Polyester Research Articles

Can water mites’ parasitism influence the number of microplastics ingested by aquatic insects?

Microplastic pollution endangers both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Their spread across the food chain also endangers human health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can be viewed as the final barrier between microplastics and the environment. In addition, it is well-known that water mites are abundant parasites in aquatic ecosystems, and nearly all insect orders with aquatic stages are considered potential hosts for at least one water mite species. However, no studies have been conducted to test the direct and indirect effects of parasites on population dynamics in freshwater ecosystems or the role of predators in shaping the behavior and life histories of aquatic organisms. Thus, this work aimed to study the seasonal abundance, distribution, composition, and risk assessment of MPs in surface water, aquatic insects (Coroxide and Notonectidae), and for the first time, water mites (Hydrachnidiae), as well as the effect of water mites’ parasitism on the number of MPs ingested by aquatic insects in two of the most polluted wastewater sites (S1 and S2) in Sohag Governorate, Egypt. The two wastewater sites receive different wastewater inputs (domestic and industrial). The results showed that the MPs abundance in surface water was higher in S2 than in S1 during the four seasons of the year, where the microplastic abundance in surface water was 2.05 ± 0.79 and 3.01 ± 0.9 particles/L in S1 and S2, respectively. Also, MPs were significantly higher in S2 in two insect taxa (Corixidae and Notonectidae) that are known to be infected by water mites. In contrast, the number of MPs was lower in S1, where water mites were absent. In addition, our results showed that adult water mites accumulated MPs. Overall, the 500–2000 µm size range was the most prevalent for both wastewater sites. Fibers were the most common MP morphotype discovered, followed by fragments. The dominant colors of MP were blue, red, and black. Furthermore, FTIR spectroscopy revealed the existence of three distinct polymers, namely polyester (PES), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene (PE). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effect of water mites’ parasitism on the number of MPs ingested by aquatic organisms. However, Further research is needed to confirm our suggestion.

Optimization, Sodium Hydroxide and Plantain Fibres: Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Composites for Transtibial Prosthetic Socket

Low mechanical behaviors of natural fibres in the reinforcement of polymer composites have remain an issue of concern. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of NaOH treatment on the mechanical properties of plantain fiber for the transtibial prosthetic sockets made of polyester resin. Plantain fiber was extracted from the plantain bast using water retting techniques. The fibres were modified using alkaline treatment method of 5 – 25% for variable time of 30 to 150 minutes. It was optimized using 3-level Factorial design (3-LCD) of response surface methodology based on tensile properties of treated fibres. The polyester composites of plantain and glass fibers were prepared using hand-layup techniques. Instron Universal testing machine-3369 model was used to determine the tensile and impact properties of fibers and polyester composites. Rockwell hardness tester-RBHT/S-39 model was used to determine the hardness property. The optimum process conditions of 5 % NaOH for 119 minutes improved plantain fiber tensile strength, modulus, strain, energy, and extension by improved by 102.03, 208.07, 9.70, 210.52 and 205.73 %, respectively. The ultimate tensile strength and modulus was obtained at 10 and 12.5% fiber loading. The hardness and impact strength of NaOH modified unsaturated polyester composites was marginally more than 3.51 and 10.69% of glass fiber reinforced unsaturated composites, respectively, at 12.5% fiber loading. FTIR analysis revealed the improvement in mechanical properties. Thus, NaOH modified plantain fiber unsaturated polyester composites serves as a better alternative for making transtibial prosthetic socket.

Development of a laparoscopic sigmoidectomy simulator: Sigmaster.

The sigmoid colon simulator was designed to accurately reproduce the anatomical layer structure and the arrangement of characteristic organs in each layer, and to have conductivity so that energy devices can be used. Dry polyester fibers were used to reproduce the layered structures, which included characteristic blood vessels, nerve sheaths, and intestinal tracts. The adhesive strength of the layers was controlled to allow realistic peeling techniques. The features of the Sigmaster are illustrated through a comparison of simulated sigmoidectomy using Sigmaster and actual surgery. We developed a laparoscopic sigmoidectomy simulator called Sigmaster. Sigmaster is a training device that closely reproduces the membrane structures of the human body and allows surgeons to experience the entire laparoscopic sigmoidectomy process.

