Unweighted Pair Group Method Of Arithmetic Means Research Articles

Optimizing hybrid vigor: a comprehensive analysis of genetic distance and heterosis in eggplant landraces.

This study explored the molecular characterization of 14 eggplant (brinjal) genotypes to evaluate their genetic diversity and the impact of heterosis. As eggplant is a vital horticultural crop with substantial economic and nutritional value, a comprehensive understanding of its genetic makeup and heterosis effects is essential for effective breeding strategies. Our aim was not only to dissect the genetic diversity among these genotypes but also to determine how genetic distance impacts heterotic patterns, which could ultimately help improve hybrid breeding programs. Genetic diversity was assessed using 20 SSR markers, and the parental lines were grouped into five clusters based on the Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA). Heterosis was examined through yield and yield-related traits among parents and hybrids. Polymorphisms were detected in eight out of the twenty SSR markers across the parental lines. Notably, a high genetic distance was observed between some parents. The analysis of yield and yield-related traits demonstrated significant heterosis over mid, superior, and standard parents, particularly in fruit yield per plant. Two crosses (RKML-26 X PPC and RKML1 X PPC) displayed substantial heterosis over mid and better parents, respectively. However, the positive correlation between genetic distance and heterosis was only up to a certain threshold; moderate genetic distance often resulted in higher heterosis compared to very high genetic distance. These findings emphasize the critical role of parental selection in hybrid breeding programs. The results contribute to the understanding of the relationship between genetic distance and heterosis, and it is suggested that future research should delve into the genetic mechanisms that drive heterosis and the effect of genetic distance variance on heterosis. The insights drawn from this study can be harnessed to enhance crop yield and economic value in breeding programs.

Genetic variation of some species of the genus Tagetes sp. Using PCR-RAPD in Iraq

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) indicators were carried out to prepare the genetic fingerprints of six species of the genus Tegates. The discrepancies between the replicates of each species (their numbers and molecular sizes) were revealed after the replicates of the samples were migrated onto agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide. 10 primers were selected, which showed different replication products among the studied species, as those primers showed 63 polymorphic bands out of 468 total bands. Each selected starter produced between 23 bands (OPD-18) to 78 bands (OPF-04). The largest number of divergent bands (15 bands) generated by the primer OPD-13, while it appeared that the least number of divergent bands (3 bands) which was generated by the primer OPD-18. The primer efficiency ranged from 0.20 in (OPD-13) to 0.09 in (primer OPA-04). It was found in this study that the primer OPD-13 had the highest discrimination ability, while the primer OPD-18 had the lowest value of the discrimination ability. The lowest genetic dimension was (0.3755) between the two species T. erecta and T. patula, while the largest genetic dimension was (0.8466) between the two species T. patula and T. tenuifolia. The phylogenetic tree through the unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) that is, based on the tree of phylogenetic relationships revealed two main genetic groups. The general analysis of the results showed that the genetic relationships between the species of the genus Tegates are related to some morphological traits as well as to the original origin and at the level of molecular genetics.

Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Yam (Dioscorea Species) Germplasm Using Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) Molecular Markers

Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is an important food security crop with economic, nutritional, and medicinal value. It is a source of carbohydrates for millions of people in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa, Asia, South America, the Caribbean, and the South Pacific Islands. Determining the appropriate parents for breeding programs is the most important decision that plant breeders must make to maximize genetic variability and produce excellent recombinant varieties. However, adequate genetic diversity and the population structure of yam accessions in Kenya are not available to guide accurate selection of parents for breeding. In the present study, 25 start-codon-targeted (SCoT) molecular markers were used to determine the genetic diversity and population structure among 20 yam accessions grown in Kenya. A total of 294 fragments were amplified, of which 95% were polymorphic with an average of 11.16 polymorphic fragments per primer. The polymorphic information content (PIC) value and primer resolving power (Rp) of 0.58 and 5.91, respectively, revealed high genetic diversity among the accessions. A dendrogram based on the unweighted pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) grouped the 20 yam accessions into two clusters at 0.61 genetic similarity coefficients. Bayesian structure analysis revealed the existence of three subpopulations and some admixed accessions. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a variance of 60% within the subpopulations and 40% among the subpopulations. The high degree of genetic diversity in the yam accessions successfully exhibited by SCoT molecular markers may serve as a valuable aid to widen the genetic base in yam breeding programs. The selection and hybridization of parental lines from the different clusters and sub-clusters identified could provide a foundation and could be exploited for yam breeding and variety development.

