Updated Principles Research Articles

Mammogram mass segmentation and detection using Legendre neural network-based optimal threshold.

Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality affecting women across the world. Early detection and diagnosis can decrease the mortality rate due to this cancer. Machine learning-based models are gaining popularity for biomedical applications due to the ability of nonlinear mapping between input and output patterns using supervised training phase. The research work in the paper is focused on the optimal adaptive threshold for mammogram mass segmentation, and detection in order to assist radiologist in accurate diagnosis Legendre neural network with single layer is used to develop the model, and the training is performed through Block Based Normalized Sign-Sign Least Mean Square (BBNSSLMS) algorithm. Legendre neural network expands the input vector using standard Legendre polynomial, and the recursive update principle is followed for the weight vector in higher dimension. The optimal threshold isindirectly used for proper segmentation of mammogram mass. The proposed segmentation method involves training phase with 30 images and testing phase by 151 images obtained from standard Mammogram Image Analysis Society (MIAS) database. The proposed model achieved a sensitivity of 95% and accuracy of 96% with false positives per image calculated as 1.19. • Threshold selection is carried out using single-layer Legendre NN with reduced computational complexity. BNSSLMS algorithm process the data samples block wise instead of sample by sample basis. Optimal threshold is generated according to the varying image properties which helps in correct segmentation and detection. • Due to sparse nature of the adaptive model, more numbers of weight coefficients are tending to zero which also helps in faster convergence. Mammogram Mass Detection Steps.

Embolization in Trauma: Review of Basic Principles and Techniques.

Trauma is the leading cause of death in patients younger than 45 years. Over the last decade, there has been a progressive paradigm shift toward a nonoperative management of many blunt and penetrating injuries, placing interventional radiology in the forefront in this critical field. Transcatheter embolization is an established technique that plays a significant role in the modern treatment of traumatic injuries of the extremities, pelvis, and solid organs. The purpose of this article is to review the updated principles and techniques used in transcatheter embolization in trauma.

FITT-CORRECT: Updated dynamic and evidence-based principle of exercise prescription

Objective: The FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type) principle is an effective foundation in EP. However, the CORRECT components; C–Combination of interventions, O–Order of the Interventions, R–Repetitions, R–Rest period between sets and between sessions, E–Exercise at home, C–Cognitive domain, T–Total dose and re-evaluation plans, should be considered. The purpose of this paper was to describe the updated dynamic and evidence based FITT-CORRECT principle of EP and demonstrates its application using a case study. Results: Literatures, related to EP, clinical reasoning and clinical decision-making, were critically reviewed. Established evidence is summarized to describe an updated dynamic and evidence-based principle of EP. The gaps within the FITT and other related principles of EP are addressed. The FITT-CORRECT principle was introduced and an effective outcome of the updated principle was demonstrated using a case study. The FITT-CORRECT principle integrates many components that are missing in the FITT and other related EP principles. Based on the reported case study, the FITT-CORRECT principle of EP should optimize patients’ intervention outcomes. Physiotherapists can potentially improve their EP by utilizing the FITT-CORRECT in clinical practice.

ЭТОС ОБЩЕНИЯ И ПОНИМАНИЯ В ПРОЕКТНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ (ОТ РЕДАКЦИИ)

Nowadays, the problematization of a person as an unfinished project takes place as a cross-cutting thematization of the interdisciplinary approach, which presupposes a holistic, complex study that «throws light on both the meaning of all scientific activity and the unified basis of the mechanisms of imagination operating here» (G. Holton). The article draws attention to the peculiarities of project activity, its aspiration for the possible embodiment of a community of interests in solving urgent problems. The creative complementarity of the personal and the collective as well as internal and external factors in the changing norms and values of the scientific community is reshaping the ethos of communication and understanding. The agenda includes the need to address the current ambivalence of scientific communication taking into account the response to the demands of society to work out the updated principles of assembling scientific teams based on trust and solidarity. The procreative, generative function of scientific activity is prescribed in the context of team building. The problematization of the academic community assembly is growing as it is becoming more open and accountable to society. The culture of skills of critical but empathic mutual trust in communication is actualized, this trust including the heuristics of the scientific dispute of the interest-based ethos. Repetitive successful practices of pro-creative communication can, over time, acquire the character of an institutionally formed tradition, a conventionally fixed norm of creative cooperation. The authors suggest the possibility of achieving this goal grounded not only on the primary impulse of the community of interest but on prolonged communication strategies. The basis for such an outcome is the symmetrical contribution of participants in problem-oriented scientific communication to the achievement of the collective good in the form of innovative approaches to solving fundamental problems of our time which have confirmed practical application in multiple specific cases. Convergence of expectations resulting from the emergence of trust in the ethos of the scientific community can be built «in between» behavioral choice options in the ternary matrix of «loyalty–voice–exit». The preadaptive academic activity of the group can be sustainable in the presence of «protective valves» channeling dissatisfaction with the parameters of order, renewed understanding and communication patterns in the project activity of the group.

