Untreated Oil Research Articles

Large-scale basin testing to simulate realistic oil droplet distributions from subsea release of oil and the effect of subsea dispersant injection

Small-scale experiments performed at SINTEF, Norway in 2011–12 led to the development of a modified Weber scaling algorithm. The algorithm predicts initial oil droplet sizes (d50) from a subsea oil and gas blowout. It was quickly implemented in a high number of operational oil spill models used to predict fate and effect of subsea oil releases both in academia and in the oil industry.This paper presents experimental data from large-scale experiments generating oil droplet data in a more realistic multi-millimeter size range for a subsea blow-out. This new data shows a very high correlation with predictions from the modified Weber scaling algorithm both for untreated oil and oil treated by dispersant injection.This finding is opposed to earlier studies predicting significantly smaller droplets, using a similar approach for estimating droplet sizes, but with calibration coefficients that we mean are not representative of the turbulence present in such releases.

Treated Oil Shale Ashes as a Substitute for Natural Aggregates, Sand, and Cement in Concrete

AbstractOil shales are rocks that contain organic matter and are used as a low‐grade fuel for energy production. The oil shale combustion process produces large quantities of ash as combustion wastes. These residues contain a high concentration of calcium anhydrite (CaSO4) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which can be utilized to neutralize acidic wastes (e. g., wastes from the phosphate industry) .Using untreated oil shale bottom ash as partial substitutes for aggregates, natural sand, and cement in concrete mixtures has resulted in a significantly decreased performance of the concrete mixtures. However, by blending the oil shale with acidic materials, the concrete properties improved, as manifested by the development of compressive strength and the workability of the concrete mixtures. In the current study, it was shown that treatment of the oil shale ash with the acidic waste of the Israeli phosphate industry or with phosphoric acid significantly improves the properties of the concrete mixtures, by partial replacement of the natural aggregates and sand by the treated oil shale ash.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN ABU SABUT KELAPA SAWIT SEBAGAI BAHAN PENAMBAH SEMEN TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN PAVING BLOCK

The research is motivated by the large amount of untreated oil palm industrial waste, with a silica contet. This research was aimed to find the compressive strengh of paving block that use oil palm fiber ash as the added material to cement. This research method was experimental. The paving block making prosess was done in the way which the factory did. The specimens made had a size of 20 cm x 10 cm x 6 cm with a ratio of 1 cement : 3 sand. The variations of the ash addition were consecutively 0%, 2,5%, 5%, 7,5%, 10%, 12,5% and 15% to the volume of cement. The total number of specimens was 35, with 5 pieces for each variation. Water requirement in each mixture referred to SNI 03-6882-2002. Paving block was formed manually, soaked for 12 days, then at the age of 13 days paving block was cut into cubes with 5 cm on each side and tested for compressive strength at the age of 14 days. The results of the average compressive strength of paving block in each variation were consecutively 15,13 MPa, 15,22 MPa, 15,78 MPa, 16,44 Mpa, 16,53 MPa, 13,77 MPa and 10,37 MPa. The highest value of compressive strength occurred on the addition of 10% which was equal to 16,53 MPa (increased by 9,25% from the normal paving block (variation of 0%) and the largest decrease occurred on the variation of 15% (-31,51% from the normal paving block). Keywords : paving block, compressive strength, oil palm fiber ash

Improving the quality of vegetable oils treated with phytochemicals: a comparative study.

In this study, sunflower, corn, peanut and hazelnut oils were investigated according to their oxidative stability and antioxidant activity parameters. The related vegetable oils were treated with gallic acid, rutin and carotenoid. Olive leaf extract having a large variety of phytochemical was also valorized. After the leaf samples were extracted through a homogenizer, they were added into the vegetable oils, respectively. Moreover, synthetic antioxidants were also dissolved into the oils for control reasons. Stability of the vegetable oils against the oxidation was evaluated via Rancimat by measuring induction time. The quality parameters of treated and untreated oil samples were compared depending on phenolic and carotenoid contents, antioxidant activity and induction time.

Optimization of the microwave treatment of linseed for cold-pressing linseed oil - Changes in its chemical and sensory qualities

Response surface methodology was applied to estimate the effects of two independent variables, microwave power and pre-treatment time, of linseed on the cold-pressed linseed oil parameters associated with health and sensory characteristics. Microwave-treated oils had lower amounts of secondary oxidation products (AnV = 0.97–1.47) and antioxidant activity (DPPH = 209.9–315.1 μmol TE/100 g) than those of untreated oil (AnV = 1.37 and DPPH = 353.0 μmol TE/100 g). However, these oils were a richer source of oleic acid and had a higher sensory scores for odour and flavour.The optimal conditions were predicted and the quadratic response surfaces were drawn from the mathematical models in order to ensure the best quality of linseed oils. The pre-treatment of linseed using microwave radiation is a promising technology that can improve the chemical and sensory properties of cold-pressed linseed oils.

