Unwanted Behavior Research Articles

УЛОГА ДИМЕНЗИЈА КВАЛИТЕТА ПОРОДИЧНИХ ИНТЕРАКЦИЈА И ШКОЛСКОГ ЖИВОТА У ПРЕДИКЦИЈИ ШКОЛСКЕ ДИСЦИПЛИНЕ

The problem of school discipline has a long history, however, it still represents an important disturbing factor in the course of teaching. As the teaching staff faces difficulties in eliminating unwanted behavior of students and maintaining discipline, it is essential to have a good knowledge of the etiology of school discipline in order to effectively work on its prevention. The subject of this research is the examination of the predictive power of dimensions of the quality of family interactions and school life in predicting school discipline. The sample consisted of 200 respondents, fourth-grade students of high schools from the territory of the city of Leskovac. School discipline is operationalized by the School Indiscipline Scalе, dimensions of the quality of family interactions with the Scale of the quality of family interactions, while the Quality of School Life Questionnaire was used to examine the dimensions of the quality of school life. The expected correlations of certain dimensions of the quality of school life and family interactions with the dimensions of school indiscipline were determined. Through the procedure of hierarchical regression analysis, it was determined that the dimensions of the quality of family interactions are not single statistically significant predictors of the dimensions of school indiscipline

Online Psychoeducational Programmes and Multicomponent Exercise for the Patients with Mild Dementia and their Caregivers: A Systematic Review

Background: Dementia is a chronic disorder which, mainly, affects people over 65 years old. It is estimated that it affects over 50.000.000 people around the world. Non- pharmacological strategies can play a vital role in dementia, considering that most of them are low-cost, safe and have no side effects.Psychoeducational programmes aim to inform the informal caregivers about dementia and its progress, and exercise has been showing positive effects in dementia. Their combination has been examined lately in a few studies in terms of enhancing the cognitive functions and quality of life for both patients and caregivers and decrease the unwanted behaviours.

Designing self-organizing systems using surrogate models and the compromise decision support problem construct

In this paper, we address the following question:How can self-organizing system designers steer the system towards expected global behaviors that satisfy multiple conflicting performance indicators?Self-organizing systems (SOS) have advantages in performing tasks in exploratory and hazardous domains that are not suitable for humans. The design of the SOS is however difficult because negative emergence with unwanted behaviors is likely to happen and multiple conflicting performance indicators need to be considered. To address this challenge, in this paper, we propose an SOS design method using surrogate models and the compromise Decision Support Problem (cDSP) construct. Surrogate models are used to capture the relationship between low-level rules or parameters and high-level emerging system performance. And the cDSP construct is used to explore “good enough” solutions (characterized by rule adoption rates) while managing the trade-offs among conflicting performance indicators. The efficacy of the proposed method is illustrated using a multi-agent box-pushing problem in the Webots simulation environment. It is shown in the results that our method leads to a 6.9% improvement in time efficiency, an 8.4% improvement in energy efficiency, and 26.2% in system reliability.

Recognition of situations of sexual harassment in medical students at the Concepción Campus of the Andrés Bello University, Chile

Introduction: sexual harassment is defined as unwanted or non-consensual sexual behavior that occurs in verbal, non-verbal, physical, psychological, or visual forms and is experienced at different ages and contexts. Aim: to describe the level of recognition of situations of sexual harassment in medical students at the Andrés Bello University, Concepción, Chile. Methods: this is a descriptive cross-sectional study. A total of 94 students from first to seventh grade participated voluntarily and anonymously. Data were obtained through the application of an online survey and then analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics v.20 software. Results: the age was 23,1 ± 1,9 years. Most of them were in their third year of college and identified as women. A total of 42,6 % (n=40) admitted to having suffered sexual harassment at some point on or off the university premises, with the most frequent situation being the direct receipt of offensive jokes, jokes or compliments with sexual intent (51,1 %; n=48). Women were the ones who most recognized situations of sexual harassment. Conclusions: a considerable proportion of the participants, mostly women, acknowledged situations of sexual harassment

Uvođenje kamera za uniformu u policijski rad - stvarna potreba ili iznuđeno rešenje

In the last ten years, police organizations in the USA and Europe have started to implement body worn cameras. The main purpose and goal of the implementation of these cameras is aimed at preventing unlawful and unprofessional actions and behavior of police officers and socially undesirable behavior of citizens. Miniature cameras on the body of police officers should deter police officers and citizens from committing illegal and socially unacceptable actions and procedures towards each other. Police organizations try to use body worn cameras to achieve the abovementioned goals as a substitute for other means of correcting unwanted behaviors, primarily training and education of police officers. This paper analyzes the reasons for the implementation of body worn cameras in the police organizations across the USA and in some European countries in order to reach a conclusion about the justification and the possibility to achieve complex and responsible goals only with the help of cameras.

