the PAR/PAL method. Statistical analysis used a chi-square test and used a fisher exact test value. Results: The results of the reserach showed that there is no significant relationship between the intake of iron, folic acid, vitamin C and physical activity on menstrual cycle (p > 0.05). Conclusion: This conclusion constitues there is a significant relationship between hemoglobin status on menstrual cycle (p = 0.005).

Does Social Capital Improve Food Security? Evidence from the Indonesian Family Life Survey

The government of Indonesia has launched various programs to increase community resilience, but the effectiveness of these programs has yet to be discovered. Previous studies have found a relationship between social capital and improving community food security. However, only limited tracing of rural and urban typologies has been conducted, especially in Indonesia. Therefore, this study analyzes whether social capital improves food security in rural and urban communities in Indonesia. We use data from 10,301 rural and 13,946 urban individuals obtained by the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5 (IFLS5) and employ three variables—bonding, bridging, and community participation—to examine the effect of social capital on food security. The ordered probit regression analysis results show that bridging and community participation significantly increase food security in rural and urban communities. Meanwhile, bonding has no significant effect. We recommend the implementation of efforts to increase social capital, primarily bridging and community participation, in rural and urban areas in Indonesia.

Cyclist Safety and Comfort of Bicycle Facilities in the Bintaro Jaya During Covid-19 Pandemic Using Bicycle Level of Service

Limited cycling facilities are one of the problems that often occur in urban areas in Indonesia, especially Bintaro Jaya, an area that cyclists often traverse during the COVID-19 period as it is today. The lack of service level of bicycle facilities on Jl. Boulevard Bintaro Jaya often causes bicycle users to feel less safe and comfortable during cycling. This study was conducted to know the service of bicycle facilities in Bintaro, especially on jl. Boulevard Bintaro Jaya. The most affecting factor of the service level of bicycle facilities in Bintaro is the high volume of traffic. One of the first steps to knowing the level of service of bicycle facilities is to analyze using the bicycle level of service (BLOS) method. In addition, a questionnaire will be conducted to determine the perception of bicycle facility users in Bintaro. Observations on traffic characteristics are carried out on weekdays and weekends, which are then to obtain BLOS data. Analysis was performed that BLOS values above 3.5 which mean the bike is not feasible for cyclists. The results concluded that the bicycle facilities in Bintaro Jaya are still not by the safety and comfort factors according to the BLOS method. To improve the safety and comfort of cyclists, the application of traffic calm such as speed hum is needed to reduce the impact of high traffic volume and high speed, repainting of markings and adding bicycle parking facilities.

Behavioral aspects of safety culture: Identification of critical safety-related behaviors of motorcyclists in Indonesia's urban areas via the application of behavioral-based safety programs

Many violations and accidents involving motorcyclists occur in the urban areas of Indonesia. It can be said that the failure to develop a good traffic safety culture causes poor motorcyclist behavior, as shaped by existing programs and mechanisms. This study aimed to identify motorcyclists' critical behaviors by conducting investigations using the reciprocal safety culture model as a framework. We tried to identify and clarify the safe behaviors expected by local governments from the existing driving safety program. By applying the antecedent-behavior-consequence model of the behavioral-based safety program, we obtained sixty-three behaviors associated with the six criteria of safe driving. We surveyed motorcyclists (N = 97) to review the sixty-three motorcyclist behaviors in the urban area. The relationship between the behavioral and psychological aspects of the reciprocal safety culture model was investigated to obtain the motorcyclists' critical behaviors. Multiple linear regression model, optimized by the stepwise regression, described the influence motorcyclist behavior on the perception of driving safety. We identified eight critical safety-related behaviors engaged in by motorcyclists. Observation revealed some cultural issues embedded in motorcyclists' eight critical safety-related behaviors that need to be intervened by the local government. The reciprocal safety culture model could be applied in the behavioral-based safety program to approach traffic safety culture issues. In order to develop a good traffic safety culture in the urban area, the local government needs to review the existing driving safety program by understanding drivers' behaviors as they relate to such a program.