Ionic liquid in stabilizing asphaltenes during miscible CO2 injection in high pressure oil reservoir

The potential of ionic liquids to prevent asphaltene precipitation during miscible Carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding was investigated. Asphaltene dispersion tests were performed to compare the effectiveness of commercial inhibitors and the ionic liquids at ambient conditions. Based on the results 1-Butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bromide [BMIM][Br], Ionic Liquid was selected and asphaltene onset pressure (AOP) was determined at high-temperature high-pressure conditions through isothermal depressurization experiments in PVT cell. The effect of CO2, organic solvents and [BMIM][Br] on AOP were documented and correlated with nodal pressure analysis of the reservoir/wells.The results show a 21% decrease in AOP compared to the untreated oil and about 46% decrease when 35 mol% of CO2 is solubilized in oil. [BMIM][Br] is seen to have higher activity when injected in solution with isopropanol-n-heptane compared to direct addition. The application of [BMIM][Br]in miscible CO2 flooded reservoir is found to have good potential in inhibiting asphaltene deposition within the reservoir and near wellbore nodal conditions.

Evaluation of oxidative stability in hazelnut oil treated with several antioxidants: Kinetics and thermodynamics studies

Rancimat accelerated oxidation method was applied in four temperature values (110, 120, 130 and 140 °C) for the evaluation of hazelnut oil kinetics, thermodynamics and quality parameters. Depending on Arrhenius model and activated complex theory, rate constant (k), energy for activation (Ea), enthalpy (ΔH°), entropy (ΔS°) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) of hazelnut oil oxidation were found. Oxidation process in both treated and untreated products was an endothermic, non-spontaneous and endergonic process. The quality indicators of treated and untreated oil samples were also compared depending on phenolic and carotenoid contents, antioxidant activity, peroxide value and induction time. Gallic acid enhanced the shelf-life of the relevant product nearly 3 times over the untreated sample, while total biophenols increased by 77%.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Binderless Particleboard Made from Steam-Pretreated Oil Palm Trunk Particles

Formaldehyde emissions from conventional particleboards raise issues of health and safety. One of the potential solutions is binderless particleboards made without using synthetic adhesives. However, the physical and mechanical properties of untreated binderless particleboards are relatively poor compared to conventional particleboards. This research aims to reveal the potential of using steam pretreatment to improve binderless particleboard properties made from oil palm trunk. The oil palm trunk particles were treated with steam pretreatment for different durations of time (20, 40, 60 min). The chemical constituents of the treated and untreated particles were evaluated. The binderless particleboards were made from treated and untreated particles. In addition, panels using untreated oil palm trunk particles with 10% urea–formaldehyde resin were made and used as a comparison. The boards were evaluated according to European Standards. The results indicated that the hemicellulose and starch content gradually reduced with the progression of steam pretreatment. The physical and mechanical properties were improved by increasing steam pretreatment duration. The steam pretreatment was able to improve the properties of binderless particleboards made from oil palm trunk. However, the performance of steam-pretreated binderless particleboard in this study is not compatible with the particleboards made using 10% urea–formaldehyde.

Non-thermal plasma effects on the lipoxygenase enzyme activity, aroma and phenolic profiles of olive oil

Abstract Effects of non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology on the aroma and phenolic compositions and inactivation of lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme activity of extra virgin olive oil were investigated for the first time. A short non-thermal plasma treatment with pure argon gas (2 standard liters per minute and an average voltage of 7 kV) was applied for 135 s on the olive oil sample. The LOX activity in the NTP treated oil was inhibited up to 42.9% in comparison with untreated oil. Mean values of the peroxides in both samples, expressed in meq oxygen/kg of oil, did not show any statistically significant difference. The values of the antioxidant potentials in the samples proved a mild reduction after NTP treatment. A total of 14 phenols and 31 volatiles were found in both samples with same profile. Although there was a slight difference in the test samples with regard to the concentration of individual phenolic and aroma compounds, this difference was not statistically significant. Therefore, NTP treatment had no statistically significant influence on the antioxidant activity, peroxide value, phenols and volatiles, except LOX activity.