Microplastic in an apex predator: evidence from Barn owl (Tyto alba) pellets in two sites with different levels of anthropization.

Plastic pollution in terrestrial and freshwater environments and its accumulation along food chains has been poorly studied in birds. The Barn owl (Tyto alba) is an opportunistic and nocturnal apex predator feeding mostly on small mammals. In this note, we reported evidence of microplastics (MPs) contamination in Barn owl pellets collected, for the first time, in two sites with different levels of anthropization (low: natural landscape mosaic vs. high extensive croplands). The following polymers have been recorded: polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), expanded polyester (EPS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyester (PL), viscose, and starch-based biopolymer. We found significant higher MPs frequency in the most anthropized site. Our results suggest that pellet' analysis may represent a cost-effective method for monitoring MP contamination along food chains in terrestrial ecosystems.

Characterization of Microplastic Surface Bacterial Community Structure and Prediction of Ecological Risk in Poyang Lake, China

In recent years, the environmental pollution of microplastics in Poyang Lake has received increasing attention. Baisha Lake of Poyang Lake was selected as the study area, and samples of water and sediments of Baisha Lake and the microplastics therein were collected, and the polymer types of microplastics were identified as polyethylene (PE), polyester (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) using Fourier infrared spectroscopy. We also analyzed the structural composition of bacterial communities in water, in sediments, and on microplastic surfaces using 16S high-throughput sequencing. The species richness and diversity of bacteria on the microplastic surfaces were lower than those in the surrounding water and sediments. The results of NMDS analysis showed that the bacterial community structures on the microplastic surfaces differed greatly from those in the surrounding sediments and water. The bacterial community composition in water and sediment differed from that on the microplastic surfaces, and the dominant bacterial phyla on the microplastic surfaces were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota, and their relative abundance on the microplastic surfaces was higher than that in sediment. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was higher than that in water. The relative abundances of Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota were significantly lower than that of water. Massilia and Pseudomonas were the dominant genera on the microplastic surfaces, and their relative abundances were significantly higher than those in the surrounding water and sediments. BugBase phenotype prediction revealed that the relative abundance of contains mobile elements, biofilm formation, potential pathogenicity, and stress tolerance phenotypes of microplastic bacterial communities were significantly higher than those of the surrounding water and sediments. The results revealed that microplastics may have contributed to the spread of harmful bacteria, including pathogenic bacteria, and increased the potential pathogenicity of bacterial communities. Additionally, microplastic surface bacterial communities had higher phenotypes of mobile gene element content. Revealing the potential harm of microplastic pollution to wetland ecology at the micro level may provide a scientific reference for maintaining the ecological stability of wetlands.

Enhancing Sustainability in Unsaturated Polyester Resin: A Way to Use Biobased Curing Agents for Reduced Styrene Content and Improved Recyclability Properties

Enhancing Sustainability in Unsaturated Polyester Resin: A Way to Use Biobased Curing Agents for Reduced Styrene Content and Improved Recyclability Properties

Transformation of polyester fibre microplastics by sulfate based advanced oxidation processes

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a potential solution to microplastics (MPs) polluted wastewater but incomplete degradation can result in the formation of smaller fragments with altered surface chemistry. In this work, the impact of sulfate based oxidation on polyester MPs was investigated. Light, heat and ultrasound activation of persulfate resulted in varied degrees of mass loss and surface degradation, as probed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Ultrasonic activation of persulfate resulted in significantly increased fragmentation and formation of smaller microplastic fibrils. Optimised UVC/peroxydisulfate (UVC/PDS) treatment (31.8 mW cm−2, 500 mg L−1) resulted in an 18.5% mass loss over 9 h with clear surface pitting and cracking. Extended treatment under these conditions for 24 h did not result in significantly increased mass loss but did cause an increased degree of surface degradation and increased roughness, indicating that incomplete mineralisation is likely in wastewater systems accompanied by MP transformation. The influence of a real laundry wastewater matrix was also studied and a decreased rate of mass loss was observed due to competing radical reactions with the organic content of the wastewater. Results advance understanding and therefore contribute to mitigating water pollution by MPs, since their physical and chemical transformation in real water treatment systems substantially affects the interaction with organic contaminants and changes the potential environmental risk of MPs.