Assessment of Diversity among Important Brinjal (Solanum melongena) Cultivars Using Morphological Markers

Background. Solanum melongena is a medicinally important vegetable crop that belongs to the family Solanaceae, which is cultivated worldwide. Methodology. In the present study, 22 eggplant varieties from the different ecogeographical regions were evaluated for nine quantitative and twenty-two qualitative morphological characters. A significant divergence was observed in all characters and wide regional variations for plant characteristics, flower, and fruit characteristics. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed using PAST3 software to determine the relationship among eggplant accessions. Results. The principal component analysis showed that the first two principal component axes explained 97.17% of the total multivariate variation. Cluster analysis using the Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) grouped the 22 eggplant accessions into two main clusters based on similarities in morphological characteristics. The study showed that the Solanum melongena accessions belonging to Pakistan and other geographical regions of the world possess marked variation in fruit weight, fruit shape, fruit color, leaf spine, number of locules in fruit, plant height, and flower color. Conclusion. Based on morphological diversity, the best cultivars of eggplant that show better yield can be selected for farmers.

Variation of Genetic Diversity of Ralstonia Solanacearum In Tomato And Egg Plant of Bangladesh

Genetic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum, on seeds of tomato and brinjal from different seed sources in Bangladesh were studied with Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker. The primers viz., OPA02, OPA08, OPA09, OPA10, OPA18 and OPE19 were used in this study and were also evaluated on the basis of intensity and resolution of the band. The genetic variations in 24 isolates of R. solanacearum were analyzed with (OPA18) RAPD marker in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The percentage of polymorphic loci was 100.00 for both tomato and brinjal. Combined Dendrogram based on Nei’s (1972) genetic distance in Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) segregated the 24 isolates of R. solanacearum into two main clusters: RsT-6, RsB-2 and RsB-3 in cluster 1, and rest of the 24 isolates were grouped in cluster 2. The isolate of brinjal (RsB-8) was close to the isolate RsB-12 and the isolate RsB-11 was near to RsT-5 (tomato) with the least genetic distance (0.000), while the brinjal isolate RsB-4 was also close to RsB-5 with the low genetic distance (0.0606). The coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) was obtained at 1.0000 which reflects the existence of higher genetic variations among 24 isolates of R. solanacearum. Comparatively higher genetic distance (1.7346) and the lower genetic identity (0.1765) were observed in RsB-1 vs. RsT-12, whilst the higher genetic identity (1.000) and the lower genetic distance (0.000) were estimated in RsB-8 vs. RsB-12 and RsB-11 vs. RsT-5, respectively. Consequently, interactive significant genetic variations in 24 isolates of R. solanacearum of tomato and brinjal seed sources were found to be evident in both the crop species’ of diversified different varieties as the genetic variability of specific crop species. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(3): 519-526, 2022 (September)

Population Genetic Structure of Three Cichlids in ‎Ilorin, North-Central Nigeria


 
 