Effect of Microwave Heating on Quality Parameters of Hazelnut, Canola and Corn Oils

This
 study was conducted to determine the effect of microwave heating on the
 turbidity, free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide values (PV), conjugated dienes (K232)
 and trienes (K270) and oxidative induction times (OIT) of hazelnut,
 canola and corn oils. The OIT values were determined via differential scanning
 calorimeter (DSC). Microwave heating was applied to oil samples for 3, 5, 10,
 15, 20 and 30 min. Untreated oil samples were also analysed. The FFA, PV, K232,
 and K270 values of all oil samples increased with an increase in
 microwave heating time while a decrease in the OIT values was detected. Physico-chemical
 parameters as well as thermal measurements were effective in detecting the
 oxidative changes occurring in oils during microwave heating. No changes in oil
 turbidity during microwave heating were determined. Results indicated that
 oxidation changes occurred in all oil samples. Although there was an increase
 in the PV and FFA values of the oils, these values still remained within the
 legal limits required for oils.

Preventive Effect of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Against Oxidation in Soybean Oil

This examination was intended to investigate total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of some extracts (methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous) of lemongrass. The extract with the highest TFC, TPC and antioxidant activity was utilized at various concentrations (0.2 and 0.4%) as a natural source of antioxidants to impede oxidation of soybean oil through storage at 63 °C for 20 days. The ethanolic extract (ET-lemongrass) had higher antioxidant activity than the other extracts of lemongrass. Regarding the oxidative stability of soybean oil, the results demonstrated a significant increase in the acid value (AV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) level and peroxide value (PV). However, the iodine value (IV) was markedly lower in the untreated oil sample than in the samples treated with antioxidants (synthetic and natural). In addition, ET-lemongrass (0.4%) displayed very strong antioxidative activity, which was relatively equal to that of synthetic (TBHQ) and natural antioxidants (ascorbic acid and quercetin).

Application of steam explosion in oil extraction of camellia seed (Camellia oleifera Abel.) and evaluation of its physicochemical properties, fatty acid, and antioxidant activities.

This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of oils extracted from steam‐exploded camellia seed (Camellia oleifera Abel.). Steam pressure, resident time, fatty acid composition, total phenolics, tocopherol, squalene, and sterol contents, and volatile compounds were determined. 1H NMR and FTIR spectra were performed for the structure of camellia seed oil. This study has found the highest yield of oil was 86.56% and was obtained when steam explosion pretreatment was at 1.6 MPa 30 s. Oil extracted by steam explosion pretreatment exhibited favorable physicochemical properties and stronger antioxidant activities compared to untreated oil. The compositions of fatty acid were similar between treated and untreated camellia seed oil. According to the 1H NMR and FTIR analyses, the functional groups of the oils were not significantly affected by the steam explosion pretreatment. Furans such as 2‐pentyl‐furan, 2‐furanmethanol, and 3‐methyl‐furan were produced from stream‐exploded camellia seed. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that steam explosion pretreatment efficiently promoted the release of oil by destroying the cell structure of camellia seed. Therefore, steam explosion can be an effective method for the camellia seed oil extraction.

Rumen characteristics and feed utilization in goats fed with biologically treated oil palm fronds as roughage in a total mixed ration

Six male crossbred (Thai Native x Anglo Nubian) goats, 33.5 ± 1.7 kg body weight (BW), were randomly assigned to a 3 x 3 replicated Latin square design to investigate the effects of fungal-treated oil palm fronds (FTOPF) on feed intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and nitrogen utilization. The treatments were untreated oil palm frond (UOPF; T1), fungal treated oil palm frond (FTOPF; T2) and fungal treated oil palm frond with urea 1% (FTOPFU; T3). The results revealed that voluntary feed intake was not significantly different among treatments, while digestion coefficients of nutrients (DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF) increased significantly with FTOPF. However, the mean ruminal temperature, pH, NH3-N, blood urea-nitrogen and amount of N absorbed and retained were similar among treatments. In conclusion, FTOPF could be included in total mixed rations without any adverse effect on feed intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation efficiency, suggesting that FTOPF could be used potential as an alternative roughage source for ruminants. Keywords : Agricultural by-product, digestibility, fungal treatment, Lentinussajor-caju, small ruminant

Estimation of quality parameters in virgin olive oil treated with olive leaf extract: application of artificial neural networks

In this paper, virgin olive oil was treated by olive leaf extract to increase the quality of the product by means of ultrasound-assisted extraction. A multilayer perceptron layer artificial neural network (MLP-ANN) was applied to model the enrichment process and to estimate the quality parameters such as total biophenols, oleuropein, total carotenoids and peroxide value (PV) in virgin olive oil treated with olive leaf extract. Oxidative stability of the oil was assessed by means of Rancimat, which is an accelerated method for prediction of shelf life based on the measurement of the induction time. Free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) in addition to the mentioned quality parameters of the treated oils was compared to those of pure olive oil. The shelf life of the product was increased by almost 25%, while oleuropein content was doubled in the oil. FRSA of the olive oil was also doubled, whereas PV of the product decreased by ≈ 12% comparing to that of untreated oil. The estimation by MLP-ANN was found satisfactory with 3% of error rate.