Food Grabbing Behavior Modification Program Using Shaping Techniques with Tablet Media for Autistic Children

Children with autism often have difficulty interacting socially and understanding applicable social norms. Therefore, appropriate behavior modification strategies are needed to help autistic children overcome food-grabbing behavior and learn how to interact better socially. This research aims to use shaping techniques to change the behavior of autistic students who often grab other people's food. This research involves the use of tablet media as a tool to provide intervention. The research subjects in this study were autistic students who tended to snatch other people's food. This research uses the Single Subject Research method with an A-B design. Data in this research was collected through audio documentation, photos, videos, and written documentation. The data was then analyzed using within-condition analysis and between-condition analysis. The research results show that the shaping Technique using tablet media effectively changes the behavior of autistic students who often grab other people's food. By using shaping techniques, autistic students can understand that snatching other people's food is not right and can control themselves not to do it. It shows that the use of behavior modification techniques using tablet media can help autistic students overcome unwanted behavior.

Maintenance Effects for Preschool Students Participating in First Step Next

In preschool settings, ample evidence has long existed that some administrators and educators rely heavily on exclusionary practices to address unwanted behaviors despite evidence they are ineffective. There is a need for evidence-based interventions that provide teachers with skills to foster positive student–teacher relationships, teach students skills that result in positive interactions with teachers and peers, and provide opportunities to practice new skills during daily classroom interactions. First Step Next (FSN) is a short-term, multi-component Tier 2 intervention that helps address these needs. The current study examines the extent to which the immediate post-intervention effects were maintained after the FSN intervention was delivered in U.S. preschool classrooms. Results provide evidence that initial, post-intervention gains reported for social skills, problem behavior, student–teacher conflict, and relational aggression domains were maintained for 2 months post-intervention. The current study adds to the evidence base suggesting that FSN is a promising alternative to exclusionary discipline as its’ implementation addresses several factors contributing to continued reliance on these ineffective approaches such as (a) the escalation of conflicts with students with challenging behavior, (b) failure to anticipate and defuse problem situations, (c) unclear communication of behavioral expectations, and (d) unskilled use of teacher directives.

Academic Burnout and its Association with Undesired Behaviors among Faculty Members at Al-Balqa Applied University from Students’ Perspectives

The present study aims at identifying the association between university students’ academic burnout and undesired behaviors among faculty members at Al-Balqa Applied University from students’ perspectives. A cross-sectional design was used in this study. To collect data, convenience sampling was used to collect data from the study sample. The sample size consisted of 350 undergraduate students from different academic majors at Al-Balqa Applied University. The research instruments included the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), which consists of 22 statements distributed over 3 domains: “emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment”, in addition to the scale of the unwanted behavior developed by Magableh and Abu Ghazal (2013) that covers the following domains: “teaching method, personal characteristics of faculty members, relationship with faculty members, faculty members' efficiency, classroom management and organization, motivational stimulation, and evaluation”. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) (v. 26, IBM Corp. New York City, USA). Descriptive statistics and parametric tests were used to analyze the gathered data. The results of the study showed that there is a significant statistical association between faculty members’ undesired behaviors and students’ academic burnout (r=0.361). The study concluded that faculty members’ undesired behaviors should be addressed to alleviate their impact on student's academic and psychological status. The study recommended conducting further awareness campaigns about coping strategies to alleviate the levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment. Keywords: academic burnout, undesired behaviors, emotional exhaustion, university students

Promoting the General Welfare of Therapy Rabbits and Guinea Pigs in Animal-Assisted Interventions with Youth

