Unsaturated Fatty Acid Content Research Articles

Aqueous enzymatic extraction of macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) pulp oil: A green and sustainable approach for high-quality oil production

Aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) of macauba pulp oil (MPO) was performed in this study with five commercial enzymatic pools. The chemical, nutritional, and thermal properties of the oils with high oil efficiency by AEE were evaluated and compared with mechanical pressing (MP) and organic solvent extraction (SE). Among the AEE processes, the pectinase pool (at pH 5.5 and 50 °C) exhibited the highest process efficiency (88.6 %). The oils presented low acidity values (0.4–3.1 %) and low molar absorptivities, indicating minimal oil degradation. Bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, were found in MPO. The iodine index and the fatty acid profile of the oils revealed a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic and linoleic acids, with excellent nutritional scores, as evidenced by anti-atherogenicity and anti-thrombogenicity indices. These findings emphasized that AEE is an eco-friendly approach for extracting high-quality MPO with beneficial health compounds for food products.

Herbage accumulation, nutritive value, and fatty acid profile of bermudagrass cultivars grown in different latitudes

AbstractThe geographical distribution of bermudagrass cultivars is limited by freezing events (<0°C), commonly associated with higher latitudes in the northern hemisphere. The lipid composition in the plant cell membranes is critical to promote persistence under freezing conditions. This study evaluated herbage accumulation (HA), nutritive value, and lipid biosynthesis of different bermudagrass cultivars in Ona, FL (27°26' N 82°55' W) and Marianna, FL (30o52' N 85o11' W), in 2 years. Treatments were five bermudagrass cultivars (Coastal, Tifton 44, Tifton 85, Jiggs, and Mislevy) distributed in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. HA was greater in Marianna than in Ona for all cultivars (p < 0.05). Mislevy and Jiggs had greater HA in Marianna than the others (p < 0.05), while all cultivars were similar in Ona (p > 0.05). There was no difference between locations or among the cultivars for crude protein and neutral detergent fibre, but bermudagrass cultivars had greater in vitro digestibility of organic matter (IVDOM) in Marianna than in Ona (p < 0.05). The concentration of unsaturated fatty acids increased in the northern latitude (Marianna; p < 0.05). Coastal had greater unsaturated fatty acid concentration than other cultivars (p < 0.05). Geographical location affects HA, IVDOM, and unsaturated fatty acid concentration of bermudagrass cultivars. The unsaturated fatty acid concentration plays a key role in acclimating bermudagrass to different thermal environments. Coastal showed great potential to tolerate chilling stress in Florida. Further studies may be developed to identify promising molecular markers for cold tolerance in bermudagrass.

Food waste upcycling via microalgal adaptive evolution for lipids and fatty acids enhancement towards circular bioeconomy

Disposal of food waste (FW) has become a significant problem that exacerbates the economy, environment and climate due to its rich nutrient content, thereby implying the necessity to upcycle FW by biotechnology means in a sustainable manner. Employing photosynthetic microalgae to FW upcycling hold great potential to simultaneously remediate the FW and to biosynthesize novel commodity metabolites. However, effective nutrient utilization of FW and metabolite overproduction by native algae is inadequate, and thus further development of strain and strategy is warranted to achieve a circular bioeconomy. Here, the marine Nannochloropsis oceanica was improved by adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) under low salt conditions for enhanced lipid and uncompromised growth features. Then, FW hydrolysate (FWH) was used as the carbon source to facilitate the mixotrophic cultivation of N. oceanica. Results showed that the biomass of scrutinized evolved cells (ALE70) resulted in enhanced biomass production of 830 mg/l using FWH. Interestingly, ALE70 strains accumulate lipids up to 49 % of total cell dry weight, which was 1.5-fold higher than the WT cells cultivated in FWH. Importantly, FAME analysis by GC–MS showed that FWH provision to the ALE70 strains resulted in notable fatty acid alteration, enriched explicitly with unsaturated fatty acid and EPA content was hiked by 32 % of FAME. Altogether, these findings demonstrated a potential duplex strategy by employing the evolved strains to upcycle the food waste for valuable metabolite biosynthesis effectively and also offer promising insights into algal-associated food waste valorization towards circular bioeconomy.