Coping Strategy of Family in Treating Children with Thalassemia Mayor aged 6–12 Years in the Urban Area of Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder and has not been cured. Thalassemia children need special attention from the family as one of the efforts in treating children with thalassemia depends on coping strategies owned by the family. AIM: This research aimed to discover and deeply explore coping family strategies in caring for children with thalassemia major aged 6–12 years. METHODS: This study used quantitative and qualitative approaches (mixed methods). For quantitative study we used total sampling technique(66 samples). furthermore, for qualitative study, we used six participants with in depth-interview technique. The instrument was used the revised ways of coping scale questionnaire and interview guidelines. RESULTS: The study showed that 62. 2% of respondents had a positive coping strategy, and (37.8%) had a negative coping mechanism. Furthermore, the qualitative analysis showed that age, education, employment status, and the number of childreninfluenced individual coping strategies. The interview results show three themes, namely the process of grieving, fear of stigma, and an increase in spiritual activity. It is recommended for families to follow health education on caring for children with thalassemia.

Assessment of the obesogenic environment in primary schools: a multi-site case study in Jakarta

BackgroundChildhood overweight and obesity have increasingly been recognized as a significant global public health crisis, including in Asia. This study aimed to assess the obesogenic environment in primary schools in Jakarta, Indonesia.MethodsA qualitative, multi-site, case study design was used to capture different elements of the school environment and policies related to obesity, with a focus on nutrition and physical activity. An adaptation of the Primary School Environmental Assessment tool was used. Six primary schools in Jakarta were purposively selected based on their location, socioeconomic status, and type (public or private). In addition to direct observation at each school, interviews were conducted with the principal, physical education teacher, canteen staff, street food vendors, and students.ResultsAmong the six schools, two were private and four were public. The most popular foods consumed by students were unhealthy, such as deep-fried foods and sugar-sweetened beverages. Students had easy and constant access to unhealthy foods, whereas only limited variation of healthy foods were available in the school canteen. Some schools also allowed the student to have access to street food vendors. School policies related to healthy eating and physical activities had been implemented, mainly in the form of teaching these topics as part of the school curriculum. However, promotion of healthy eating and physical activities by the schools was still limited.ConclusionsThis study showed the usefulness of the Primary School Environmental Assessment tool in identifying obesogenic factors in urban area of Indonesia. Effective implementation of guidelines to foster good nutritional practices and healthy lifestyles at school should be prioritized to improve the health and nutritional status of the students.

The Creativity of Early Childhood in Urban Areas of Indonesia: A Literature Review

This research aims to review the creativity establishment of early childhood in urban areas. Creativity in childhood performed with several approaches that person, process, press, and product. Creativity in early childhood can be developed through playing, because the game can be a way and a medium that can motivate children to reduce boredom and boredom during teaching and learning activities. It needs encouragement and support from family and social environment.Creativity is generally influenced by the potential for intelligence. The family becomes the first and foremost component and environment in the child's growth and development process. Creativity in children is usually also influenced by the social and economic status of a family that can develop creativity.

Usia ibu dan jumlah anak berhubungan dengan kejadian beban gizi ganda pada tingkat rumah tangga di desa dan kota di Indonesia

Maternal age and number of children are associated with the incidence of a double burden of malnutrition at the household level in rural and urban areas in IndonesiaBackground: Double burden of malnutrition is a nutritional problem where two nutritional problems occur at the same time and this can happen at the household level. The diversity of community characteristics causes differences in the incidence of the double burden of malnutrition at the household level in people living in rural and urban areas in Indonesia.Objective: To determine the associated factors with the incidence of double burden malnutrition at the household level in rural and urban areas in Indonesia.Methods: This study with a cross-sectional design used secondary data from the fifth wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). The sample in this study was 6,468 households. The double burden of malnutrition at the household level is defined as a household in which there is at least one pair of mother and child aged 2-18 years that has underweight and or overweight/obese. Maternal factors, household economic status, number of children, and regional area are independent variables in this study. A logistic regression test was used to perform statistical analysis.Results: The prevalence of double burden malnutrition at the household level in urban areas was higher than in rural areas (8.70%) and 7.77%). Factors that were significantly (p<0.05) associated with the incidence of double burden malnutrition at the household level in rural areas were maternal age, mother's education, economic level, number of children, and regional living of the household, while in urban areas were maternal age and number of children.Conclusions: Maternal age and the number of children are two significant factors associated with the incidence of double burden malnutrition at the household level in rural and urban areas in Indonesia.