Development of dual-core spun yarn using different fiber as a core by hamel twisting (elasto twist) technique and its impact on the denim fabric performance

Textile industries constantly explore innovative methods to increase fabric and yarn properties meeting multiple consumer demands and yarns (dual core) especially those incorporating an elastic core have obtained concentration for their potential in producing fabrics with improved stretch and recovery properties. This study focuses on the manufacturing of yarns (double core) using Hamel Twisting (Elasto twist) techniques utilizing core materials wrapped with 'S' and 'Z' directions such as polytrimethylene terephthalate/polyethylene terephthalate (T400®), PBT (Polybutylene terephthalate), PES (Polyester) and elastane (Lycra®). The yarns are manufactured utilizing an adjusted spinning technique (ring) and the work focuses on core materials wrapped with 'S' and 'Z' direction to the dual-core spun yarns using the Hamel Twisting (Elasto twist) method and also includes the manufacturing of denim fabrics (3/1 ‘Z’ twill) utilizing the developed yarn as weft. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of yarn properties, including unevenness, strength, neps (+200), elongation, thick place (+50), hairiness, and thin place (−50), and subsequently evaluates the fabric properties, such as weight (dry and washed), elasticity %, tensile strength, growth %, tearing strength, stiffness, and shrinkage. The statistical analysis utilizes Two-way ANOVA to examine the significant variations in fabric and yarn characteristics among several core components and their wrapped directions. The findings present an understanding of the performance of yarns (double core) manufactured through the elasto twist method, offering precious insights for applications in multiple textile products, including denim fabrics.

Hybridization of woven kenaf and unidirectional glass fibre roving for unsaturated polyester composite

This is a study on the mechanical properties of kenaf/glass-reinforced polyester composites intended for use in structural profiles with a wall thickness by max. 6 mm. Mechanical properties such as tensile, compression, bending and interlaminar shear stress were investigated by comparing the hybrid variants with the pure fibreglass variant. According to the study, woven kenaf/unidirectional glass roving (WK/UG) alternate recorded the highest tensile properties among hybrid samples. It demonstrated a decrement of about 8.2% of the tensile strength (404.54 MPa) and 10.7% of tensile modulus (24.54 GPa) compared to conventional fibreglass samples. Alternating WK/UG samples demonstrated higher compressive strength (417.15 MPa) compared to other hybrid specimens, recording a slight decrease at 6.09% compared to pure fibreglass composites. The highest bending properties were also observed in hybrid alternate WK/UG samples among other hybrid laminates with only a decrement of 4.13% in modulus of rupture (456.33 MPa) and 1.9% in modulus of elasticity (14.49 GPa) when compared to the control specimen. The ILSS of hybrid composites 2WK/3UG/2WK (30.97 MPa) and WK/UG alternate (34.90 MPa) showed good agreement with the pure fibreglass (42.33 MPa) composites. Using SEM images, tensile fractured specimens were examined to comprehend composites’ failure mechanism and interfacial adhesion. Overall, woven kenaf/unidirectional glass roving alternate sequence is chosen as a potential alternative in developing structural profiles for moderate load-bearing structural applications. In contrast, 3WK/UG/3WK with a higher kenaf to glass ratio demonstrate potential in low load-bearing structural profile applications.Graphical abstract

Janus outdoor protective clothing with unidirectional moisture transfer, antibacterial, and mosquito repellent properties