 
 Cichlids are among the economically important which serve as a source of food for people ‎around the world. A deep understanding of the population structure and genetic diversity of ‎cichlids are vital for initiation of conservation policies and sustainable aquaculture. There is ‎paucity of information on the patterns of genetic variations among and within cichlids in ‎North-central Nigeria. This study, therefore, investigated population genetic structure of ‎Coptodon zillii, Oreochromis niloticus, and Hemichromis fasciatus collected from different ‎freshwater bodies in North-central Nigeria. Genomic DNA was extracted, and five highly ‎polymorphic RAPD primers were used for RAPD-PCR amplification and genotyping of the ‎fish. Genetic polymorphism within and between the three tilapia species were examined. ‎Percentages of polymorphism loci, pairwise population matrix, analysis of molecular variance ‎‎(AMOVA), and genetic distances of cichlid populations were determined using standard ‎methods, and dendrograms were constructed using an un-weighted pair group method of ‎arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Overall, percentages of estimated molecular variance within and ‎among C. zillii, H. fasciatus and O. niloticus populations were 5% and 95%; 4% and 96% and ‎‎13% and 87%, respectively. Our results suggest that the three cichlids have close evolutionary ‎relationship and there were no distinct genetic differences on the basis on sampling locations. ‎C. zillii and H. fasciatus are more genetically closer than O. niloticus. This study concludes that ‎RAPD is useful in studying the population genetic structure of cichlids. This study therefore ‎recommends conservation of genetic pool of cichlid species through proper maintenance and ‎restoration of polluted habitat to guarantee sustainable fishery production. However, markers ‎such as microsatellite DNA can be assayed in further studies for better results‎.
 
 
 

Phenotypic Screening of F3 Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Population Resistance Associated with Sheath Blight Disease

The experiment was conducted during July–December, 2019 in the Agricultural Research Farm Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. One hundred and twenty-two F3 rice populations from the cross made between IC277332 (susceptible parent)×IC277275 (moderately resistant parent) were evaluated against sheath blight disease under field conditions. The area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values categorized rice population into four groups viz., moderately resistant (24), moderately susceptible (38), susceptible (40), and highly susceptible (20). A moderate resistance level to the disease was identified during the study in 24 lines (19.6%) with a mean Percentage Disease Index (PDI) of 12.22%−36.6%. Furthermore, 38 individuals showed moderate susceptibility with AUDPC values (1012−1446 day-1). The maximum PDI and AUDPC value were 76.11 and 2325.56, and the minimum PDI and AUDPC values were 22.78 and 622.22, respectively. The principal component (PCA) biplot analysis showed 71.62% and 12.05% variation, respectively. Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) cluster analysis grouped the 122 individuals into two major clusters, A and B and sub-clusters. These findings indicated that no rice line resistant to sheath blight had been identified. However, few population lines exhibited moderate resistance, which can be utilized as donor lines to generate sheath blight-resistant rice cultivars. These findings will provide a solid basis for our future breeding and screening activities at the institution.

Evaluation of F2:3 rice population resistant to Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn inciting sheath blight disease

Rice sheath blight caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is an economically important disease in rice resulting in enormous yield losses worldwide. In the present investigation, a population constituting F3 lines resulted from the cross made between IC277332 (susceptible parent) and Tetep (resistant parent) were evaluated for sheath blight resistance and other agronomic traits over a season. The rice population lines were categorized into four groups viz., moderately resistant (11), moderately susceptible (63), susceptible (24), and highly susceptible (8), based on area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values. During the study, nine moderate resistant lines showed, less AUDPC values in comparison to Tetep. Furthermore, 63 individuals (60%) exhibited moderate susceptibility with AUDPC values (677-987 per day). The principal component biplot analysis PC1 and PC2 showed 47.08% and 13.19% variation, respectively. The employment of Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) cluster analysis led to the grouping of the 106 individuals into 2 major clusters A and B. The results suggested that none of the rice lines was resistant to sheath blight disease. However, few lines showed moderate resistance to the disease which can be exploited for the development of sheath blight-resistant cultivars.

Assessment of morphogenetic diversity in Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb. using species-specific morphological and SSR markers

Garcinia gummi-gutta is an important tree crop valued for its dried fruit rinds as a souring agent in various dishes and source of hydroxycitric acid (HCA), an anti-obesity agent. In this study, the genetic variation among 35 accessions of G. gummi-gutta was analyzed by employing quantitative morphological traits and species-specific SSR markers. Recorded quantitative morphological data were statistically significant (p < 0.001) based on One way ANOVA. Considerable diversity observed among the accessions in growth and yield characters like the total number of fruits/tree, the mean number of fruits needed to weigh 1 kg, mean fresh and dry rind yield/tree; morphometric trait like single fruit weight. Molecular profiling was done by screening 24 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) primer from a set of 32 primers based on precise, intense and reproducible banding pattern. Total 39 alleles were obtained in the 24 SSRs with an average of 1.63 alleles/locus with an average of 86.11% polymorphism. An average Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) of 0.239 and an average Marker Index of 0.005, revealing the less allelic hetrozygosity and specificity of SSR primers for the selected accessions. The two dendrograms prepared based on Unweighted pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA), and Jaccard's similarity coefficient showed wide genetic variation among the accessions. Quality and productivity of G. gummi-gutta can be improved by selecting the better performing and diverse accession for future breeding programmes.