Why, Whom, and How to Screen for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension after Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is considered a long-term complication of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Diagnosing CTEPH is challenging, as demonstrated by a considerable diagnostic delay exceeding 1 year, which has a negative impact on the patient's prognosis. Dedicated screening CTEPH strategies in PE survivors could potentially help diagnosing CTEPH earlier, although the optimal strategy is unknown. Recently published updated principles for screening in medicine outline the conditions that must be considered before implementation of a population-based screening program. Following these extensive principles, we discuss the pros and cons of CTEPH screening, touching on the epidemiology of CTEPH, the prognosis of CTEPH in the perspective of emerging treatment possibilities, and potentially useful tests and test combinations for screening. This review provides a modern perspective on CTEPH screening including a novel approach using a simple noninvasive algorithm of sequential diagnostic tests applied to all PE survivors.

Acute high-altitude illness: updated principles ofpathophysiology, prevention, and treatment

The interest in trekking and mountaineering is increasing, and growing numbers of individuals are travelling to high altitude. Following ascent to high altitude, individuals are at risk of developing one of the three forms of acute high-altitude illness: acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). The cardinal symptom of AMS is headache that occurs with an increase in altitude. Additional symptoms are anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and fatigue. HACE is characterized by truncal ataxia and decreased consciousness that generally but not always are preceded by worsening AMS. The typical features of HAPE are a loss of stamina, dyspnea, and dry cough on exertion, followed by dyspnea at rest, rales, cyanosis, cough, and pink, frothy sputum. These diseases can develop at any time from several hours to 5 days following ascent to altitudes above 2,500-3,000 m. Whereas AMS is usually self-limited, HACE and HAPE represent life-threatening emergencies that require timely intervention. For each disease, we review the clinical features, epidemiology and the current understanding of their pathophysiology. We then review the primary pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to the management of each form of acute altitude illness and provide practical recommendations for both prevention and treatment. The essential principles for advising travellers prior to high-altitude exposure are summarized. Key Words: Acute Mountain Sickness, High Altitude Cerebral Edema, High Altitude Pulmonary Edema, Hypoxia

The Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2022 - principles and methodologies.

BackgroundThe Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNRs) constitute the scientific basis for national dietary reference values (DRVs) and food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) in the Nordic and Baltic countries.ObjectiveTo define principles and methodologies for the sixth edition of NNR to be published in 2022 (NNR2022).DesignThe principles and methodologies of the previous edition of NNR were used as a starting point. Recent nutrition recommendations commissioned by other national food and health authorities or international food and health organizations were examined and dissected. Updated principles and methodologies were agreed by the NNR2022 Committee in a consensus-driven process.ResultsAn organizational model with ‘checks and balances’ was developed to minimize the influence of subjective biases of the committee members and experts. Individual chapters on all included nutrients and food groups will be updated as scoping reviews. Systematic reviews (SRs), which are the main basis for evaluating causal effects of nutrients or food groups on health outcomes, will be embedded in each chapter. A NNR SR Centre will be established for performing de novo SRs on prioritized topics. To avoid duplication and optimize the use of resources, qualified SRs commissioned by other national and international organizations and health authorities will also inform DRVs and FBDGs in NNR2022.DiscussionThe evidence-based methods defined in the NNR2022 project are compatible with most contemporary methods used by leading national food and health authorities. Global harmonization of methodological approaches to nutrition recommendations is strongly encouraged.ConclusionEvidence-informed principles and methodologies underpinned by SRs will ensure that DRVs and FBDGs defined in the NNR2022 project are based on the best available evidence and as far as possible free from overt bias.