Abstract This case study focuses on rabbits and guinea pigs for AAI (animal-assisted interventions) sessions with youth due to their popularity as household pets and potential suitability for therapy work. Rabbits are consistently listed among the top three on the list for most popular pets in the world. Guinea pigs are consistently ranked in the top ten on the list (Bryant, 2023). Animals play an important role in the lives of children (Jalongo, 2022). The rabbits and guinea pigs are species that offer an alternative to interacting with dogs, during an AAI session, especially for those children allergic to them, who have had negative experiences or that have cultural concerns. The responsibility of the practitioner is to primarily ensure the welfare of the rabbit or guinea pig during an AAI session, especially with youth. By following best practices for managing youth interacting with the therapy animals, they are also protected. The practitioner needs to know the stress signs for rabbits or guinea pigs they are working with and take measures to mitigate those or remove the animal from a negative situation during an AAI Session with Youth. These stress signs and strategies to avoid stress issues will be discussed. In general, AAI practitioners need to safeguard the environment, establish guidelines for the session and manage unwanted behaviors of participants with positive strategies (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals [RSPCA], n.d.). Information © The Author 2023

Determinan Yang Memengaruhi Sikap Mengenai Kekerasan Seksual Pada Remaja Di SMA Kosgoro Kota Bogor Tahun 2023

Unwanted sex-related behavior, such as demands for sex and other physical and verbal sexual abuse, is known as sexual violence or harassment. These actions certainly have a significant and broad impact on people's lives, especially children and teenagers. The impact of sexual violence can last long after the experience ends and is closely related to the life circumstances of children and adolescents both during and after sexual interactions. Finding factors that influence the prevalence of sexual violence among adolescents is the aim of this research. In this study, 390 samples were randomly sampled using a cross-sectional strategy. Chi square was used in univariate and bivariate analysis. The analysis findings show that gender, age, knowledge, peers, and information media are the variables that have the strongest relationship with adolescent violence (p value <0.05). Sexual violence against teenagers is taught in schools, and as a preventive measure, local governments should expand their services for victims of sexual harassment.

Analysis of the Clever Hans effect in COVID-19 detection using Chest X-Ray images and Bayesian Deep Learning

In recent months, the detection of COVID-19 from radiological images has become a topic of significant interest. Several works have proposed different AI models to demonstrate the feasibility of the application. However, the literature has also reported unwanted behaviours, spurious correlations, and biases of the developed systems that significantly limit their translation to the clinic. This paper deals with a set of interpretability techniques to analyse spurious correlations during the inference, the consistency of the decisions, and the uncertainty of the models, and evaluate the model’s performance in a broader and thoughtful way, especially regarding biasing effects, aiming to provide new methodological cues that can increase the systems’ robustness. Two different off-the-shelf convolutional neural networks (DenseNet-121 and EfficientNet-B6) were tested along with their Bayesian counterparts. Different saliency maps are used to evaluate the effects of artifacts and confounding factors, and, taking advantage of uncertainty estimations, a new version of the importance of context measure was proposed, to provide more evidence of the spurious correlation affecting models’ performance. In view of the results, DenseNet is preferred in both its standard and Bayesian versions, reaching BAcc over 97% training with a large data set (more than 70,000 images). However, results demonstrate that models are significantly affected by the biasing effects, which is minimised by pre-processing with a semantic segmentation of the lungs to guide the learning process towards areas with causal relationships with the problem under study. The conclusions could be extrapolated to the general context of pneumonia detection from chest RX.

"This Is a Disease" and "Disease Has No Sin": Discourse Constructions of Individuals With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder With Regard to Being Diagnosed.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms have different cultural images in society. Deconstructive psychology studies can contribute to understanding the dominant discourse surrounding these patients, given the prevalence of OCD. The objective of this study was to investigate the discourse of participants regarding "having/receiving a diagnosis of OCD" and the function of this discourse. The research approach was qualitative and language-based, specifically employing Lacanian Discourse Analysis (LDA) perspective. The possible questions and prompts were determined along with the research team, and seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with six participants diagnosed with OCD. The interviews explored how participants referred to their diagnosis, the language they used, and the function of this discourse. The findings revealed that participants diagnosed with OCD insistently used the term "disease" to explain their peculiar and distressing situations, referring to "medical discourse" with expressions such as "This is a disease" and "This disorder." Additionally, they often utilized "religious discourse" with the statements like "Disease has no sin" and "The sick and insane are exempt from their responsibilities." The findings of the current research indicated that when individuals with OCD "receive a name" through a recognized diagnosis, they experience a sense of recognition and validation for their OCD-related problems. Consequently, individuals diagnosed with OCD tend to find "legitimacy" for their irrational or unwanted thoughts and behaviors by taking comfort from their diagnosis. This study provides valuable insights into an understanding of patients with OCD. The findings are discussed in the context of their implications for both theoretical and applied research.