Personal protective clothing with versatile and durable features is highly desirable for daily and specific environmental scenarios. Especially for outdoor workers or sports enthusiasts, prolonged outdoor exposure requires their clothing to be more functional to cope with a wide range of situations, such as heat stress in summer, odor generation after sweating, and mosquito bites. These not only reduce the wearing comfort of clothing, but also bring potential heat stroke, skin infections and diseases brought by mosquitoes. Currently, most outdoor protective clothes focus on a single function, such as waterproofing and UV protection and are not able to cope with the demand of multiple protections. In this paper, we developed permethrin-containing triblock cationic polymers (PTCPs) that can multi-functionalize outdoor clothing. Benefiting from their high affinity to polyester fibers, PTCP modified polyester yarns were obtained by an aqueous based finishing process. After that, a scalable machine-knitting fabrication technique is employed to fabricate Janus outdoor protective clothes (Janus-OPC). The as-prepared Janus-OPC exhibited excellent one-way moisture transfer properties (forward cumulative one-way transfer index (OWTI) of 924.23%, and backward OWTI of −690.52%), antimicrobial properties (97.73% and 99.72% against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively), and mosquito repellent properties (repelling rate of 76.19%). Moreover, the protective performance of the Janus-OPC was maintained after 50 times of equivalent home laundering cycles. This multifunctional protective clothing opens up a new direction for the next-generation outdoor wear.

Atomization deposition fabricating angle-independent structural colored fabrics with outstanding stability, hydrophobicity, flexibility and breathability

Structural colored fabrics based on colloidal photonic crystals (CPCs) have attracted increasing concerns benefitting from the fadeless and environmental-friendly properties, which might promote the revolution of traditional textile printing and dyeing industry. However, enhancing the structural stability of CPCs on fabrics in a high efficiency and easy-to-perform manner still remains challenges. Here, we constructed novel brilliant angle-independent structural colored fabrics through atomization deposition fabricating poly(hexafluorobutyl acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (poly(HFBA-co-GMA)) CPCs on polyester (PET) fabrics. On the one hand, the hexafluorobutyl groups on poly(HFBA-co-GMA) colloidal microspheres endow the fabrics with excellent hydrophobicity. On the other hand, the hexafluorobutyl groups are able to generate strong hydrogen bonding interactions with carboxyl groups on PET fabrics, providing the structural colored fabrics with outstanding structural stability. Moreover, excellent flexibility, outstanding breathability, patterning and large-scale production of structural colored fabrics were also realized. This work offers a brand-new fashion towards manufacturing high performance structural colored fabrics, which might hold the potential in industrial eco-friendly coloration technology.

Textile sorption and release of odorous volatile organic compounds from a synthetic sweat solution

Body odorants typically transfer to clothing fabrics by way of liquid sweat, yet investigations of odor retention in textiles often neglect this route of exposure in their test procedures. This paper describes a novel method for transferring selected odorous volatile organic compounds to six types of textile fibers in yarn bundle form by an aqueous sweat solution. Headspace volatile organic compounds varying by chemical class (ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids) were monitored at discrete time intervals (30 min, 3 h, 24 h) using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. Lower intensities of ketones and aldehydes were detected in the headspace above cellulosic fibers (cotton, mercerized cotton, viscose) than above wool, nylon, and polyester fibers at 30 min. A rapid decrease in ketones occurred for all fibers, but lower intensities of ketones were released after 3 h for cellulosic and wool fibers. Nylon fibers typically released the highest amounts of ketones and aldehydes at 30 min, but by 24 h higher intensities of these compounds were released from polyester. Carboxylic acids exhibited minimal differences in intensities between 30 min and 3 h, with few differences evident among fiber types. Understanding the preferential sorption of odorants when clothing is exposed to volatile organic compounds in aqueous solutions such as sweat is enhanced from the results of this investigation.

Impact of terephthalic acid emissions from intensive nocturnal biomass incineration on oxidative potential in Seoul, South Korea

This study investigated the impact of large-scale incineration facilities on PM2.5 levels in Seoul during winter. Due to the challenge of obtaining accurate combustion data from external sources, heat supply records were used as a proxy for combustion activity. To assess health risks, dithiothreitol-oxidative potential (DTT-OP) was analyzed to identify potential hazards to human health. By comparing DTT-OP with PM2.5 sources related to combustion, the study aimed to understand the impact of local pollution sources on human health in Seoul. The diurnal analysis showed that oxidative potential (0.19 μM/m3) and the biomass burning factor (5.53 μg/m3) peaked between 4:00 and 8:00 AM, with lower levels observed from 12:00 to 20:00. A significant correlation was found between combustion sources and oxidative potential, with a high correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.92). The presence of terephthalic acid (TPA) in the Cellulose combustion source profile, which is produced by the pyrolysis of plastics like polyester fiber and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), further supported the link to emissions from incineration facilities. These findings suggest that the biomass burning source is strongly correlated with DTT-OP, indicating a significant association with health risks among various local sources of PM2.5 in Seoul.

