Updated Formula Research Articles

Production of Lithium and Heavy Elements in AGB Stars Experiencing PIEs

Asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars can experience proton ingestion events (PIEs), leading to a rich nucleosynthesis. During a PIE, the intermediate neutron capture process (i-process) develops, leading to the production of trans-iron elements. It is also suggested that lithium is produced during these events. We investigate the production of lithium and trans-iron elements in AGB stars experiencing a PIE with 1<Mini/M⊙<3 and −3<[Fe/H]<0. We find that lithium is produced in all PIE models with surface abundances 3< A(Li) <5. The surface enrichment and overall AGB lithium yield increases with decreasing stellar mass. The lithium enrichment is accompanied by a production of 13C with 3<12C/13C <9 at the surface just after the PIE. AGB stars experiencing PIE may be related to J-type carbon stars whose main features are excesses of lithium and13C. In addition to Li and 13C, heavy elements (e.g., Sr, Ba, Eu, Pb) are significantly produced in low-metallicity stars up to [Fe/H] ≃−1. The yields of our models are publicly available. Additionally, of interest to the Li nucleosynthesis, we provide an updated fitting formula for the 7Be(e−,νe)7Li electron capture rate.

Updating the no-history method in intraocular lens power calculation after myopic laser vision correction.

To describe the Shammas-Cooke formula, an updated no-history (NH) formula for IOL calculation in eyes with prior myopic laser vision correction (M-LVC), and to compare the results with the Shammas PL, Haigis-L, and Barrett True-K NH formulas. Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (BPEI), The Lennar Foundation Medical Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Dean A. McGee Eye Institute (DMEI), University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and private practice, Lynwood, California, and St Joseph, Michigan. Retrospective observational study. We analyzed 2 large series of cataractous eyes with prior M-LVC. The training set (BPEI series of 330 eyes) was used to derive the new corneal power conversion equation to be used in the new Shammas-Cooke formula and the testing set (165 eyes of 165 patients in the DMEI series) to compare the updated formula with 3 other M-LVC NH formulas on the ASCRS calculator: Shammas PL, Haigis-L, and Barrett True-K NH. Mean prediction error was 0.09 ± 0.56 diopters (D), -0.44 ± 0.61 D, -0.47 ± 0.59 D, and -0.18 ± 0.56 D and the mean absolute error was 0.43 D, 0.60 D, 0.61 D, and 0.45 D for the Shammas-Cooke, Shammas PL, Haigis-L, and Barrett True-K NH, respectively. The percentage of eyes within ±0.50 D was 66.7% vs 47.9%, 48.5%, and 65.5%, respectively. The Shammas-Cooke formula performed better than the Shammas PL and Haigis-L (P < .001 for both) and as well as the Barrett True-K NH formula (P = .923).

Tougher Evidence-Based Policy Does Matter: Deterring Illegal Fishing in the Arafura and Timor Seas

Illegal fishing has been a significant threat to sustainable capture fishing all around the world with no exception to fish stocks in the Arafura and Timor Seas (ATS). Although the ATS countries have different law enforcement abilities and capacities, they share a common goal to combat illegal fishing, especially illegal fishing crimes. In adopting strategic and effective policy to combat illegal fishing the countries need a solid information base to evaluate previous data to develop evidence-based policies. This research developed an updated formula to estimate the avoided volume and value losses from illegal fishing in the ATS countries from 2016 to 2019 to support effective policy development. The data shows how each country has different rates and types of illegal fishing. Thus, with the derived formulas, the ATS countries have been able to adopt evidence-based policy in combatting illegal fishing in accordance with the need of the countries’ current situation. The ATS countries can now evaluate and adjust their policy from time to time to ensure sustainable fishing in ATS with the intention that the improved policies can lead to more effective enforcement of the fishing laws to combat and reduce illegal fishing.

Thermal contact of roughness macro and micro model to reveal seal leakage mechanism under mixed lubrication

Research on numerical methods for reciprocating seals, including revealing leakage rate mechanism under the elastic-hydraulic lubrication (EHL) regime are mature. However, micro convex bodies contact behaviors and their effect on lubrication transition mechanism are still used under the mixed lubrication (ML) and wear model insufficiently. Seal model with micro convex bodies deformation should be updated to reflect the lubrication transition from EHL to ML and reveal leakage failure mechanism. Reciprocating speed ranging from 0.1 m/s to 0.2 m/s and working pressure of 100 MPa can characterize the seal performance and failure of leakage mechanism especially in low speed and harsh film formation condition. The updated leakage rate formula and the Reynolds equation are modified considering contact factor and reveal leakage mechanism through macro and micro numerical method.