Biometry, Growth, and Recruitment Pattern of a Commercially Important Nereid polychaete, Namalycastis fauveli, from the East Coast of Bangladesh

Certain benthic polychaetes, such as species within the genus Namalycastis, are employed in the diet of gravid shrimps in aquaculture due to their amino acids and highly unsaturated fatty acid content, enhancing the quality of gravid shrimp. Despite its importance in the rapidly developing shrimp culture industry, the population parameters of this economically valuable species are unknown. Therefore, the present study examines the population parameters of Namalycastis fauveli to assess its occurrence, growth, recruitment, exploitation level, and stock status in Bangladesh. Monthly samplings of N. fauveli and environmental variables were collected from five sites of the Cox’s Bazar coast using a square-shaped mud corer with a 0.093 m2 (or 1.0 ft2) mouth opening from August 2020 to July 2021 to measure or estimate. Within the 8.0–30.0 cm depth range of the intertidal zone, polychaete samples were collected from the sediment. The results showed negative allometric growth (b < 3), but there was a significant L–W relationship (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.43 to 0.94). The estimated L∝, K, and ϕ were 22.05 cm, 0.99 year−1, and 2.69, respectively, while total mortality (Z) was 4.56 year−1. It was calculated that the fishing mortality and capture probability proportionally increased with the total length at a certain age. Recruitment mostly occurred in October and March, and temperature had a greater impact than salinity. The evaluated exploitation level (E = 0.57) indicated that the stock was overexploited. Thus, the above results provide some valuable information for shrimp farmers and stakeholders, as well as for policymakers in the move towards restoration, species conservation, and efficient management of N. fauveli natural stocks.

Effect of Different Edible Trichosanthes Germplasm on Its Seed Oil to Enhance Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Activity in Caenorhabditis elegans

The seeds of various Trichosanthes L. plants have been frequently used as snacks instead of for traditional medicinal purposes in China. However, there is still a need to identify the species based on seeds from Trichosanthes germplasm for the potential biological activities of their seed oil. In this study, 18 edible Trichosanthes germplasm from three species were identified and distinguished at a species level using a combination of seed morphological and microscopic characteristics and nrDNA-ITS sequences. Seed oil from the edible Trichosanthes germplasm significantly enhanced oxidative stress tolerance, extended lifespan, delayed aging, and improved healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans. The antioxidant activity of the seed oil exhibits a significant positive correlation with its total unsaturated fatty acid content among the 18 edible Trichosanthes germplasm, suggesting a genetic basis for this trait. The biological activities of seed oil varied among species, with T. kirilowii Maxim. and T. rosthornii Harms showing stronger effects than T. laceribractea Hayata.

Rumen degradable protein levels on fatty acid profile of rumen bacteria and milk fat of dairy cows supplemented with calcium salts of fatty acids.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) from soybean oil in diets with different levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP) on bio-hydrogenation extent, and fatty acid (FA) profile intake, omasal digesta, rumen bacteria, and milk fat. Eight Holstein lactating cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with two CSFA levels (0 or 33.2g/kg DM of CSFA) and two RDP levels (98.0 or 110 g/kg DM). There was RDP and CSFA interaction effect on the omasal flow of total FA and some specific FA. Only in -CSFA diets, the higher RDP level increased omasal flow of total FA. Dietary RDP levels did not affect the FA profile of bacteria and milk fat. Feeding CSFA reduced or tended to reduce the bacterial proportion of C15:0, C16:0, C16:1, C17:0, and C18:0 FA and decreased the concentrations of short- and medium-chain FA (<18C) and increased the concentrations of unsaturated and long-chain FA (≥18C) in milk fat. Feeding CSFA of soybean oil increases the intake and omasal flow of FA and augments unsaturated FA content in bacteria pellets and milk fat.