Quantification of oil droplets under high pressure laboratory experiments simulating deep water oil releases and subsea dispersants injection (SSDI)

Limited experimental and field data are available describing oil droplet formation from subsea releases at high pressure. There are also analytical challenges quantifying oil droplets over a wide size and concentrations range at high pressure. This study quantified oil droplets released from an orifice in seawater at low and high pressure (5 m and 1750 m depth). Oil droplet sizes were quantified using a newly developed sensor (Silhouette camera or SilCam).The droplet sizes measured during experiments at low and high pressure, using the same release conditions, showed no significant difference as a function of pressure. This lack of a pressure effect on oil droplet sizes was observed for both untreated oil and for droplet formation during subsea dispersant injection or SSDI. This strongly indicates that the effectiveness of SSDI is not influenced by water depth or pressure, at least for simulated subsea releases of oil alone (no gas).

Changes of functional groups and gas species during oil shale pyrolysis with addition of pyrite

ABSTRACTOil shale is a potential substitute fossil fuel for petroleum and gas and has attracted much attention in recent years. This study investigated the pyrolysis characteristics of LongKou oil shale in a horizontal pipe furnace, and the gas production and functional groups in coke when different amounts of pyrite were added. The results showed that the organic matrix was decomposed completely in the optimal conditions (a temperature of 500°C, a gas speed of 300 mL/min and a resident time of 40 min). For aromatic hydrocarbon, substitution can be promoted in the direction of H-decrease by the presence of pyrite. For aliphatics, pyrite will inhibit the condensation of macromolecules causing an increase of aliphatic chain length. For O-containing groups, carboxyl was consumed completely and the ratio of C = O to aromatic carbon was decreased. And for gas products, pyrite can promote the generation of CO2, CO and CH4 on the whole. But it is worth mentioning that when the content of pyrite is suitable (2%), generation of all gases especially CO and CH4 is promoted significantly. Considering the pyrite is an important part in untreated oil shale, the results obtained in this research may be able to provide some useful information for desulfurization and gas production in oil shale retorting.

Improvement of the yield and flavour quality of sesame oil from aqueous extraction process by moisture conditioning before roasting

SummaryThis study was to investigate the effect of conditioning and heat‐treatments on the yield and quality of sesame oil. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to explore the microstructure of sesame cotyledon cells. It was found that cell microstructure and oil body membrane of sesame seeds underwent high‐pressure steaming pretreatment (HPS), roasting pretreatment (RP), moisture‐conditioning plus roasting pretreatment (MRP) was all damaged. All these thermal treatments, especially MRP, contributing to increased oil yield from 45.85 (untreated) to 91.69%. Furthermore, RP or MRP yielded a higher content of sesamol than untreated sesame, whereas sesamin and seasamolin content, fatty acid composition, acid value and peroxide value showed no significant changes (P > 0.05) between heat‐treatments. MRP increased the type and content of volatile compounds, which was beneficial to the strong nut‐like aroma. Additionally, MRP had a positive effect on oxidative oil stability (induction time of 10.80 h) with respect to untreated oil (7.82 h).

Riparian buffers mitigate impacts of oil palm plantations on aquatic macroinvertebrate community structure in tropical streams of Borneo