Monitoring Urban Expansion and Loss of Agriculture on the North Coast of West Java Province, Indonesia, Using Google Earth Engine and Intensity Analysis.

Uncontrolled urban expansion resulting from urbanization has a disastrous impact on agricultural land. This situation is being experienced by the densely populated and fertile island Java in Indonesia. Remote sensing technologies have developed rapidly in recent years, including the creation of Google Earth Engine (GEE). Intensity analysis (IA) is increasingly being used to systematically and substantially analyze land-use/land-cover (LULC) change. As yet, however, no study of land conversion from agriculture to urban areas in Indonesia has adopted GEE and IA approaches simultaneously. Therefore, this study aims to monitor urban penetration to agricultural land in the north coastal region of West Java Province by applying both methods to two time intervals: 2003–2013 and 2013–2020. Landsat data and a robust random forest (RF) classifier available in GEE were chosen for producing LULC maps. Monitoring LULC change using GEE and IA has demonstrated reliable findings. The overall accuracy of Landsat image classification results for 2003, 2013, and 2020 were 88%, 87%, and 88%, respectively. IA outputs at interval levels for all categories showed that the annual change-of-area rate was higher during 2013–2020 than during 2003–2013. At the category level, IA results showed that the area of agricultural land experienced net losses in both periods, with net loss in 2013–2020 being 2.3 times greater than that in 2003–2013 (∼1,850 ha per year). In contrast, the built-up area made net gains in both periods, reaching almost twice as much in the second period as in the first (∼2,030 ha per year). The transition-level IA performed proved that agricultural land had been the primary target for the expansion of built-up areas. The most extensive spatial distribution of land conversion from agriculture to built-up area was concentrated in the regencies of Bekasi, Karawang, and Cirebon. These findings are intended to provide stakeholders with enrichment in terms of available literature and with valuable inputs useful for identifying better urban and regional planning policies in Indonesia and similar regions.

The Determinant of Stunting and Others Malnutrition Among Under Five Years: A Cross-Sectional Study in Urban Areas in Indonesia

The Determinant of Stunting and Others Malnutrition Among Under Five Years: A Cross-Sectional Study in Urban Areas in Indonesia

Risk Factors of Mild and Severe Stunting Children in Rural and Urban Areas in Indonesia.

The article's abstract is not available.

Impact of Village Funds on the Gap the Human Development Index in Rural-City Areas in Indonesia

The development gap is still an important issue. This can be seen in one of the goals in the framework of reference for the development of countries in the world which is formulated in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). One form of inequality that often occurs in the region is the human development gap. The gap in human development in rural and urban areas causes a welfare gap. The gap in human development can be approached from the indicators of the human development index. The Village Fund distribution program is one of the efforts made by the government to reduce the number of development gaps in each region. This study aims to analyze the effect of village funds on the urban-rural human development gap in Indonesia for the 2015-2019 period. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis and panel data analysis. The results showed that the village fund program had a negative effect on the gap in Indonesia's human development, which was represented by life expectancy, the gap in average length of schooling, and the gap per capita in rural and urban areas in Indonesia.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN URBAN INDUSTRIALIZATION ERA (CASE STUDY BONTANG CITY)

Sustainable development has become the main indicator for all local governments to sharpening urban development management. By seeing the differences in economic, social, and environmental potential in urban areas in Indonesia, it has different opportunities and challenges to embody, thus this research aims to explore and discover concepts/patterns of sustainable development in Bontang City, East Kalimantan Province. The results of the study indicate that sustainable development has been constructed through collective collegial approaches, transparency, business, and direct involvement of the private sector and society to attain. So the concept not only improves community participation, but it has changed people's behavior were just as a consumer/an object before, then to be an actor.