Combined of plasma-activated water and dielectric barrier discharge atmospheric cold plasma treatment improves the characteristic flavor of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) through facilitating lipid oxidation

To explore the combination effects of plasma-activated water and dielectric barrier discharge (PAW-DBD) cold plasma treatment on the formation of volatile flavor and lipid oxidation in Asian sea bass (ASB), the volatile flavor compounds and lipid profiles were characterized by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry and LC-MS-based lipidomics analyses. In total, 38 volatile flavor compound types were identified, and the PAW-DBD group showed the most kinds of volatile components with a significant (p < 0.05) higher content in aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols. A total of 1500 lipids was detected in lipidomics analysis, phosphatidylcholine was the most followed by triglyceride. The total saturated fatty acids content in PAW-DBD group increased by 105.02 μg/g, while the total content of unsaturated fatty acids decreased by 275.36 μg/g. It can be concluded that the PAW-DBD processing increased both the types and amounts of the volatile flavor in ASB and promoted lipid oxidation by altering lipid profiles.

Analysis of genes specific to the early maturation stage of Sesamum indicum seeds by subtraction method*,*.

The mechanisms regulating the content ratio of unsaturated fatty acid in sesame oil need to be clarified in order to breed novel varieties with high contents of unsaturated fatty acids. Full-length cDNA libraries prepared from sesame seeds 1 to 3 weeks after flowering were subtracted with cDNAs from plantlets of 4 weeks after germination. A total of 1545 cDNA clones was sequenced. The functions of novel genes expressed specifically during the early maturation of sesame seeds were investigated by the transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. Thirteen genes for a transcription factor were identified, four of which were involved in ethylene signaling. Fifty-nine genes, including those for the aquaporin-like protein and ethylene response factor, were analyzed by overexpression in A. thaliana. The overexpression of novel genes and the aquaporin-like protein gene in A. thaliana increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids. The localization of these products was investigated by the induction of the expression vectors for the GFP fusion protein into onion epidermal cells and sesame root cells with a particle gun. As a result, two cDNA clones were identified as good candidate genes to clarify the regulation in the yield and the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids in sesame seeds. Sein60414 (Accession No. LC603128), an intrinsic membrane protein, may be involved in the increase of unsaturated fatty acids, and Sein61074 (Accession No. LC709278) MAP3K δ-1 protein kinase in the regulation of the total ratio of unsaturated fatty acids in sesame seeds.

Study on Ways to Improve the Quality of Black Goat Meat Jerky and Reduce Goaty Flavor through Various Spices.

In this study, we analyzed the physicochemical and sensory properties of black goat jerky marinated with various spices (non-spice, control; rosemary, RO; basil, BA; ginger, GI; turmeric, TU; and garlic, GA). The physicochemical properties of black goat jerky analyzed were pH, water holding capacity, color, cooking yield, shear force, and fatty acid composition. The sensory characteristics were analyzed through the aroma profile (electronic nose), taste profile (electronic tongue), and sensory evaluation. The pH and water holding capacity of the GI showed higher values than the other samples. GI and GA showed similar values of CIE L* and CIE a* to that of the control. The shear force of the GI and TU was significantly lower than that of other samples (p<0.05). Regarding fatty acid composition, GI showed high unsaturated and low saturated fatty acid contents compared with that of the other samples except for RO (p<0.05). In the aroma profile, the peak area of hexanal, which is responsible for a faintly rancid odor, was lower in all treatment groups than in the control. In the taste profile, the umami of spice samples was higher than that of the control, and among the samples, GI had the highest score. In the sensory evaluation, the GI sample showed significantly higher scores than the control in terms of flavor, aroma, goaty flavor, and overall acceptability (p<0.05). Therefore, marinating black goat jerky with ginger powder enhanced the overall flavor and reduced the goat odor.