Comparative Chemical Study For Species Of The Family Poaceae

Background: The species P. incurva, S. arabica, C. pakeri, A. donax, A. palaestina, S. barbatus, S. divaricatus and L. hirsutus belongs to the grass family, which is a herbaceous plant that is widespread in Iraqi lands were selected These plants are known as forage plants. The chemical compounds of leaves of these species which belong to different tribes of the Poaceae family were detected 510 compounds were observed, the fewest number of chemical compounds (35) recorded in the leaves of the species P. incurva, while the highest number (90) compounds in the species S. arabica, and the lowest retention time (2.852) minutes recorded with Propane, 2,2-diethoxy-, while the highest detention time (28.272) minutes with the compound Citronellol epoxide (R or S) in the species S. arabica, It was observed that the lowest number of repeated chemical compounds reached two chemical compounds in the P. incurva, as each chemical compound was repeated twice, while the highest number of repeated chemical compounds, (13) compound in the species A. palaestina and by comparing the chemical content, it was noticed the similarity of all studied species by containing the two compounds Propane, 2, 2-diethoxy- and Propan amide, 2-methoxy-N-methyl- while the compound 1,2-Butanediol, appeared in all species except for species A. donax, as well as for the two compounds 2- pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl and Acetoxyiso butyrylchloride , which were found in all species except P. incurva. The species P. incurva, A. donax and S. arabica shared the compound propanic acid, 2-methoxy-2-methyl-, ethyl ester, and on the other hand, A. palaestina, S. divaricatus, S. barbatus, and L. hirsutus shared In the compounds 1,3-Dioxolane, 2-methanol, 2,4-dimethyl, and 2,3-Butanedione, monooxime was found in all the studied species except for the species P. incurva, A. donax, and S. arabica. This study also noticed the existence of peaks, as the diagnose with the lowest number of peaks reached (7) in the type P. incurva, while the highest number of peaks (18) in the type S. arabica. The results showed that the studied species can be separated easily using chemical analysis techniques. Conclusion: The present study proved that the studied species can be classing by means of chemical analysis techniques, especially GC-MS technique, which represents a direct and rapid analytical approach to identify the plant components As it reached the maximum genetic distance between L. hirsutus and S. arabica (1016.2), while the euclidean distance between S. divaricatus and A. palaestina (353.74) was the lowest distance that was calculated .In molecular study, cluster analysis (phylogenetic tree) by unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) based dendrogram revealed that they were two main genetic groups: one small cluster A containing 3 varieties and a large cluster B containing 5 varieties.Cluster analysis (phylogenetic tree) by unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) based dendrogram revealed that they were two main genetic groups: one small cluster A containing 3 varieties and a large cluster B containing 5 varieties.

Monitoring of genetic variation in mono-sex tilapia stocks using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers in some private hatcheries of Bangladesh