Time-Varying Cumulative Damage Recursive Method for Power Semiconductor Devices

Accurate simulation of power semiconductor devices failure process is one of the most important means to clarify the failure mechanism and evaluate the device reliability, which is induced by the associated internal temperature gradient acting on the mismatch of coefficients of thermal expansion between adjacent layers and internal temperature gradients. This paper investigates the microstructure change of the new and replaced modules using the CT scanner, which represents that the void distribution of the die-attach solder layer is an important factor to indicate the reliability status of the power semiconductor devices. A multiple physical field model combining time-varying cumulative damage recursive method is proposed to simulate the damage accumulation and the physical failure process based on mesh automatic updated method and material failure formula. The number of cycles to failure, thermal resistance, and junction temperature extracted from power cycling test results are used to validate the accuracy of the parameter variation. The physical outline of the voids is extracted to prove the consistency of the microstructure change. This method is intended for operational management and also provided the foundation for the design and development of power electronic devices with high power and high reliability.

Development and validation of an updated PICC length prediction formula based on anteroposterior chest radiographs for the ultrasound-guided bedside placement.

Bedside peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placement is sometimes required when the patient's intrahospital transport is restricted, and the ideal catheter length prediction is needed. This study aimed to develop an updated formula that predicts the optimal length of a PICC based on anteroposterior chest radiographs (AP-CXRs). This retrospective study collected PICC procedure data as the training and validation sets in three hospitals, including cubital crease-puncture point distance (CP), the actual PICC length (aCL), and the approach side. Horizontal and vertical measurement variables were set on the AP-CXRs. Two dependent variables were ipsilateral upper arm length (AL) and ideal truncal catheter length (iTCL). Simple and multiple regression analyses were used for formula development, and it was applied to the test set to evaluate the length prediction performance. The study included 309 patients in the training and validation sets and 91 intensive care patients in the test set. The final derived formula was: (AL + iTCL = CP + estimated PICC length, cm) = 19.831 - 0.062 × (contralateral clavicle length, cm) + 0.255 × (2nd ribs horizontal distance, cm) + 0.720 × (humero-vertebral distance, cm) + 0.761 × (thoraco-carinal distance, cm) + 1.024 × (the vertical distance of two vertebral body units, cm). (If approaching from the left, add 2.843cm, and if female, subtract 0.821cm.) In the test set, there was no case of length prediction failure. Moreover, the catheter tip position was evaluated as optimal in 82 cases (90.1%). This study's results suggest an updated formula to predict the ideal PICC length using only AP-CXRs for bedside placement.

Study on predicting the radiant heat flow rate of floor surface of radiant floor heating

Radiant heat flow rate of radiant surface is crucial for radiant floor heating design and terminal selection. We found that the present empirical formula to predict radiant heat flow rate of radiant surface has limits under varied room size and surface emissivity circumstances. Wall insulation conditions also have substantial influences on the operating efficiency of floor radiant heating. Adopting machine learning algorithms and backward selection method, a two-layer Neural Network model was demonstrated to have good accuracy and requisite relevant features for new empirical formula was identified. The new formula containing the information of room depth, weighted radiant surface area, insulation conditions, indoor air temperature and radiant surface temperature as independent variables exhibits great accuracy with R-squared of 0.97 and RMSE of 2.74. The substitution of AUST with indoor air temperature can increase the prediction accuracy. Analysis reveals structural pattern and indicates interaction between wall insulation and non-radiative surface with low emissivity. We propose the use of non-radiant surfaces with low emissivity as a passive energy-saving technique for radiant floor heating. And the updated empirical formula can increase its application scenarios, and aid promote application of FRH and new passive technique.

Refined Sellmeier equations for AgGaS2 down to 0.565 µm.

We revisit the 90° phase-matching conditions for second-harmonic, sum-frequency, and difference-frequency generation in A g G a S 2 thus far reported in the literature. We present refined Sellmeier equations coupled with an updated thermo-optic dispersion formula to correctly reproduce the experimental results for noncritical three-wave interactions obtained in the 0.565-10.5910µm spectral range.

When Adolescents Disagree with Their Vaccine-Hesitant Parents about COVID-19 Vaccination.

