Unregulated Intersection Research Articles

Mathematical modeling of the movement of vehicles and pedestrians at unregulated intersections

Mathematical modeling of the movement of vehicles and pedestrians at unregulated intersections

ЧЕХОВ И ШОЛОХОВ: РЕГУЛИРУЕМЫЕ ПЕРЕКРЕСТКИ

Unregulated intersections, according to E.A. Yablokov, are artistic rapprochement of writers not connected to each other biographically. At first glance, the oeuvres of Chekhov and Sholokhov form such an unregulated intersection. However, it is seemingly unregulated, seemingly uncrossed. The article highlights the commonality of writers, who belonged to one ethno-cultural space. The author indicates the consilience of functions of the image of steppe in Chekhov’s short-stories and Sholokhov’s epic novel The Silent Don (Tikhy Don), the similarities and differences when it comes to the writers focus on the Cossacks and related issues. Thus, the comparison of the writers may be both within their typological commonality and genetic succession.

Підвищення ефективності функціонування нерегульованого перехрестя з круговим рухом

The analysis and empirical studies of conditional and unconditional parameters of the traffic model at an unregulated intersection with circular traffic in the city of Ternopil were conducted. The intersection "Zbarazke ring" in the city of Ternopil is an unregulated intersection with a circular traffic pattern and is located at the intersection of Stepan Bandera avenue, April 15 street, T. Protasevich street and Pidvolochyskyi highway. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed solutions, simulation models of the intersection "Zbarazke ring" with the existing and proposed traffic management system were created. The conducted traffic modeling using multi-parameter models made it possible to take into account various options for road infrastructure, restrictions and traffic parameters, which made it possible to justify optimal decisions regarding the improvement of the organization of traffic at the object of study. Five variants of traffic organization at the intersection with circular traffic are proposed, the best of them is modeled, analyzed and substantiated, and ways to improve the quality of functioning of this section of the street-road network are proposed. According to the results of the simulation modeling of the intersection "Zbarazke ring", the implementation of the proposed measures will lead to the following improvements compared to the existing traffic conditions at the intersection: the average speed of vehicles will increase by 30%; the average delay time will decrease by 28%; the average number of road transport stops will decrease by 21%; the average time spent in traffic jams will decrease by 50%.

SİMULATİON EXPERİMENT OF A CONTROL OPTİON TO İMPROVE TRAFFİC SAFETY AT A İNTERSECTİON

The article considers the construction of a micromodel using the Anylogic software for analyzing the organization of traffic at an unregulated intersection and considers a variant of improving the organization of traffic. The conditions for the use of traffic light regulation at the intersection were checked. For the proposed option, a logical algorithm of the agent model is built and visualized. The developed technique for modeling conflict-free pedestrian and traffic flows at an intersection is proposed for use at other similar intersections.

Driver Behavioral Algorithms at Unregulated Priority Intersections and When Bypassing Obstacles

Driver Behavioral Algorithms at Unregulated Priority Intersections and When Bypassing Obstacles

ЗАДЕРЖКИ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ НА НЕРЕГУЛИРУЕМОМ ПЕШЕХОДНОМ ПЕРЕСЕЧЕНИИ С ВЫДЕЛЕННОЙ ПОЛОСОЙ

The purpose of designing dedicated lanes for ground public transport is to reduce travel time and create the most comfortable conditions for users (passengers) compared to personal cars or other modes of transport. One of the design problems is the presence of right turns and pedestrian crossings on the route, which can largely determine the speed of ground public transport vehicles that differ from the designed one. There are three typical design schemes for right turns in the presence of a dedicated lane: traffic light regulation of the organization of the right turn; uncontrolled intersection, free from possible delays; uncontrolled intersection in the organization of pedestrian traffic, which ultimately determines the time delays of the ground public transport when vehicles are located in a dedicated lane, waiting for an acceptable headway between pedestrians. Traffic rules of most countries of the world provide for the highest priority for pedestrian traffic, including on uncontrolled pedestrian crossings. This situation increases the level of safety and service for pedestrians, but at the same time reduces the level of service of road for traffic flow. The article presents a methodology for assessing the impact of pedestrians on vehicle delays at an unregulated intersection with a dedicated lane for vehicles based on a probabilistic model. The simulation results showed that the discrepancies between the values of the model and the observed delays do not exceed 22% when the pedestrian traffic intensity is less than 1500 ped/h. Based on the results obtained, recommendations are proposed to minimize the delay of vehicles at unregulated intersections, including the ground public transport vehicles on a dedicated lane.