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most promising aquaculture species in Bangladesh, the culture of which is mostly dependent on the supply of hatchery-produced seed. Published information on genetic monitoring and genetic variability of the hatchery-reared tilapia population is rare in Bangladesh. Therefore, intra- and inter-population genetic variations were estimated among the five mono-sex tilapia populations collected from the matchday-kanon, khan, nancy, city, and brac hatcheries located at different districts in Bangladesh. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were amplified from tilapia’s muscle DNA of each of the five populations using ten decamer random primers. The primers produced a total of 181 scorable bands of which 64.1% were found to be polymorphic ranged in molecular size from approximately 100bp to 2000bp. The brac population obtained the highest genetic variability (51%) of overall polymorphic loci and the lower index was estimated (55-62%) in that population with the four others in pair-wise similarity comparison. Moreover, a common pattern of distinctive genetic variation was observed in the brac hatchery population when the genetic differentiation (FST), gene flow (Nm) and genetic distance (D) had been analyzed. The distinctiveness was also supported from the unweighted pair group method of arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram analysis where the five populations aligned into two clusters- the brac alone belonged to one and the rest of the four grouped into another. Our overall findings reveal that a low level of genetic variation exists in the current tilapia populations of Bangladesh except in the brac hatchery population where broodstock is known to be well managed. This low level of genetic variation of the tilapia hatchery population will have a seriously detrimental effect on this species and its overall production if the genetic quality is not maintained.

Exploring the Genetic Divergence in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Germplasm Using Multiple Molecular Marker Systems.

Molecular markers are considered powerful tools to identify the potential genetic variation. Forty-two RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers were employed to characterize 21 mungbean genotypes. RAPD primers produced 79 polymorphic bands while ISSR and SSR markers amplified 21 and 6 polymorphic bands, respectively. The range for minimum and maximum number of bands was 3-13, 3-9 and 1-2 and average alleles per loci were 8.17, 4.3 and 1 for RAPD, ISSR and SSR, respectively. Highest polymorphism percentage was 100% for both ISSR and SSR while 80% for RAPD markers. The SSR-VR-303 and ISSR-UBC-810 had highest PIC values (0.44, 0.72) indicating the more discriminating power of these primers for diversity analysis. RAPD primer OPA-7 with maximum PIC value (0.26) resulted in good amplification. Jaccard's similarity coefficient ranged between 0.50 to 1, 0.64 to 1 and 0.75 to 1 for SSR, ISSR and RAPD primers, respectively, indicating less genetic divergence among studied material. Dendrogram based on Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) grouped mungbean genotypes into two to three major clusters for different marker system with up to 100% genetic relatedness among different cultivars. Molecular genetic divergence identified can be utilized to widen the genetic base in mungbean breeding programs.

Morphological and SSR Marker Based Diversity Analysis of Lentil (Lens esculenta) Genotypes using Yield and Yield Contributing Characters

Lentil is an important pulse crop with high nutritional value and high market price worldwide. Molecular markers have emerged as useful tools to assess the genetic diversity across crops. The study was conducted to explore genetic diversity of twenty lentil genotypes considering yield and yield attributing traits. Among all genotypes, BARI Masur-6, BARI Masur-7 followed by genotypes BD-3806 and BD-4090 showed the highest value of yield attributing traits therefore, these genotypes are considered as best performer. The results of cluster analysis based on the Ward’s method grouped the genotypes into three clusters and the genotypes of cluster III revealed the maximum value for yield per plants which indicated their importance in the selection for yield improvement program of lentil. Afterwards, 20 genotypes were evaluated through 7 sets of SSR primers to assess genetic diversity among the genotypes. Among them, four sets of primers viz., SSR 19, SSR 33, SSR 90 and SSR 213 showed high polymorphism which suggesting the greater genetic diversity in the genotypes. The unweighted pair group method of arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram based on Nei’s (1973) genetic distance led the genotypes into four major clusters which showed a bit deviation with the morphological cluster. The findings of this study will be very useful for selection of appropriate parents and the genetic understanding for the set up for future systematic lentil breeding programs.

Performance of salinity tolerance of F3 rice lines of BRRI dhan 29 × PBRC (STL-20) using RAPD markers