P161: Heterogeneity and Clinical Uncertainty of BPSD Therapeutics

Objective:BPSD is typically treated as a singular entity. Yet it is heterogeneous and challenges simple phenotyping by behavioral inventory. Some investigators recognize BPSD more as ‘obstreperous,’ disruptive behavior, or unwanted behavior. Others conceptualize it as a neuropsychiatric entity with an underlying pathobiology, or as the expression of an unmet need. Treatments for BPSD have been challenging since before the first clinical trials with chlorpromazine.Methods:We systematically reviewed interventional studies to understand the successes, limitations, and knowledge gaps in terms of methodology that might misinform practice. Questions addressed included: What do these studies look like? How is BPRS operationalized, and does it vary between studies? What interventions have been tested? How are we measuring eligibility and outcomes? Are there methodological factors that influence the outcomes and validity of these trials? Are the trials methods fit for purpose and how can we better test interventions?Results:From a search yielding 6497 candidate studies, we included 474 of which 413 were randomized, 340 parallel group, 197 double-blinded, 51 unblinded. About 30% were in nursing homes only and 20% outpatient only. Most NH studies were drug studies; most outpatient studies were non-pharmacological. Over time, study durations consolidated to 6–12-week treatment periods and samples grew exceptionally large, involving 400 to 1200 participants.Of studies that specified a target, 171 were for ‘agitation.’ 50 investigated sleep disturbance, 25 apathy, 25 depression, 21 psychosis. 150 described only ‘BPSD’ or ‘neuropsychiatric symptoms.’ Two-thirds of the agitation studies were single drug interventions; most used a scale score cut-off to define agitation. Important characteristics, secular trends in design, and quality of the BPSD studies will be detailed.Conclusions:The important trends in methods for interventions and assessment of BPSD are not necessarily toward quality. Eligibility criteria have become designed for convenience, are misspecified relying on the same scales used for outcomes, although randomization is the rule, allocation concealment and treatment blinding is poor. There is marked autoregression of outcomes. Studies have become larger and designed to detect small effects even when clinical meaning is uncertain. BPSD studies need reconsideration and a few simple fixes to better discover effective treatments. Only a little care is needed to improve the quality and reliability of studies. This includes study management that is independent of patient selection and outcomes and from most procedures, and truly blinded assessments.

Comparative analysis of stiffness measurement methods for lamination stacks in electric machines

With the increasingly strict global regulations on vehicle emissions, the demand for electromobility has risen due to its potential to reduce local emissions. However, designing an electric motor for use in passenger cars poses significant challenges. The e-motor should operate reliably in various climates with good mechanical and electrical characteristics, be lightweight, withstand repetitive thermal and structural loads, be cost-effective, and - last but not least - exhibit good noise and vibration properties. To meet these requirements, virtual testing through simulations has become the most efficient and economical approach, enabling the identification of weaknesses and unwanted behaviors before physical prototyping. This paper focuses on the testing of lamination stacks, a critical component of electric motors. Two methods of stiffness measurement for such parts are compared: static stiffness determination and dynamic analysis. The former involve compressing the specimen and measuring the force-displacement response, while dynamic method uses the restoring force surface method to obtain the stiffness and damping characteristics. The study highlights the importance of considering nonlinearity in stiffness measurements. The stiffness of lamination stacks varies depending on the pretension state, and a significant hysteresis exists between the loading and unloading curves. The paper discusses the experimental procedures for each method. The findings emphasize the necessity of accurate stiffness characterization for different applications, such as structural strength, modal analysis, dynamic analysis, and noise-vibration-harshness (NVH) studies. The research contributes to the development of electric machines by providing insights into effective stiffness measurement techniques for lamination stacks.

A Cadaveric Study of the Optimal Isometric Region on the Anterolateral Surface of the Knee in Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction.