Quality assessment of flax advanced breeding lines varying in seed coat color and their potential use in the food and industrial applications

BackgroundWith the increasing consumer awareness of the strong relationship between food and health, flax became a promising functional food due to its bioactive nutraceutical composition. Intra-specific crosses of eight contrasting flax genotypes were performed previously, and within segregating F6 progeny families, we investigated a close-up composition of phytochemicals derived from whole seeds.ResultsThe considerable genetic variation among the flax F6 families suggested that intra-specific hybridization is essential in flax breeding to obtain and broaden genetic variability and largely affirmed the opportunity for selecting promising lines. Also, significant variations in the targeted metabolite contents and antioxidant properties were observed among brown and yellow-seeded families. Notably, brown-seeded families expressed the highest average values of saturated fatty acids, protein, fiber, tocopherol, phenolics, SDG, and SECO lignans. Yellow-seeded families represented the highest average content of unsaturated fatty acids and mucilage. The cultivation year significantly affects flaxseed’s composition and functional properties, presumably due to temperature, humidity, and sunshine time differences. Interestingly, the seeds obtained in warmer conditions were more potent and had more chemical constituents. The favorable genetic correlations among all evaluated traits suggest the possibility of joint genetic selection for several nutritional and phytochemical characteristics in flax. The current study highlights the importance and utilization of 19 top families as their seeds and oil play imperative roles in the pharmaceuticals and food industries. The antioxidant capacity of the seeds showed that families 84B, 23B, 35Y, 95Y, 30B, 88B, and 78B serve as a natural source of dietary antioxidants beneficial to human health. To increase the oxidative stability of the flaxseed oil, the quality evaluation identified some families with low levels of linolenic acid.ConclusionsThese findings are essential to improving flaxseed’s nutritional quality and therapeutic properties through a bulk breeding program.

Effect of high DHA and ARA fortification on lipid oxidation of infant formula powder

ABSTRACT Our objective was to assess the impact of fortified high-dose docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) in infant formula powders (IFs) on stability. We compared and evaluated the stability of IFs containing high and low doses of DHA and ARA over a 6-month storage period at 37°C. While most formulations showed minimal changes in unsaturated fatty acid content of during storage, significant losses of DHA and ARA were observed in some high-dose formulations. Furthermore, this study noted consistent trends in the changes of vitamin C and vitamin E across both formula groups. Notably, the high-dose group formulas exhibited a higher presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during storage, along with a more pronounced increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values (TBARS). In conclusion, the inclusion of high doses of DHA and ARA in IFs may compromise their oxidative stability.

Variability of the Main Economically Valuable Characteristics of Cyperus esculentus L. in Various Ecological and Geographical Conditions.

This study includes an assessment of the VIR (Center N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources) chufa collection, grown in various ecological and geographical conditions of the Russian Federation: "Yekaterininskaya experimental station VIR" in the Tambov region and "Kuban experimental station VIR" in the Krasnodar Region during the years 2020-2021. The main indicators of the economic value of chufa accessions were studied: yield structure and nutritional value (oil, protein, starch, and fatty acid profile). The accessions were grown in regions with different climatic conditions. As a result of the study, the variability of the biochemical and yield characteristics and the correlation between the studied indicators and the factor structure of its variability were established. Of the 20 accessions used in the study, the accessions with the highest protein, starch, oil and unsaturated fatty acid contents were selected, which are the most promising for their use as a raw material to expand the range of regional functional food products, as well as for future breeding efforts in the development of new, promising regional chufa varieties.

Lipidomic analysis of facial skin surface lipids in acne in young women.

Alterations in the secretion and composition of skin surface lipids (SSL) are closely associated with the development of acne. Lipidomics is a useful tool to analyse the SSL of different types of acne. Our previous study found that phosphatidylserine and triacylglycerols dominate SSL changes in male acne and infantile acne, respectively. However, skin surface lipids as well as specific lipids in female acne patients remain to be investigated. To analyse and compare the SSL profile of acne women and healthy women and to discuss the involvement of differential lipids in acne development. Systematic lipidomics approach (high-throughput UPLC-QTOF-MS technology in combination with multivariate data analysis methods) was used to analyse the variations of SSL between acne and healthy groups. Analysis revealed significant differences in lipid content and composition between the two groups. Further analysis showed that levels of 13 individual lipids were significantly different and followed the same trend as the main class and subclasses. The largest individual contributor to the subgroup was triglycerides (TG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). In addition, female acne patients exhibited reduced ceramide chain length (CCL) and increased levels of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), The changes of CCL in female acne are identical to male acne. There was a significantly higher level of TG and PI in the SSL of female acne patients. A reduction in CCL and an increase in UFAs content might contribute to the reduced skin barrier function in acne patients. The results suggest that female acne may have different pathogenesis than male acne.