Small town urbanization and project experimentation in Pangandaran Region, Indonesia

This article contributes to the debate of small centre urbanization and positions it amidst three emerging challenges: urban-rural transformation, economic experimentation, and disaster risk mitigation. To examine the entanglement of the three forces, we analysed the expansion of the Pangandaran urban area – a small urbanizing area in West Java. This expansion occurred as part of the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) project, in the form of a regional infrastructure plan including railway, airport, and harbour development to accommodate tourism flux. This study uses discursive and qualitative approaches to rural-urban transformation with data gathered through document analysis, mapping, and FGDs with local stakeholders. The results show that although urbanization was a complex process with promises of extensive infrastructure developments and national projects, little attention has been paid to the internal urban structure, utilities, and increasing vulnerability to natural disasters in Pangandaran. The study also addresses how urban theories and policies should deal with the complexities of small urban areas in Indonesia.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEMAND FOR KEROSENE IN URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN INDONESIA

The government has been converting kerosene to gas since 2007. However, households that use kerosene for cooking purposes are still found in urban areas in Indonesia, even though access to gas is already very easy. This study aims to investigate the factors that influence the demand for kerosene in urban households in Indonesia. Based on the March 2018 Susenas data from BPS, it was found that 15,143 urban households still use kerosene, 80.20 percent of them use kerosene as the main fuel for cooking. Using multiple linear regression, it was found that the price of kerosene and the gender of the head of the household had a negative effect on the intensity of kerosene use in urban households. Meanwhile, income per capita, age of the head of the household, number of household members, and education level of the head of household have a positive effect on the intensity of kerosene use in urban households.

Pengaruh Konsumsi Air dan Keberadaan Fasilitas Sanitasi terhadap Angka Diare pada Anak-Anak di Indonesia

Background: As a developing country, Indonesia maintains a low level of welfare for hygiene, as exemplified by Indonesia’s poor access facilities to clean water and lack of proper sanitation for households. Meanwhile, a proper supply of water and sanitation will help in reducing morbidity and mortality rates of diarrhea in children. Other risk factors such as socio-economic and socio-demographic conditions, helps improving the quality of life of households, thus lowering the risk of various diseases, including diarrhea.Methods: This study uses a Logistic Regression Analysis (Logit) model with Cross-sectional design using data collected from the 5th wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5) in 2014. The study population was children aged 2-10 years with a total of 2446 observations.Result: The result shows that there was a relationship between father's education in elementary school level (p=0.013), father's education in junior high school level (p=0.015), father's education in high school level (p=0.001), father's education at the university level (p=0.012), income (p=0.051), children’s age (p=0.000), and children’s gender (p=0.033) with the rate of diarrhea in children.Conclusion: This research concludes that water consumption factors (sources of drinking water, drinking water boiling process before consumption) and sanitation facilities factors (household toilet types) have insignificant results on the diarrhea rate of children in urban areas of Indonesia. However, socio-economic factors (fathers' education and household income) and socio-demographic factors (children’s gender and children’s age) have a significant effect on the diarrhea rates of children in urban areas of Indonesia.

A Structure Model of Family Empowerment in Preventing Smoking Initiation among Adolescent: An Empirical Study Conducted in Urban Area of Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Family empowerment is a critical component for smoking prevention efforts among adolescents. Few information regarding the family empowerment model developed in preventing smoking initiation among adolescents in Indonesia. AIM: The aim of this study was to identify determinants of the family empowerment model in preventing smoking initiation among adolescents in Indonesia. METHODS: A cross-sectional research design was used for families with adolescent girls and boys (aged 10–14 years) in West Java, Indonesia. The convenience sampling procedure was employed. The study analyzed family demands and parenting stress as stressors. Family resources were divided into family functioning and communication process. The perception or judgment factor was assumed as parenting efficacy. Family empowerment has been identified as an indicator of adaptation. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The survey respondents consisted of 175 respondents. The mean age was 40.56 (SD = 11.73) and 57.2% had graduated from above high school. These findings suggest that family demands and parenting stress have an indirect effect on family empowerment through parenting efficacy, family functioning, and communication processes. The contribution of the effect of family demands, parenting stress, parenting efficacy, family function, and communication process on family empowerment was 68%. CONCLUSION: The family empowerment could be defined in the Double ABCX model in the prevention of smoking in adolescents and that the numerous adverse effects of stress can be modulated through parental efficacy as well as the ability to function of the family and communication. It recommends making family interventions an integral part of public health initiatives for the prevention of smoking initiation, as well as health policy formation.