AbstractAs we journey into the fourth year of the COVID-19 pandemic, a majority of Americans express relief at a "return to normal," experience pandemic fatigue, or embrace the idea of living with COVID-19 in much the same way we live with the seasonal flu. But transition to a new phase of life with SARS-CoV-2 does not diminish the importance of vaccination. The US Centers for Disease Control and the Food and Drug Administration recently recommended another round of booster dose for persons age 5 and up, or an initial series for those not previously vaccinated, with an updated bivalent formula that protects against both the original virus strain and Omicron subvariants that are now the dominant source of infection. By most accounts most of the population has been or will become infected with SARS-CoV-2. Suboptimal uptake of the COVID-19 vaccines among the approximately 25 million adolescents in the United States is a significant obstacle to population coverage, public health, and the health and well-being of adolescents. A major cause of low adolescent uptake is parental vaccine hesitancy. This article discusses parental vaccine hesitancy and argues that permitting independent adolescent consent to COVID-19 vaccination should be an ethical and policy priority as we continue to confront the threat of Omicron and other variants of the coronavirus. We discuss the central role of the pediatric healthcare team in caring for adolescent patients who disagree with their parents about vaccination.

ECH[formula omitted]OA: An Enhanced Chimp-Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm for copyright protection in Color Images using watermarking techniques

This paper proposes a hybrid Enhanced Chimp-Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm (ECH3OA) that combines both enhanced Chimp Optimization algorithm (ChOA) and Harris Hawks optimization algorithm (HHO). HHO is a robust algorithm in solving optimization issues. However, it suffers from a balancing problem between exploitation and exploration. On the other hand, ChOA algorithm is another powerful algorithm with the capability of balancing between exploitation and exploration. However, ChOA suffers from low convergence and falling in the local minimum. The novelty of ECH3OA as a proposed optimization algorithm is concentrated in three contributions. The first is an enhanced ChOA that uses Levy Flight to improve its exploration phase. The second contribution of the algorithm is proposing an updated formula to calculate escaping energy of the prey as a selector between exploitation and exploration. Finally, the four cases of exploitation using HHO are used in the proposed algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is proved by comparing its performance with other eleven state-of-the-art algorithms on 23 standard benchmark function, 30 benchmark function of different modalities from CEC2017, 10 complex functions from CEC2019, and six standard real world engineering problems. Friedman average rank and Wilcoxon rank-sum (p-value) tests are applied as non-parametric statistical tests. Among the different benchmark suits, ECH3OA is ranked first among the other algorithms. We also applied ECH3OA for copyright protection in Color Images using Crypto-Watermarking Techniques. The results show better durability and transparency level of the watermark as compared to recent studies.

Update to the Newly Developed Expression for the Stability Ratio of Colloidal Dispersions.

The colloidal stability, one of the basic and important properties of a colloidal dispersion, is commonly evaluated in terms of the stability ratio. In this study, a recently developed expression for the stability ratio is updated, by reformulating the fraction of successful collisions leading to secondary minimum coagulation. The updated formula reinterprets the statistical meaning of the fraction of successful collisions leading to primary or secondary minimum coagulation, ensuring that the total fraction of successful collisions is always less than or equals to 1. It was shown to be superior to the available expressions in accounting for the contribution of the primary and secondary minimum coagulations on the stability ratio. It can well interpret the stability of colloidal dispersions of spherical particles; moreover, it is of great potential to be applied to colloidal dispersions of plate-like particles. In addition, this formula is found to be consistent with the concept of the critical coagulation concentration and well interpret the effects of particle size, counterion valence, surface potential, and Hamaker constant on the colloidal stability.

Contribution of Side Surfaces to the Effectiveness of Automotive Sound-Absorbing Materials

When developing noise-reducing structures for passenger, engine and luggage compartments of motor vehicles, an objective assessment of their sound-absorbing properties is important. The method of measuring the reverberation time of a diffuse sound has found the widest distribution. This method provides sufficient reliability and repeatability of measurement results. However, often the values of reverberation sound absorption coefficient are exceeded relative to the actual values. The article investigates the influence of side surfaces of sound-absorbing materials on equivalent sound absorption. The frequency range of effective absorption by side surfaces is indicated. An updated formula for approximate calculations is given.

Temporal homogenization formula for viscoelastic–viscoplastic model subjected to local cyclic loading

AbstractIn this study, a temporal homogenization formula was developed to predict the response fields (i.e., stress, strain, and displacement) of a viscoelastic–viscoplastic model under local cyclic loading. It is the first attempt to apply the temporal homogenization formula of constitutive equations with higher‐order differential forms on the viscoelastic–viscoplastic model. The temporal homogenization formula is classified into two types: non‐updated temporal homogenization formula and updated temporal homogenization formula. Initial boundary value problem was classified into the global initial boundary value problem and the local initial boundary value problem. To verify this method, two examples were used: (i) when a uniaxial cyclic load is applied to a one‐dimensional bar and (ii) when a multiaxial cyclic load is applied to a three‐dimensional bar. On comparing the accuracy of the non‐updated and the updated temporal homogenization formula, it can be clearly seen that the updated temporal homogenization formula yielded more accurate results.