The Compressive Strength of Unsaturated polyester reinforced by natural and synthetic Calcium Carbonate

A modifications on the ultimate compression strength of unsaturated polyester (UPE) carrying out, by adding nano Chicken eggshells fibers (E.S) as a natural source of calcium carbonate or synthetic nano calcium carbonate particles (CaCO3) in different weight percentages ranging from (1-5%). The ratio (1% eggshell fibers) and (3% CaCO3) are the best weight ratios that selected according to ultimate compressive strength of Unsaturated Polyester composites. Ultamite compressive strength was improved from (73.84 N/mm2) for UPE to (85.54 N/mm2) for (UPE/1% E.S) composite and to higher value (87.88 N/mm2) for (UPE/3%CaCO3) composite. The partictes with nano-sized of titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used to reinforce the two best composites, to get more improvement in there ultamite compressive strength to reach to (94.27 N/mm2) for (UPE/1%E.S) and to (100.18 N/mm2) for (UPE/3%CaCO3) composites.

Effects of heat treatments and cross‐linking on the crystal structure and torsional properties of polyester fibers

AbstractArtificial muscles have attracted great attention as actuators and coiled and twisted monofilament actuators are considered the most promising ones. In the present work, the torsional properties of poly(hexamethylene adipamide) (PA66), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and high‐strength PET (HTPET) monofilaments were investigated. Furthermore, cross‐linked PET (CPET) monofilaments were melt‐spun by adding 1 wt% of 2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone (ultraviolet (UV) initiator) and triallyl iso‐cyanurate (cross‐linking agent) in PET chips under UV radiation. The HTPET monofilaments had the highest torsional modulus of 1.1 GPa followed by the PET (0.8 GPa) and PA66 (0.6 GPa) monofilaments. Subsequently, the HTPET monofilaments were subjected to heat treatments under tension. When the heat treatment time was 10 min, the mechanical properties of the HTPET monofilaments also tended to first increase and then decrease with the rise of heat treatment temperature. The molecular arrangement and crystal structure of the HTPET monofilaments were gradually improved with the prolongation of tension heat treatment. The tensile strength and initial modulus of the HTPET monofilaments were 871.4 MPa and 15.8 GPa, respectively. The mechanical properties of the CPET monofilaments first increased and then decreased with the increase of the drawing ratio. When the drawing ratio was 10, the CPET monofilament had a tensile strength of 717.2 MPa, an initial modulus of 16.7 GPa, and a maximum torsional modulus of 1.3 GPa. Therefore, both heat treatment and cross‐linking increased the mechanical strength of the PET monofilaments. CPET and HTPET are possible to be used as artificial muscles.

Investigation of mechanical properties and self‐healing efficiency of carbon fibers composites infused with unsaturated polyester vitrimer

AbstractUnsaturated polyester resins (UPR) are widely in composite manufacturing, particularly in the energy, wind, and construction sectors. When these composites sustain damage, defects or cracks, several methodologies are employed to heal and repair them to extend their lifespan while reducing environmental impacts. In this work, the use of vitrimeric UPR (UPRv) as a matrix for carbon fiber composite, was investigated in terms of healing efficiency by mechanical and thermal properties. Flexural and interlaminar shear strength tests revealed healing efficiencies exceeding 40% and 90%, respectively. These results were attributed to the transesterification exchange occurring within the crosslinked networks of UPRv. As described in our previous work, the incorporation of “Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs)” enables the conversion of commercial thermoset (UPR) into vitrimeric resins, thereby providing reprocessing and healing capabilities. Furthermore, a comparison between pristine and healed composites with Mode I DCB and Mode II ENF tests, confirm how the introduction of vitrimer in composite facilitates the manufacturing of a self‐healing product, with a significant recovery of the original properties.Highlights Application of a previous synthetized vitrimeric unsaturated polyester resin (UPRv)—fabrication of CF's composites reinforced with UPRv—investigation of the self‐healing property of the developed laminates—potential application as green and sustainable composites.