Self-efficacy in physical activity and glycemic control among older adults with diabetes in Jagir Subdistrict, Surabaya, Indonesia

Diabetes in older adults has shown an increase in prevalence, especially in urban areas of Indonesia. This study aimed to assess the relationship between self-efficacy in physical activity and glycemic control in older adults' population with diabetes mellitus in Indonesia. This research used cross sectional design that involved 52 adults with diabetes, aged between 55-90 years old who regularly attended the older adult's health post (Posyandu Lansia) at Jagir Sub-district, Surabaya. Those who had physical disabilities were excluded from the study. Questionnaires were used to measure the physical activity and two types of self-efficacy whilst the glycemic control was measured using HbA1c in basal condition. The relationship between the variables was tested using Pearson and partial correlation test. Results show that the level of physical activity was insufficient (216.4 ± 343.5 MET) with only 32.7% (N = 17) of the participants was categorized as being physically active. The mean of the HbA1c indicated poor glycaemic control (8.63 ± 2.34%) with majority of them (76.9%, N = 40) was in the poor glycaemic control group (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%). Their self-efficacy was at the average level (Against the barriers:52.65 ± 13.23; Engage in physical activity: 59.06 ± 26.2). The self-efficacy in performing the physical activity was found significantly related to the duration of physical activity (r = 0.278, p = 0.046). Other relationships, however, were not significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, self-efficacy to engage in physical activity is paramount to increase the physical activity among the older adults. Nevertheless, further longitudinal research on self-efficacy in physical activity management is needed.

Measuring the Low-Income Earner on Housing Access in Urban Areas of Indonesia and Malaysia

The ratio between the increased demand and limited land makes affordable housing in urban areas more difficult to accommodate. Indonesia and Malaysia, as populous countries, face problems related to housing access, especially for low-income earners in urban areas. The research was undertaken for two reasons. First, problems related to housing access for low-income earners in urban areas should be solved as soon as possible. Second, it is necessary to conduct a study in order to analyze and compare these two countries in measuring low-income earners on housing access in urban areas. To this end, the normative legal approach was applied. The materials used in this study were relevant statutes, rules, regulations, journals, articles, thesis, seminar papers, and electronic materials. The result showed that the fulfillment of housing access highly depends on the state’s developmental goals. It is also associated with principles of development that each country adheres to. The government is expected to provide accurate data in measuring low-income earners on housing access. Identification of beneficiaries by combining income classification and ability to housing access may facilitate policymakers with ease when taking affirmative measures. It is necessary to suggest initiative collaboration involving academicians, business sectors, community, and government (ABCG) in Indonesia and Malaysia to provide adequate housing in urban areas.

The Tactical Urbanism in Indonesian City Spaces during the Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic has changed the world order in all aspects of life. City space that was considered successful if it can accommodate residents' crowded activities has become deserted because of the lockdown and health protocols implementation. The meaning of urbanism is challenged because new interaction is put in place. Urban space activity adapts to new patterns and creates modified spaces. Tactical urbanism is one of the flexible design responses in the urban area to support the long-term goal of improving urban space quality. Tactical urbanism is currently being applied in several cities around the world in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Urban space in Indonesia also applies tactical urbanism with Indonesian characteristics. This study aims to examine the implementation of tactical urbanism in Indonesian urban spaces. The method used is reviewing data from online publications published between March 2020 - March 2021 regarding tactical urbanism in urban spaces in Indonesia. The city space chosen is located in the urban kampung, traditional market, and a downtown public space. The result shows two patterns of tactical urbanism in urban areas in Indonesia during the pandemic era, namely reactive and momentary response in urban kampong and traditional market, and unified response with city planning in bike lanes program.