Self-weight consolidation process of water-saturated deltas on Mars and Earth

Deltas are water-related sedimentary landforms commonly discovered on Mars and Earth. During the formation of a delta, the self-weight consolidation process reduces its porosity and thickness. Previous studies on the martian consolidation process either adopted the terrestrial consolidation rate or ignored this process altogether. However, the consolidation process may diverge on these two planets due to their different gravity regimes, which may further affect the delta morphology and lithification and the estimation of the delta formation timescale. In this study, we carry out a series of laboratory experiments to determine the basic parameters for modeling consolidation using water-saturated martian sediment simulants. The consolidation process is modeled with Gibson's 1-D consolidation model for deltas with different initial thicknesses (20–150 m) and different types of base drainage conditions (rigid bedrock and loose regolith). The modeling results suggest that for the delta area with fine grains, the settlement amount on Mars is lower than that on Earth, which indicates the martian delta to be looser, more erodible and more easily disturbed than the counterparts on Earth from the effects of the consolidation process alone. Higher delta channelization, more sediment deformations and post-deposition erosions before significant cementation are thus expected on Mars. More cementation/recrystallization is needed for martian deltas to be lithified. By using the simulated final porosity of martian deltas (0.45–0.46) and an updated timescale calculation formula, estimated delta formation timescale is reduced to be 32–44% of the previous results.

Improving the Treatment of Subgrid Cloud Variability in Warm Rain Simulation in CESM2

Representing subgrid variability of cloud properties has always been a challenge in global climate models (GCMs). In many cloud microphysics schemes, the warm rain non-linear process rates calculated based on grid-mean cloud properties are usually scaled by an enhancement factor (EF) to account for the effects of subgrid cloud variability. In our study, we find that the EF derived from Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals in Community Atmosphere Model version 6 (CAM6) is severely overestimated in most of the cloudy oceanic areas, which leads to strong overestimation of the autoconversion rate. We improve the EF in warm rain simulation by developing a new formula for in-cloud subgrid cloud water variance. With the updated subgrid cloud water variance and EF treatment, the liquid cloud fraction (LCF) and cloud optical thickness (COT) increases noticeably for marine stratocumulus, and the shortwave cloud forcing (SWCF) matches better with observations. The updated formula improves the relationship between autoconversion rate and cloud droplet number concentration, and it decreases the sensitivity of autoconversion rate to aerosols. The sensitivity of liquid water path to aerosols decreases noticeably and is in better agreement with that in MODIS. Although the sensitivity of COT is similar to that in MODIS, CAM6 underestimates the sensitivity of grid-mean SWCF to aerosols because of the underestimation in the sensitivities of LCF and in-cloud SWCF. Our results indicate the importance of representing reasonable subgrid cloud variability in the simulation of cloud properties and aerosol-cloud interaction in GCMs.

Variability in the number of rays and specification of the dorsal fin formula of the black scorpionfish Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758 (Pisces: Scorpaenidae) from the Black Sea

Out of the morphological criteria for the fish species, the meristic (countable) characters are of the key role, in particular the number of rays in the fins. It is one of the stable signs of fish morphotype not subjected to size and age variability. At the same time, it is a clear taxonomic criterion. The aim of the work was to study the variability in the number of rays in the dorsal fin and to specify its formula for the black scorpionfish inhabiting the Black Sea off the coasts of the North Caucasus and Crimea. In total, 232 individuals of the black scorpionfish were investigated; those were sampled from six areas of the Black Sea off the coasts of the North Caucasus (Bolshoi Utrish, Magri, Loo, and Adler) and Crimea (Sevastopol and Feodosiya). The number of rays in the dorsal fin of each fish was counted, with dividing them into hard (unbranched) and soft (branched) ones. As established, the total number of rays in the dorsal fin of the black scorpionfish inhabiting the coasts of the North Caucasus and Crimea averaged (22.1 ± 0.02); the number of hard rays, (12.0 ± 0.01); and the number of soft rays, (10.1 ± 0.03). All three indicators are characterized by low variability (coefficient of variation is lower than 10 %). Fish caught off the coasts of the North Caucasus and Crimea differ statistically significantly from each other in the number of soft rays in the dorsal fin [(10.1 ± 0.03) and (10.0 ± 0.04), respectively] and in the total number of rays in the dorsal fin [(22.1 ± 0.03) and (22.0 ± 0.04), respectively]. The analysis of the results obtained reveals six possible variants of the dorsal fin formula for the black scorpionfish. Those are: D XI 10; D XI 11; D XII 9; D XII 10; D XII 11; and D XIII 10. The most common variant is D XII 10 averaging 83.2 % (75.0–88.9 % depending on the area). The updated dorsal fin formula for the black scorpionfish inhabiting the coasts of the North Caucasus and Crimea has the following form: D (XI) XII (XIII) (9) 10 (11). The formula can be used when compiling the species guides of the Black Sea fish. The results obtained were compared with those of other researchers. The causes for the disagreement between the results were analyzed.

FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN LATVIA: LOCAL FOOD VERSUS IMPORTED FOOD

The issue of food self-sufficiency is becoming topical in cases of military and economic cataclysms. In addition, increasing attention is being paid to environmental aspects, e.g., reduction of greenhouse gases. These aspects call for research into countries' capacity to provide food for their citizens. Self-sufficiency research began in the early 20th century and continues to this day. However, scientists have no agreement on the methodology according to which the self-sufficiency index is calculated. In this study, the formula for calculating the self-sufficiency ratio was clarified. The goal of this study is to improve the methodology for calculating self-sufficiency ratio. To achieve the purpose of the study, several research tasks have been set: 1) to get acquainted with scientific research on this topic; 2) to theoretically analyse the obtained information; 3) to develop a more precise method for calculating self-sufficiency, which more accurately reflects the proportion of local food in consumption. Available statistical data and a mathematical calculation method were used in this study. Relatively small countries tend to be exposed to external conditions, which is also linked to food self-sufficiency. Therefore, it was concluded that Latvia can supply its society with several types of food products fully. The updated SSR calculation formula provides more accurate information on self-sufficiency and calculates the consumption and export volume dependence on imported products.

Modified limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm for unconstrained optimization problem

The use of the self-scaling Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) method is very efficient for the resolution of large-scale optimization problems, in this paper, we present a new algorithm and modified the self-scaling BFGS algorithm. Also, based on noticeable non-monotone line search properties, we discovered and employed a new non-monotone idea. Thereafter first, an updated formula is exhorted to the convergent Hessian matrix and we have achieved the secant condition, second, we established the global convergence properties of the algorithm under some mild conditions and the objective function is not convexity hypothesis. A promising behavior is achieved and the numerical results are also reported of the new algorithm.

A statistical methodology to identify imbalance-induced capacity wastes for LV networks

Phase imbalance (i.e., load imbalance among the three phases) causes inefficient use of three-phase distribution assets, resulting in additional reinforcement costs (ARCs) compared to if the three phases were balanced. However, two problems remain unresolved when calculating the ARC: 1) previous ARC formulas assume that the three-phase total peak and the single-phase peak current occur simultaneously, thus causing an underestimation of the ARC; and 2) previous formulas calculate ARC as a point value, using one year's peak load. However, the point value is not credible in supporting making investment decisions on phase balancing. This is because the growth of the yearly peak load is inconsistent over the years – the growth could be positive or negative over the years for low voltage (415 V, LV) networks. To address the above problems, this paper originally develops 1) an updated ARC formula; and 2) a customised approach, named as the cluster-wise probability assessment, to deliver a distribution and confidence range of ARCs for any given LV network. This approach only requires the yearly average current and single-phase peak current, making it applicable to the majority of the LV networks that have a minimal amount of data. Case studies also identify a counterintuitive finding of how the yearly single-phase peak current and the yearly average phase current impact the ARCs.

An adaptive search direction algorithm for the modified projection minimization optimization

In this paper, we proposed a double-search direction algorithm with a free of derivatives based on a different parameter update (n k ) which gives us an update on the double search trend. We used anewly updated formula for the projection parameter within the formula for the proposed search direction. When comparing our numerical results for the proposed algorithm with some standard published algorithmswe obtain efficient numerical results. The proposed algorithm, especially, isused to solve large-scale nonlinear problems by combining two search directions in one search direction. Also, to demonstrate the general convergence of the proposed new algorithm under some circumstances. The numerical performance of the new proposed algorithm on some nonlinear test functions proved the efficiency of this algorithm.