Twenty six rice lines of PBRC (salt tolerant line-20) × BRRI dhan-29 were used to evaluate salinity tolerance at the seedling stage and tested for salt tolerance using RAPD markers. Salinity screening was done using hydrophonic system at the greenhouse following IRRI standard protocol. Among the studied line, ten were moderately salinity tolerant, nine susceptible and rest of the lines highly susceptible. For assessing genetic diversity and relationship of F3 rice lines including two parents were tested against PCR-based Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique using three arbitrary decamer primers; OPA02, OPC01, and OPC12. Selected three primers generated a total of 14 bands. Out of 14 bands, 12 bands (86.67%) were polymorphic and 2 bands (13.33%) were monomorphic. The Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) dendrogram constructed from Nei’s (1972) genetic distance produced 2 main clusters of the 28 rice genotypes. Most of the moderately tolerant lines and PBRC (STL-20) (tolerant variety) were grouped in same cluster due to lower genetic distance, while maximum susceptible along with BRRI dhan29 (susceptible variety) showed higher genetic distance with PBRC (STL-20) and moderately tolerant lines. This result indicates that the lines which formed grouped together, they are less diversed. On the other hand the lines remain in different clusters or different groups, are much diversed. Thus RAPD perform a potentially simple, rapid and reliable method to evaluate genetic diversity and molecular characterization as well.&#x0D; Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(2): 215-225, August 2019

DNA Fingerprinting and Diversity Analysis of Some Aus Rice Landraces

Objective: The allelic diversity and relationship among 48Aus rice landraces were determined through SSR markers. A total of 11 SSR markers were used to characterize all Aus rice genotypes. Methods/Findings: All of them were polymorphic showing different chromosome numbers. The number of alleles per locus varied from 3 alleles (RM234 and RM277) to 15 alleles (RM493). A total number of 72 alleles were detected with an average number of 8.91 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.19 (RM277) to 0.90 (RM493) with an average 0.70. The highest PIC value was obtained in RM493 (0.89) followed by RM526 (0.85) and The highest genetic dissimilarity (1.00) was found among the nineteen Aus genotypes combinations viz., Kalojira TAPL-68, Busmoti-sufoid, Hatisail, Sakharkhara, Khasa, Black, Ukinmodhu, Fulkari, Porbotjira, Straw THPL-554, Kalonunia, China IRRI, Mehedhan, Tulsimoni, Meny, Tilkapur, Nunia, Lalmota and Tapu. This material may be selected as potential parents for crop improvement for their distinctive characters. Whereas lowest genetic dissimilarity was found between Chini sagor-1 vs Malshira and Kalijir TAPL74 vs Kalojira (0.18) followed by three other pairs (0.28). Application: The genetic distance-based results seen in the Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic means (UPGMA) revealed six genetic groups. These landraces will be useful for the selection of diverse parents, background selection during backcross breeding programs and assist in broadening germplasm-based rice breeding programs in the near future. Keywords: DNA Fingerprinting, Genetic Diversity, Landraces, Microsatellites.

Assessment of genetic diversity of different tomato genotypes using RAPD markers

The present investigation was carried out for assessment of genetic diversity among the 28 tomato genotypes though three random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A total of 15 distinct DNA fragments ranging form 100-1000 bp were amplified by using three selected primers of which 5.00 polymorphic bands per primer and over all polymorphic loci was 100 percent. The extent of genetic diversity among these genotypes was computed through parameters of genetic diversity and Shanon’s information indices. The highest genetic distance was observed among the accession Cl-3d-0-99 (V93) vs. F1 (G X V12), F1 (G X V17), F1 (G X V29) and Durch fuegel (G) vs. F1 (G X V17) and F1 (G X V93) vs. F1 (G X V12), F1 (G X V17), while the lowest genetic distance was observed among the accessions Fut. Wed Abrid (V94) vs. Sunlight pole (V67) and F1 (V67 X VG) vs. F1 (V17 X VG), F1 (V93 X VG) and F1 (V93 X V17) vs. F1 (V17 X VG), F1 (V67 X VG), F1 (V93 X VG). The Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distance divided the genotypes into two main clusters: A &amp; B. Cluster ‘A’ consists of 19 accessions and cluster ‘B’ consists of 9 accessions. The information generated from this study could be useful in gene mapping and marker assisted breeding for future tomato breeding programs.&#x0D; Progressive Agriculture 29 (4): 276-283, 2018

Molecular characterization of vetiver [Chrysopogon zizanioides Roberty] genotypes using ISSR markers

In 25 genotypes of vetiver genotypes, 15 Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) primers were examined for genetic diversity analysis. A total of15 ISSR markers were screened in which 11 showed amplification. Similarity between the genotypes ranged from 0.17–0.90. Mean of percentage polymorphism and polymorphic information content (PIC) was 79.4% and 0.36, respectively. Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) derived dendrogram was constructed from the ISSR marker study and discriminated the genotypes into different clusters. Our results suggested that DNA based markers of ISSR could be effectively used for genetic diversity evaluation in vetiver germplasm and for vetiver improvement breeding programme.