Isolated intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is not capable of restoring instability in many cases leading some to recommend concomitant anterolateral ligament (ALL) reconstruction. The satisfactory fixation site and graft length change are crucial in ligament reconstruction to restore the ALL function and avoid some unwanted graft behavior. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the optimal isometric region on the anterolateral aspect of the knee for ALL reconstruction using a three-dimensional optical instrument and a suture similar to an intraoperative isometric test. Six freshly frozen cadaveric human knees were used in this study. Data regarding the anterolateral surface were obtained using an optical measurement system to create a three-dimensional model. Nine points were selected on the femur (F1-F9) and tibia (Ta-Ti) respectively. The three-dimensional length change between each pair of tibial and femoral points was measured during passive knee flexion from 0° to 90° in 15° increments. Subsequently, five femoral points (A-E) were selected from the lateral femur, located in different areas relative to the lateral femoral epicondyle, and three tibial reference points (T1-T3) were selected in the isometric test. The changes in the length between each pair of reference points were measured using sutures. The 95% confidence interval for the rate of length change was estimated using the mean and standard deviation of the maximum rate of length change at different flexion angles, and the data were expressed as the mean (95% confidence interval) and compared with the maximum acceptable rate of change (10%). The maximum acceptable change rate for ligament reconstruction is 10%, and the mean maximum rates and the 95% confidence interval (CI) of length change for the point combinations were calculated. Among all the combined points measured using the optical measurement system and the suture, the qualified point combination for reconstruction was F3 (8mm posterior and 8mm proximal to the lateral femoral epicondyle)-Tb (8mm proximal to the midpoint between the center of Gerdy's tubercle and the fibula head), A (posterior and proximal to the lateral femoral epicondyle)-T2 (10mm below the joint line)and A-T3 (15 mm below the joint line). The position of F3-Tb and A-T2 are close to each other. The most isometric area of the femur for ALL reconstruction was posterior and proximal to the lateral femoral epicondyle. We recommend that the initial location of the femoral point be set at 8 mm posterior and 8 mm proximal to the lateral femoral epicondyle and the tibial point at approximately 10 mm below the joint line, midway between Gerdy's tubercle and fibular head, and subsequently adjusted to the most satisfactory position according to the isometric test.

Group-based mindfulness interventions in prisons: a selective critical review

PurposeThe use of mindfulness interventions (MIs) as means to manage unwanted or undesirable affect and behaviour has increased in popularity recently. This has resulted in the trial of MIs as a means to benefit well-being within prisons, with some intention of reducing recidivism. This study aims to examine current research regarding the use of MIs within prisons.Design/methodology/approachA total of 14 studies were manually selected for review inclusion according to their determined eligibility. All studies were required to have taken place in a prison and to include an explicit mindfulness intervention, including mindfulness theory and practice.FindingsMost interventions reviewed demonstrated success, particularly when tailored to the unique needs of a prison environment. Positive changes reported included improvements in participant mental health symptoms, as well as reduced stress and increased mindfulness skills. Some preliminary evidence was provided to indicate the potential longevity of some of these benefits. This review further highlighted some significant questions regarding the generalisability of the proposed suitability of MIs within prison environments including practical delivery constraints and the lack of acknowledgment of the unique challenges and circumstances faced by prisoners.Practical implicationsThe findings of this review show positive potential for the use of MIs within prison populations, where these are well-linked to mindfulness theory and to the needs of inmates. The review also suggest that MIs should be investigated thoroughly, examining potential negative implications alongside positive changes. There needs to be further review of the role of MIs within prison populations to ensure their suitability in the custodial environment.Originality/valueMIs are somewhat inflated in terms of predicted outcomes and sometimes applied to potentially unsuitable groups. A significant gap within the literature also persists regarding potentially negative implications associated with MIs, particularly within unique prison populations. Prison treatment programmes should be developed with careful consideration of unique prisoner needs in comparison to a general population.

PSIX-1 Impact of a Botanical Blend on Training Kennel Induced Stress in Dogs

Abstract Fear and anxiety in dogs can be elevated during transportation or visits to the veterinarian, groomer, and boarding or training kennels. The stress-related behaviors exhibited during these times can be a welfare concern to both pet, handler, and owner. In the case of training or grooming, the productivity of the session may be reduced due to unwanted stress related behaviors. Pet owners want to reduce stress during these events and are seeking natural botanical alternatives to medications. The botanical extracts in Cani-Calm (Probiotech International, Inc.) successfully decreased stress-related behaviors when fed to beagles for 11 days before a novel 1-hr car ride stress test. There has not been any investigation into the impact of these botanicals during a prolonged stress event similar to a boarding or training kennel. The objective was to evaluate Cani-Calm when offered during a 3-week training program at a boarding kennel. Fifty-one dogs of various ages, breed, and history were randomly assigned to either Control (no Cani-Calm; n = 26) or Cani-Calm (CC: 0.6 mL· kg BWT-1· day-1; n = 25). Cani-Calm was top-dressed on the morning meal daily. Trainers, blinded to treatment, assessed dog behavior and provided training timelines for each dog. Statistical analysis was performed using a Genmod analysis and Poisson distribution in SAS v9.3. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 and statistical trends were considered at 0.05 < P < 0.10. Length of the acclimation period before the onset of training due to stress-related behaviors was reduced (P = 0.001) in treated dogs compared with the control (Control: 1.57± 0.16 d; CC: 0.08 ± 0.71 d). There was no impact of treatment (P = 0.15) on percentage of dogs per group that required additional days of training beyond the planned program. However, there was an impact of treatment (P = 0.04; Control: 75%; CC: 96.3%) on the percentage of dogs that completed training earlier than the scheduled 3-week program. The results indicate a benefit of Cani-Calm during stressful events to decrease the display of behaviors that reduce training productivity and are a welfare concern for both animal and handler. Unlike the previous trial, during the current trial, there was no exposure to the botanicals before the stressful event; however, alterations in stress-related behaviors were demonstrated in both trials. Further research is warranted to evaluate time of exposure to the botanicals before the stress-event, and in larger populations.