Southeast Asia is undergoing extensive conversion to oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) monocultures with fast growth expected in West Africa and South America. Despite rapid conversion rates, few tropical studies evaluate land-use change impacts on stream communities, with even fewer studies examining oil palm plantations (OP). In this pioneer study we compare macroinvertebrate community assemblages and their relationships with physico-chemical properties in OP streams bordered by different riparian buffer types to streams in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Our study sites were in increasing levels of riparian disturbance (reduced vegetation density, diversity and structural complexity): (i) Native reference forested sites (NF); (ii) OP streams buffered with patches of natural forest (OPF); (iii) OP streams buffered with untreated oil palm (no chemical application at buffer sites; OPOP); and (iv) OP streams without buffer (OPNB). Macroinvertebrates were collected from leaf litter bags deployed with leaves of varying quality - native Macaranga tanarius and exotic oil palm, and retrieved after 14 days. We found that although invertebrates are typically influenced by resource quality, no differences were detected in their assemblages between the leaf species. All litter bags were dominated by collector-gatherers, with few shredding invertebrates, indicating that they were using the leaves as a habitat rather than a food source. We found no significant differences in macroinvertebrate abundance, richness and sensitive taxa richness (EPT) regardless of the rate of riparian disturbance. However, PERMANOVA showed significant differences between the macroinvertebrate community composition of heavily disturbed OPNB and pristine NF streams. Retaining high quality riparian buffers in OPF streams and lower quality understory in OPOP streams posed intermediate effects on macroinvertebrate community composition. The differences between sites were explained by the increase in nutrients, particularly potassium and phosphorus, stream water temperatures and erosion levels that negatively correlated with macroinvertebrate assemblages in oil palm streams. These findings support the use of riparian buffers in oil palm plantations to mitigate land conversion impacts on macroinvertebrate communities in tropical streams.

Stable sulfur isotope measurements to trace the fate of SO2 in the Athabasca oil sands region

Abstract. Concentrations and δ34S values for SO2 and size-segregated sulfate aerosols were determined for air monitoring station 13 (AMS 13) at Fort MacKay in the Athabasca oil sands region, northeastern Alberta, Canada as part of the Joint Canada-Alberta Implementation Plan for Oil Sands Monitoring (JOSM) campaign from 13 August to 5 September 2013. Sulfate aerosols and SO2 were collected on filters using a high-volume sampler, with 12 or 24 h time intervals. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) enriched in 34S was exhausted by a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) operated at the measurement site and affected isotope samples for a portion of the sampling period. It was realized that this could be a useful tracer and samples collected were divided into two sets. The first set includes periods when the CIMS was not running (CIMS-OFF) and no 34SO2 was emitted. The second set is for periods when the CIMS was running (CIMS-ON) and 34SO2 was expected to affect SO2 and sulfate high-volume filter samples. δ34S values for sulfate aerosols with diameter D>0.49 µm during CIMS-OFF periods (no tracer 34SO2 present) indicate the sulfur isotope characteristics of secondary sulfate in the region. Such aerosols had δ34S values that were isotopically lighter (down to −5.3 ‰) than what was expected according to potential sulfur sources in the Athabasca oil sands region (+3.9 to +11.5 ‰). Lighter δ34S values for larger aerosol size fractions are contrary to expectations for primary unrefined sulfur from untreated oil sands (+6.4 ‰) mixed with secondary sulfate from SO2 oxidation and accompanied by isotope fractionation in gas phase reactions with OH or the aqueous phase by H2O2 or O3. Furthermore, analysis of 34S enhancements of sulfate and SO2 during CIMS-ON periods indicated rapid oxidation of SO2 from this local source at ground level on the surface of aerosols before reaching the high-volume sampler or on the collected aerosols on the filters in the high-volume sampler. Anti-correlations between δ34S values of dominantly secondary sulfate aerosols with D< 0.49 µm and the concentrations of Fe and Mn (r = −0.80 and r = −0.76, respectively) were observed, suggesting that SO2 was oxidized by a transition metal ion (TMI) catalyzed pathway involving O2 and Fe3+ and/or Mn2+, an oxidation pathway known to favor lighter sulfur isotopes. Correlations between SO2 to sulfate conversion ratio (F(s)) and the concentrations of α-pinene (r = 0.85), β-pinene (r = 0.87), and limonene (r = 0.82) during daytime suggests that SO2 oxidation by Criegee biradicals may be a potential oxidation pathway in the study region.

Effect of Moisture and Heat Treatment of Corn Germ on Oil Quality

AbstractThe changes in the quality of crude corn oil caused by moisture and two different thermal pretreatments (oven heating and steam heating) of wet‐milled corn germ were evaluated and compared with those of untreated oil. Increasing the moisture content of the corn germ from 8 to 25% before oil extraction increased the acid value (AV) (3.02–4.01 mg KOH g−1), peroxide value (PV) (0.52–1.05 meq kg−1), and the red value (7.3–8.7) and decreased the content of total tocopherols by 37% and that of γ‐tocopherols by 31%. Oven heating tended to decrease the AV and PV while steam heating significantly increased the total and individual tocopherol contents (P < 0.05). The different moisture contents and thermal pretreatments of corn germ caused no significant differences in the fatty acid composition and the contents of total and individual phytosterols of the crude oils. The γ‐tocopherol contents were found to be highly correlated with the red values (the corresponding R2 reached 0.9977 and 0.9089 for moisture and heat pretreatments, respectively).