Rationale for obtaining protein concentrate of industrial hemp seeds of Cannabis sativa L. of modern selection based on mathematical modeling and its application in food production

In recent decades interest in hemp seed concentrates, which are characterized by a valuable amino acid composition and high nutritional value, has increased. Hemp seeds are sources of vegetable protein and essential components for maintaining health due to the rich content of protein compounds, vitamins, and unsaturated fatty acids. So, production of protein concentrates from oilseeds is becoming relevant. Taking this into account, it is relevant to conduct research aimed at developing and improving the technology for obtaining protein products from the seeds of industrial hemp Cannabis Sativa L of modern selection, as well as expanding the possibility of their use as a part of a different range of food products. The seeds of industrial hemp Cannabis Sativa L of modern selection were used as objects of the research. The studies used both generally accepted and special chemical, physicochemical and physical methods for studying the quality of raw materials and finished products. The research was carried out to improve the technology for obtaining protein concentrate from the seeds of industrial hemp Cannabis Sativa L. based on mathematical modeling of the process, which showed the greatest efficiency in extracting protein concentrate using a 20% alcohol solution as an extractant. Analysis of the composition of the resulting protein concentrate showed a predominant content of globulins. At the same time, the composition of globulin fractions, in comparison with albumin, indicates a great potential for the use of globulin in the formulations of functional food products, as well as a component of targeted technological action. In general, the studies have shown the feasibility of using protein concentrates from industrial hemp seeds of Cannabis Sativa L of modern selection in food products as a functional and technological ingredient.

Milk fortified with chitooligosaccharide–gallic acid conjugate and its liposome: characterisation, storage stability, and in vitro digestibility

SummaryThe effects of chitooligosaccharide–gallic acid conjugate (CGC) and its liposome (CGLP) at two levels (1.25 and 2.50%, w/v) on quality and shelf‐life of milk kept at 4 °C were studied. Microbial counts including total viable, pathogenic and spoilage bacteria were the lowest for CGC‐fortified milk, especially when 2.50% (w/v) was used (CGC‐2.50) than remaining samples (P &lt; 0.05). Lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and peroxide values were obtained for CGC‐2.50 than other samples (P &lt; 0.05). However, higher acidity values and decreased pH and lightness were noticed in the aforementioned sample (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, all fortified milk samples had higher bioactivities during in vitro digestion, in which CGC‐2.50 had the highest bioactivities (P &lt; 0.05). Higher retention of unsaturated fatty acids content in CGC‐2.50 was obtained than other counterparts (P &lt; 0.05). Therefore, CGC efficiently extended milk shelf‐life with high acceptability at 4 °C for a minimum of 6 days, whereas control had a shelf‐life of less than 4 days.

Optimization of soybean oil content in a soybean oil-based aquafeed for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) to achieve optimal growth performance, proximate and fatty acid compositions, and lipid metabolism