Comparative Study of Gypsum Composite Materials Reinforced with Date Palm and Polyester Fibres

Comparative Study of Gypsum Composite Materials Reinforced with Date Palm and Polyester Fibres

A Review of the Studies on the Effect of Different Additives on the Fatigue Behavior of Asphalt Mixtures

The fatigue phenomenon significantly weakens road pavement due to repeated reloading. To enhance fatigue resistance, numerous studies have explored various additives in asphalt mixtures. This review focuses on key variables influencing the effectiveness of additives, including fibers, polymers, nanomaterials, waste materials, and biomaterials, in improving the fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures. The study initially identifies different additives and fatigue testing methods used for asphalt mixtures. It evaluates the impact of factors such as modifier content and size, base asphalt binder type, mixing processes, dispersion behavior, and testing conditions on the fatigue behavior of modified asphalt mixtures. The cost-effectiveness and environmental impact of additive application have also been assessed. Additionally, research gaps and future prospects for modified asphalt mixes are outlined. Existing studies demonstrate the benefits of additives like basalt fiber, polyester fiber, styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS), nanosilica, crumb rubber, and biooils in enhancing the fatigue life of pavement constructions. However, challenges exist in the application of modifiers due to limited practical implications and insufficient knowledge. Further research is needed on factors such as additives’ dispersity, compatibility, aging resistance, economic viability, and modifying mechanisms in morphological and micromechanical aspects to enhance the fatigue performance of the modified asphalt mixture.

Numerical simulation of multi-material hybrid lines for offshore mooring

In the last decades, great attention is being given to the development and improvement of station-keeping systems of offshore structures, such as wind turbines, energy converters, and platforms. In deep- and ultra-deepwaters installations, the use of synthetic, light-weight materials in lieu of chains and wire ropes is almost mandatory because of the deadweight of the entire mooring system. Several materials are useful for such purpose, such as polyester (PET), aramid, high modulus polyethylene (HMPE), and polyamide. However, since each material has its own advantages and disadvantages, an alternative is to design multi-material lines, with inserts of different materials aligned in series in one complete single line. In this sense, numerical tools are of utmost importance to the simulation of the behavior of the ropes in service conditions, and the quality of the results depend on the accurate definition of material properties. Here, we propose a constitutive framework for the finite element simulation of multi-material mooring ropes and test it to five configurations of multifilament samples combining PET and HMPE. We show that the model is capable of simulating the mechanical behavior of all configurations with a single set of constitutive parameters.

Optimisation of cationic dye dyeing process of Porel fabrics using response surface methodology

AbstractPolyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibre, widely utilised across diverse industries, suffers from inherent drawbacks such as inadequate moisture absorption, limited hydrophilicity, and susceptibility to static electricity. To address these limitations, Porel fibre has emerged as a novel modified polyester fibre that incorporates flexible aliphatic polyester into its macromolecular chain. This innovative design not only overcomes the deficiencies of PET fibre but also enables it to be dyed using cationic dyes or disperse dyes under atmospheric pressure conditions. However, the investigation of the dyeing process of cationic dyes on Porel textiles remains relatively scarce. In this work, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise the dyeing process of Porel fabrics with C.I. Basic Blue 162. The effects of dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and dye concentration on exhaustion percentage and colour strength (K/S value) were investigated using the Central Composite Design (CCD) method. The optimal dyeing process condition was as follows: a dyeing temperature of 96°C, a dyeing time of 51 min, a dye concentration of 3.6% owf, a dye solution pH value of 4–5, and a liquor ratio of 1:20. Under the optimal dyeing process conditions, the Porel fabrics achieved an exhaustion percentage of 96.2% and a K/S value of 36.0. The aforementioned efforts endow Porel fibre with high‐quality dyeing capabilities and broaden the application prospects of polyester textiles.