Upgrade strategies in the two-sided market: Updated strategy vs. derived strategy

Product innovation and service upgrades are effective measures for firms to improve their competitiveness. Considering the upgrading of the installed customers (IU), the upgrade strategy of a platform firm usually follows two principles, namely, the derived principle (i.e., the basic product still operates when the new derived product is released) or updated principle (i.e., the basic product stops operating when the new product is released). This study investigates whether an upgraded strategy considering IU is beneficial to the platform and which upgrade principle is preferred by platforms in a two-sided market. To explore the optimal upgrade strategy of a platform, we set up a monopoly model and propose three upgraded strategies: the traditional strategy (which does not consider IU), the updated strategy and the derived strategy. The updated strategy can be seen as a discrimination price between the installed and potential buyers. However, the derived strategy helps the platform to classify the buyers into low- and high-end ones. Compared to the traditional strategy, the platform will get higher commission profit and lower membership profit by using the strategies considering IU.

Advancing Healthcare Reform: The American Heart Association's 2020 Statement of Principles for Adequate, Accessible, and Affordable Health Care: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association.

The mission of the American Heart Association is to be a relentless force for a world of longer, healthier lives. The American Heart Association has consistently prioritized the needs and perspective of the patient in taking positions on healthcare reform while recognizing the importance of biomedical research, providers, and healthcare delivery systems in advancing the care of patients and the prevention of disease. The American Heart Association's vision for healthcare reform describes the foundational changes needed for the health system to serve the best interests of patients and to achieve health care and coverage that are adequate, accessible, and affordable for everyone living in the United States. The American Heart Association is committed to advancing the dialogue around healthcare reform and has prepared this updated statement of our principles, placed in the context of the advances in coverage and care that have occurred after the passage of the Affordable Care Act, the rapidly changing landscape of healthcare delivery systems, and our evolving recognition that efforts to prevent cardiovascular disease can have synergistic benefit in preventing other diseases and improving overall well-being. These updated principles focus on expanding access to affordable health care and coverage; enhancing the availability of evidence-based preventive services; eliminating disparities that limit the availability and equitable delivery of health care; strengthening the public health infrastructure to respond to social determinants of health; prioritizing and accelerating investments in biomedical research; and growing a diverse, culturally competent health and healthcare workforce prepared to meet the challenges of delivering high-value health care.

Endoscopic management of inflammatory bowel disease-associated complications.

The main complications of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are strictures, fistulas, abscesses, and colitis-associated neoplasia. In addition to diagnosis, disease monitoring, and surveillance, endoscopy plays an important role in the management of those complications. This review is to provide up-to-date information in endoscopic treatment modalities for those complications. The endoscopic therapy of IBD complication has evolved from balloon dilation of strictures to endoscopic stricturotomy, strictureplasty, stenting, fistulotomy, sinusotomy, and neoplasia ablation. These endoscopic approaches have provided minimally invasive treatment for those complications. The advances in interventional IBD may be credited to our better understanding of the disease process and nature of targeted lesion, and execution of updated principles and techniques of endoscopy.

Потенциал цифровых технологийи проблемы творчества человека

In an effort to realize their dreams, people develop natural communication where it is possible to obtain a variety of resources. Nature is the guarantor of itsautopoesis, complexity of relationships and the development of intelligence. At the same time through culture, the development of digital technology, net­work communications, people enhances creative potential, expanding their own development opportunities. Modern world, full of dynamic change processes, formats, of a person, affecting him more than ever, but the man himself is com­mitted to manage its own natural capacity to master the digital technologies of communication, developing creative interaction, communication. One of the burn­ing issues is the resource base for the development of human intelligence, the human brain, its correlation with the morphological level of existence of the organism. In this communication the person that owns digital technology ac­tually creates a new cultural space, understood them very poorly. In the culture appeared logic, which carries risks, which creates the human experience of awareness of the external results of the technical creativity, but ignores, excludes the person. Such self-understanding gives rise to a contradiction when natural autopoiesis keeps the human intellect, and culture lays down the principle of the loss of valuable properties of individual. This crisis manifests itself in the spread in the world community of ideas of transhumanism, carrying a grow­ing disregard for the natural human intelligence, and the desire to develop each motive turning yourself into an object of experimentation, of self-transformation in a technical device. Creating the future through unique functional Hi-tech ex­pansion, man is able through the update technology, to create its own conditions of development, to find the update principles of development models for harmo­nization of relations in nature and culture.