Soybean oil (SO), an important plant-derived lipid, is routinely used in aquafeed as a partial substitute for fish oil. However, the effect of various contents of SO in a SO-based aquafeed on specific aquatic animals and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, five isonitrogenous diets containing different SO contents (0 %, 3 %, 6 %, 9 %, and 12 %, named as S0, S3, S6, S9, and S12, respectively) were prepared with SO as the predominant lipid source, and 12-week feeding experiments were conducted on juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) (initial weight: 12.54 ± 0.08 g). Apart from lower feed conversion ratio in the S6 and S9 groups (P < 0.05), no obvious changes were observed in other growth indices (e.g., final weight and weight gain rate) in grass carp fed on diets with 0–9 % SO (P > 0.05). The S12 group exhibited significant decrease in the final weight and weight gain rate and increase in the viscerosomatic index (P < 0.05). Unlike gradual decrease in moisture, ash, and saturated fatty acid contents, muscle crude fat and unsaturated fatty acid (particularly polyunsaturated fatty acid) contents significantly increased with the increasing SO contents (P < 0.05). Serum triglyceride contents continuously increased with the increasing SO amounts, exhibiting the maximum value in the S12 group (P < 0.05). Similarly, the S12 group displayed the highest levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol in serum (P < 0.05). Only the S12 group exhibited scanty lymphocytic infiltration in some areas of the hepatopancreas. However, other groups exhibited no obvious histopathological abnormalities. Lipogenic genes (dgat, fad, elovl1, elovl6, elovl7, lpcat, and pla2), ACSL family members (acsl1a, acsl1b, acsl3, acsl4, acsl5, and acsl6), lipolytic genes (atg1, cpt1a, cpt1b, hsl, and lpl), fatty acid transport-related genes (cd36, fabp, and fatp), and transcription factor involved in lipid metabolism (ppar α) were gradually upregulated as dietary SO content increased (P < 0.05). However, the transcript levels of srebp1 and its target gene acc1 exhibited decreasing trend under the same conditions, and significant downregulation of ppar γ was observed in the S12 group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the optimal content of SO as the main lipid source in a SO-based diet for juvenile grass carp ranged from 6 % to 9 %, at which growth requirements of grass carp were met and fish health and fillet quality were effectively maintained. Our data provided a scientific reference for developing more efficient aquafeed formulations and enhancing fish flesh quality in aquaculture, as well as provided basic information for further assessing the regulatory mechanism of lipid homeostasis in teleost fishes.

Anti-diabetic, antiglycant, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of Crinum americanum L. leaves lipid fraction

The commercialization of medicinal plants, as recognized in their uses by the nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical industries, is gaining more popularity and interest around the globe. The plant family Amaryllidaceae has a long history in the traditional medicinal system and is used to treat diverse diseases. In Brazil, the Crinum americanum L. has been applied by riverside communities for cancer treatment. In this study, the lipid fractions (LF) of leaves of C. americanum L., obtained by Soxhlet (SX) and ultrasonic bath (UAE), were characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluated for their anti-diabetic properties, antiglycante, antioxidant, and cytotoxic potential. The extraction yield was higher for UAE (9.45%) than SX (5.99%). Furthermore, the LF obtained by UEA had a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids (73.34%) when compared to the SX (48.94%). However, compounds extracted by both methods showed in vitro anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and anticancer activity against a lung cancer cell line. These results demonstrate that UAE can be used as an efficient and important method in relation to the SX, due to the preservation of the functional properties, reduction of time, and amount of solvent used to extract fatty acids.

Exploration of antioxidant activities, microstructural properties, and fatty acid composition of three cyanobacteria species

Cyanobacteria have gained increasing attention in the food and pharmaceutical industries as a natural source of antioxidants. However, more knowledge is needed regarding the antioxidant and nutritional properties of cyanobacteria found in water bodies worldwide, including those in Sri Lanka. This study investigated the antioxidant activities and microstructural properties using FTIR-ATR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-Attenuated total reflectance) analysis and the fatty acid composition of three cyanobacterial species: Chroococcidiopsis sp., Gleocapsa sp., and Merismopedia sp., which were isolated from water bodies in Sri Lanka. The water extract of Chroococcidiopsis sp. Exhibited the highest (p ≤ 0.05) phenolic content (2.26 ± 0.09 mg GAE/g DW) and ABTS activity (13.28 ± 0.36 mmol TE/g DW) among the tested species. The methanol extract of Merismopedia sp. Displayed the highest (p ≤ 0.05) DPPH activity (IC50-15.21 mg/mL) and notable (p ≤ 0.05) ORAC values (112.50 ± 5.79 mmol TE/g DW). Analysis by FTIR-ATR revealed the presence of nutritional components, including proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides, as well as functional compounds such as phenolics and amides in the studied cyanobacterial species. The fatty acid composition indicated that the studied cyanobacteria contain twenty different saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, with compositions ranging from 60 to 70% and 29–39%, respectively. Saturated fatty acids, caprylic, capric, pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, palmitic, and lignoceric acids, were detected in all species, while elaidic, palmitoleic, and Cis-10- heptadecanoic acids were identified as prominent monounsaturated fatty acids among them. Gleocapsa sp. Had the highest (p ≤ 0.05) saturated fatty acid content, while Merismopedia sp. Showed the highest (p ≤ 0.05) unsaturated fatty acid content. Based on the results, Merismopedia sp. Has demonstrated promising potential as a rich source of antioxidants and unsaturated fatty acids.