Genetic DiversityAssessment in Ten Aromatic Rice Varieties of Bangladesh

The availability of molecular marker systems allowed estimating the relationships among various taxa. This study was aimed at assessing the genetic diversity among ten aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) pools from Bangladesh by means of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. These varieties were evaluated for polymorphisms after amplification with 10 decamer primers. A total of 60 RAPD fragments were generated among the assessed varieties with a polymorphism percentage of 80. Cluster analysis by the unweighted pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) showed that these 10 varieties could be placed into two groups with a similarity ranging from 65 to 86% depicting adjacent association between Rajbhog and Kalijira‐12, whereas Maloti belongs to a separate group maintaining maximum distance from rest of the varieties. The analysis revealed that the intervarietal genetic relationship of several varieties is related to their center of origin. As expected, most of the varieties have a narrow genetic base. The present results could be used for the selection of possible parents to generate a mapping population and utilized by the breeders for assessing the genetic diversity of rice genotypes.Plant Tissue Cult. &amp; Biotech. 27(2): 217-225, 2017 (December)

Genome-wide assessment of genetic diversity and fiber quality traits characterization in Gossypium hirsutum races

Gossypium hirsutum races are believed to be potential reservoirs of desirable traits, which can play crucial roles to overcome the existing narrow genetic base of modern Upland cotton cultivars. However, prior to utilizing the races in cotton improvement programs, understanding their genetic constitutions is needed. Thus, this study used molecular and morphological techniques to characterize 110 G. hirsutum germplasm including 109 semi-wild accessions and one Upland cotton cultivar, CRI12. In the study, 104 SSR markers detected 795 alleles, with an average of 7.64 alleles per marker, ranging from 3 to 14, and average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.71. And 96 of the markers were found to be highly informative, with PIC value≥0.50. Pairwise genetic similarity coefficient across the accessions ranged from 0.19 to 1.00, with an average value of 0.46. Morphological characterization was done using fiber length, fiber strength, micronaire, fiber uniformity index, and fiber elongation. Pairwise taxonomic distance within the accessions ranged from 0.17 to 3.41, with a mean of 1.33. The SSR and fiber quality traits data set based unweighted pair group method of arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis grouped the accessions into 7 and 12 distinct clusters, respectively, that corresponds well with the results of principal component analysis (PCA). Our study revealed the existence of vast molecular and morphological diversities within the accessions and provided valuable information on each semi-wild accession for quick and better informed germplasm utilization in cotton breeding programs.

Genetic diversity study amongst Cymbopogon species from NE-India using RAPD and ISSR markers

Cymbopogon, an important genus of the family Poaceae, cultivated mainly for its essential oil, is a valuable medicinal and aromatic plant. Essential oils from this crop found a wide range of application including medicine, perfumery, ornamental, flavouring and therapeutic uses in pharmaceuticals and is emerging crop for bio fuel production. Many species of Cymbopogon cultivated worldwide but their identification is somewhat difficult since they do not have suitable genomic diversity information. Assessment of genetic diversity is therefore essential for conservation and management of this species. A total of 20 Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 15 Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) primers were examined, of which 26 primers (13 RAPD and 13 ISSR) showed amplification and were used for further study. Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) derived dendrogram in both the analysis was more or less similar and cluster analysis (CA) based on RAPD, ISSR and their combined data clearly discriminated the genotypes into different clusters. Result of principal component analysis (PCA) was in agreement with cluster analysis with a few exceptions. DNA based markers (RAPD and ISSR) could be effectively used for genetic diversity evaluation among Cymbopogon species. Results of this study will help in the conservation and Cymbopogon improvement/breeding programe.