Encoding-Decoding Mechanism-Based Finite-Level Quantized Iterative Learning Control With Random Data Dropouts

Learning control is investigated to solve the tracking problem for linear systems via unreliable networks with random data dropouts. By using an encoding-decoding mechanism-based finite-level uniform quantizer, the communication burden is remarkably reduced while retaining a precise tracking performance. An intermittent update principle is adopted in both the encoding-decoding mechanism and the learning control algorithm to handle the effects of data dropouts. A special case, in which no consecutive dropouts exist along the iteration axis, is provided first and then extended to a general case, in which bounded consecutive data dropouts are allowed. A precise analysis of the maximum range of the finite-level quantizer and the associated asymptotical convergence is conducted. Illustrative simulations demonstrate the validity of the proposed framework.

Disinformation, Digital Information Equality, and Electoral Integrity

Digital information attacks to a country’s electoral integrity have been recognized as a cybersecurity threat by several governments. Disinformation, defined as information that is intentionally false or deliberately misleading, is especially hard to regulate in the elections context, where the free flow of political discourse is an integral part of public confidence in the electoral process but must be balanced with the impact of false information that could undermine public confidence in the electoral process and undermine the ability of voters to participate meaningfully in the electoral process. Electoral disinformation campaigns intentionally deceive voters, thereby disrupting the notion of fair elections. Over-regulation of political speech, however, can imperil the political participation of the informed voter, who in turn engages and influences other voters. Policies for regulating electoral disinformation must therefore balance the tension between curbing speech and encouraging voters to engage in political participation through the free flow of information. Canadian elections law offers a possible solution for jurisdictions seeking to effectively regulate disinformation without unduly stifling free expression through the principle of “information equality,” which predates the recent discussions around online disinformation. The principle of information equality as originally conceptualized notably did not necessarily protect access to true or accurate information. Instead, information equality was supposed to ensure that voters have access to the same information at roughly the same time. In the modern context of rising threats of cyber-disinformation, where disinformation can be generated quickly and remotely and spread rapidly and to precise targets, we argue information equality should address the perception and reality of electoral unfairness arising from disinformation, where voters are subjected to poor quality information that is difficult to restrain and difficult to correct. Accordingly, we argue for an updated principle of digital information equality that would seek to protect the quality of information that voters receive at election time, and we apply this principle of digital information equality to address the harms of disinformation in the elections context. By re-invigorating the principle of information equality and adapting it from a theoretical concept to a regulatory device, this paper proposes a new method to regulate electoral disinformation while supporting an informed electorate, respecting democratic principles, and protecting electoral integrity. In so doing, the paper identifies three examples of harmful electoral disinformation that warrant increased regulation and concludes with a series of recommendations for other jurisdictions seeking to regulate disinformation in the electoral context.

Creation and development of the National Cancer Control Plan in Russia.

10524 Background: The absence of the National Cancer Control Plan (NCCP) did not allow to develop оncology in Russia. Methods: Since 2015 experts of the N.N. Blokhin Russian National Comprehancive Center and Russian Oncology Association has initiated the creation of a National Anti-Cancer Strategy. Results: In 2016, the working group presented the first version of this Strategy to the professional community for wide discussion, which was transferred to the Russian Ministry of Health after a broad discussion in 2017. This strategy included prevention, screening, early diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care in patients with malignant tumors. In parallel, we created National Clinical Cancer Guidelines, which were approved by the professional community, and then we submited them to the Ministry of Health in 2017. Also in the period of 2017-2018, updated principles of creating clinical and statistical groups (CSG) were developed based on the calculation of the real costs of each type of surgery, radiation therapy and drug treatment. More than 1,000 different standards we established for each case of hospitalization and their cost has been calculated. Then, based on these calculations, we ranked four types of treatment (surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and chemoradiation), each of which has 3, 5, 10 and 6 levels, respectively. These calculations formed the basis of the NCCP approved by the Government and the President starting from 2019 with an unprecedented additional level of funding of almost 1 trillion rubles (an increase of almost two times). The major goal of the Russian NCCP is to decrease mortality level from 202 to 185 (8,5%) per 100 000 population by the year of 2024. Conclusions: The еffort of the professional community with due consideration and consolidation with the Ministry of Health allows implementation of the NCCP on a national level.