Deep learning Binary/Multi classification for music's brainwave entrainment beats.

The last two decades have seen the emergence of a brand-new kind of music known as digital brain stimulant, also known as instrumental music or music without lyrics, which mostly comprises entrainment beats. While listening to it has the same ability to affect the brain as taking medication, it also has the risk of having a negative impact or encouraging unwanted behavior. This sparked the interest of a large number of studies in the psychological and physiological effects of music's brainwave entrainment beats on listeners. These studies started to categorize and examine how musical beats affected brainwave entrainment by looking at electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Although this categorization represents a step forward for the early research efforts, it is constrained by the difficulty of having each musical track and conducting EEG tests on humans exposed to distortion due to noise in order to determine its influence. The work proposed in this article continues to explore this topic but in a novel, simple, accurate, and reliable categorization procedure based on the music signal elements themselves rather than dependent on EEG. VGGish and YAMNET based transfer deep learning models, are tuned to handle a straightforward, accurate real-time detector for the existence of the music beats inside music files with accuracy of 98.5 and 98.4, respectively. Despite the fact that they yield results that are equivalent, the YAMNET model is more suited for use with mobile devices due to its low power consumption and low latency. The article also proposes modified version of VGGish and YAMNET binary classifying models called BW-VGGish and BW-YAMNET respectively. The modification was to turn the binary classification into multi-classification. These multi-classifiers handle the classification of the influence of music beats (five different brain waves) on human brainwave entrainment with average accuracy of 94.5% and 94.5%, respectively. Since there was a lack of datasets addressing this kind of music, two datasets, the Brainwave Entrainment Beats (BWEB) dataset and the Brainwave Music Manipulation (BWMM) dataset, were generated for classification training and testing. The re-testing on a sample of music files that have their impact on brain waves (with their EEG) in an earlier study is done to strengthen the validity of the proposed work and to overcome the potential limitation of utilizing a music dataset that is not proved with its EEG. The success of the suggested models was demonstrated.

Behavioural issues: castration may not be the solution.

Removing the source of reproductive hormones may not be a panacea for unwelcome or unwanted behaviours - in fact, it may compound them.

Peran Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam Dalam Mengembangkan Self-Control Siswa Kelas VIII SMPI At-Tablighiyah Desa Ponjanan Timur Kecamatan Batumarmar, Pamekasan

This study aims to examine and understand more deeply the existence of the role of PAI teachers in developing students' self-control in order to be able to regulate and direct and counteract all forms of behavior that have the potential to bring negative currents that are at odds with the standards of ethical and moral norms in establishing socialized interactions so that they are agile in predicting well at any time obstacle factors arise affecting unwanted intrusive behavior to be faced and align themselves psychologically and physically in actual conditions with the availability of supporting elements in providing understanding of knowledge, appreciation and experience so that students become adolescents who continue to develop in terms of faith and devotion. This research uses a qualitative approach of case study type by involving PAI teachers, 8th grade students and school principals as key informants.Data was gathered through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that efforts in the role of Islamic religious education teachers to develop student self-control through revamping the seating model of innovative learning group discussions, educating with exemplary values, inviting active communication, providing motivation and appreciation, fostering and guiding with a disciplined attitude and establishing cooperation with the principal through giving responsibility to students and providing personal guidance services by utilizing the availability of adequate facilities and infrastructure and the principal's participation in optimizing religious activities through the cooperation of parents in monthly meeting activities to anticipate students who are difficult to work with and lack of parental attention and affection and the influence of mass media is expected to foster good self-control in self-implementation and daily life.