Fatty acid profiling of almond germpalsm grown in the Western Himalayan region of India

Aim: Nutritional profiling of almond genetic resources for their utilization and further use in the breeding programme. Methodology: The nuts of 32 almond genotypes were collected from the experimental farm of ICAR-CITH, Srinagar. Using a Soxhlet fat apparatus and 100ml of petroleum ether as a solvent, almond oil was extracted from 5 g of ground kernel. The fatty acid content of almond oil was analyzed by GC 30 (Perkin Elmer Autosystem XL) equipped with a CP-Wax 52 CB column (Varian Inc.) (50 x 0.25 mm, 0.2 μm). Results: The total oil content in these genotypes ranged between 41.82% (CITH-A-21) and 51.86% (Waris). The major fatty acids found were oleic acid (53.70-80.81%), linoleic acid (11.63-36.88%), and palmitic acid (5.19-8.13%). Stearic acid (1.01-2.53%) was estimated at a lower proportion, while α-linolenic acid was found in trace amounts (0.05-0.18%). The oleic: linoleic acid ratio varied from 1.46 (CITH-A-21) to 6.95 (CITH-A-06), conversely the highest (115.42) and lowest (93.96) iodine values were recorded in CITH-A-21 and CITH-A-06, respectively. The lowest content of saturated fatty acids (6.32%) and the highest content of unsaturated fatty acids (93.69%) were found in CITH-A-17 whereas contrasting results were observed in Nonpareil. The highest monounsaturated fatty acids (80.81%) and lowest polyunsaturated fatty acids (11.71%) were found in CITH-A-6. Oleic acid content was negatively correlated with linoleic acid (r = -1.00), palmitic acid (r = -0.67) and stearic acid (r = -0.68). Principal component analysis indicated that among the fatty acids, the oleic acid, linoleic acid, and Oleic/Linoleic ratio were largely responsible for the separation on the PC 1. Among the different almond genotypes, CITH-A-17 and CITH-A-06 were found to be promising in terms of fatty acid composition. Interpretation: The present study identified the genotypes with a high Oleic/Linoleic acid ratio, which is important for crop improvement programme and commercialization of these genotypes. Further, the present study also confirms that the Kashmir region is suitable for growing almonds with fatty acids composition at par with commercial almond cultivars grown in major almond-growing countries in the world. Key words: Almond, Breeding programme, Fatty acid profile, Germplasm, Oil content

Identification of SNPs associated with the content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in cow milk

The fatty acids in milk fat have a heterogeneous composition due to differences in chain length, their saturation degree, etc. Fatty acids with the number of carbon atoms in the chain from 10 to 14 are considered carriers of the unique taste of dairy products, in particular cheese and butter. In addition, medium-chain fatty acids are used in the treatment of newborn children, as well as adults with disorders of: triglyceride hydrolysis in the small intestine and the process of their absorption, chronic pancreatitis, congenital celiac disease, chronic enteritis, etc. A comprehensive study of the composition of fatty acids in cattle milk provides an opportunity to use this feature in breeding work by selecting genotypes to obtain raw materials with specified properties.