An improved evolutionary approach-based hybrid algorithm for Bayesian network structure learning in dynamic constrained search space

Learning Bayesian network (BN) structures from data is a NP-hard problem due to the vastness of the solution space. To address this issue, hybrid approaches that integrate the constraint-based (CB) method and the score-and-search (SS) method have been developed in the literature, but when the constrained search space is fixed and inaccurate, it is very likely to lose the optimal solution, leading to low learning accuracy. Besides, due to the randomness and uncertainty of the search, it is difficult to preserve the superiority of the structures, resulting in low learning efficiency. Therefore, we propose a novel hybrid algorithm based on an improved evolutionary approach to explore BN structure with highest matching degree of data set in dynamic constrained search space. The proposed algorithm involves two phases, namely the CB phase and the SS phase. In the CB phase, the mutual information is utilized as the restriction to limit the search space, and a binding parameter is introduced to the novel encoding scheme so that the search space can be dynamically changed in the evolutionary process. In the SS phase, a new operator is developed to pass on the excellent genes from generation to generation, and an update principle for the binding parameter is exploited for the dynamic selection of the search space. We conduct the comparative experiments on the benchmark network data sets and provide performance and applicability analysis of our proposed method. The experimental results show that the new algorithm is effective in learning the BN structures.

An effective and efficient hierarchicalK-means clustering algorithm

K-means plays an important role in different fields of data mining. However, k-means often becomes sensitive due to its random seeds selecting. Motivated by this, this article proposes an optimized k-means clustering method, named k*-means, along with three optimization principles. First, we propose a hierarchical optimization principle initialized by k* seeds ([Formula: see text]) to reduce the risk of random seeds selecting, and then use the proposed “top- n nearest clusters merging” to merge the nearest clusters in each round until the number of clusters reaches at [Formula: see text]. Second, we propose an “optimized update principle” that leverages moved points updating incrementally instead of recalculating mean and [Formula: see text] of cluster in k-means iteration to minimize computation cost. Third, we propose a strategy named “cluster pruning strategy” to improve efficiency of k-means. This strategy omits the farther clusters to shrink the adjustable space in each iteration. Experiments performed on real UCI and synthetic datasets verify the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed algorithm.

From “What is Reading?” to What is Literacy?

In their 1985 report, Becoming a Nation of Readers: The Report of the Commission on Reading, Anderson, Hiebert, Scott, and Wilkinson defined reading and proposed five principles that guide its successful enactment: (1) reading is a constructive process, (2) reading must be fluent, (3) reading must be strategic, (4) reading requires motivation, and (5) reading is a continuously developing skill. In this article we revise the definition from reading to literacy and rethink the principles in response to theoretical and empirical developments in the intervening years with regard to the processes of, and contexts for, reading. Our updated principles include: (1) literacy is a constructive, integrative, and critical process situated in social practices; (2) fluent reading is shaped by language processes and contexts; (3) literacy is strategic and disciplinary; (4) literacy entails motivation and engagement; and (5) literacy is a continuously developing set of practices. We redefine each principle and offer new explanations in light of what we now know.

Research on Ontology Modeling of Steel Manufacturing Process Based on Big Data Analysis

As an important method that steel industries ride the Indutrie 4.0 wave, knowledge management is expected to be versatile, effective and intelligent. Mechanism modeling difficulties, numerous influencing factors and complex industrial chains hinder the development of knowledge and information integration. Using data potentials, big data analysis can be an effective way to deal with knowledge acquisition as it solves the inaccuracy and imperfection mechanism modeling may lead to. This paper proposes a big data knowledge management system(BDAKMS) adhering to data driven, intelligent analysis, service publication, dynamic update principle which can effectively extracts knowledge from mass data. Then, ontology modeling gives the knowledge unified descriptions as well as inference details combined with semantic web techniques.

EFL Teaching in the E-Learning Environment: Updated Principles and Methods

The aim of the paper is to see and study the main pedagogical principles and teaching methods in a new light. Internet technologies have integrated into the process of EFL teaching and let us innovate the way we teach English. In the modern e-learning environment of any higher educational institution, updated pedagogical principles and methods have led to the efficiency of the process. The research carried out on the basis of National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University (RF) showed the high-quality results of EFL teaching with the help of Web 2.0 tools.

On-Line Labeled Topic Model

A large number of electronic documents are labeled using human-interpretable annotations. High-efficiency text mining on such data set requires generative model that can flexibly comprehend the significance of observed labels while simultaneously uncovering topics within unlabeled documents. This paper presents a novel and generalized on-line labeled topic model (OLT) tracking the time development of extracted topics through a structured multi-labeled data set. Our topic model has an incrementally updated principle based on time slices in an on-line fashion, and can detect dynamic trending for labeled topics in parallel. Empirical results are presented to demonstrate lower perplexity and high perfor- mance of our proposed model when compared with other models.