Methodology of assessing the regulated crossing throughput with a dedicated lane for ground public transport based on a probabilistic model

One of the problems of traffic management in the allocation of lanes for ground public transport (GPT) is the organization of the right turn at regulated and unregulated intersections. High traffic intensity at a regulated intersection on the main carriageway and a significant proportion of right-turn traffic leads to numerous violations of the rules of passage when making a right turn. A method for assessing the throughput of a controlled intersection with a dedicated lane before joining is presented on the basis of a deterministic stochastic model.

Assessment of the impact of the characteristics of the road network on the duration of the route

The “floating” car method using global positioning system (GPS) devices is used to collect data on the duration of traffic on city streets. However, a complete study of the transport network is time-consuming and includes additional financial investments. An alternative source of data collection is the use of rolling stock of public transport. Therefore, this article discusses the relationship between travel time by car and bus. It was found that the travel time of buses is usually more than the travel time of an individual vehicle. The impact of the characteristics of the road network, such as a number of regulated and unregulated intersections, a number of driveways, a number of bus stops, traffic intensity, a number of lanes and a number of turns on the duration of public transport, has been assessed. The results show the relationship between the considered durations of traffic and data from the board equipment of the vehicles of public transport can be used to estimate the duration of movement along the route taking into account the characteristics of the network.

The problem of determining traffic and pedestrians delay in the city road-street network unregulated intersection area

The motorization level increase in the city of Kyiv, taking place since the late 1990s up to 2008, caused the increase of the traffic flows intensity in the city and overwork of the city road-street network (RSN). The city streets and roads intersections became the places of traffic and pedestrian flows network concentration. In the City of Kyiv over a half of all intersections of streets and roads are unregulated. Therefore, in the aforementioned conditions (continued motorization level increase, limited number of parking spaces, public transport lanes allocation), as well as increasing demand for individual vehicles (Segway, gyro scooters, bicycles), the problem of unregulated crossings operation assessment is relevant. Proper traffic organization, taking into account all traffic participants, is the factor of the whole system efficient operation.While analyzing the regulatory framework of Ukraine for the design and operation of urban transport infrastructure, there are several problem areas: the lack of sufficient description of the requirements for the unregulated crossings design; the absence of a comprehensive assessment of the intersection including all traffic participants (cars, pedestrians, cyclists and public transportation); the absence of regulatory transportation capacity.The article proposes to introduce the common structure of indicators of unregulated intersection work efficiency of traffic network. Such indicators have been used for more than 50 years by American, European and other countries’ designers to solve urgent urban construction and transport problems. This direction uses the level of service (LOS) Concept that aims to maximize the comfort of the transportation infrastructure elements – roadway, sidewalk, pedestrian crossing etc. The main indicators in this concept are the traffic and pedestrians delay control in the unregulated intersection area; this article deals with the method of its determination. Thus the method of full-scale traffic and pedestrians delay measurements is provided. Multimodal intersection level of service (MMLOS) is determined using the automotive and pedestrian components.

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ СВІТЛОФОРНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ НА ПЕРЕХРЕСТІ

Розглядаються заходи, які спрямовані на підвищення ефективності функціонування регульованого перехрестя. Розглянути середні затримки транспортних засобів на нерегульованому та регульованому перехрестях. Встановлені моделі, що дозволяють визначити середні затримки транспортних засобів на перехресті в залежності від інтенсивності транспортного потоку по другорядній вулиці та тривалості основного такту. Критерієм вибору тривалості основних тактів світлофорного регулювання прийнято мінімум середніх затримок на перехресті

Assessment of the impact of capital construction on the adjacent street-road network with traffic at unregulated intersections

The article discusses the problems of assessing the influence of centers of gravity on the adjacent street-road networks in the process of their functioning, expansion or reprofiling. The paper shows the main models for estimating the throughput of unregulated intersections proposed in the domestic and foreign literature. The author gives sequence of calculating the transport demand transforming into the intensity of the traffic flow on the road network. Moreover, the study proposes recommendations on assessing the level of traffic service and load factor based on transport demand and throughput, adjacent street-road network.

НОВИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПРОПУСКНОЇ ЗДАТНОСТІ НЕРЕГУЛЬОВАНИХ ПЕРЕХРЕСТЬ

Предметом вивчення в статті є новий підхід визначення параметрів руху транспортних засобів і осості визначення пропускної здатності (ПС) нерегульованих перехресть різного типу. Метою є розробка способу визначення ПС міських нерегульованих перетинів, який дозволяє отримати і Дольний комплекс критеріальних оцінок якості функціонування таких перехресть. Завдання дослідження: аналіз су-суспільством і розробка нових підходів, методів і алгоритмів визначення ПС нерегульованих перехресть, які враховують у новій пропозиції позитивних якостей відомих рішень; розширення функціональних віз-можностей відомих рішень для отримання широкого комплексу критеріїв оцінки якості функціонування перехресть; пропозиція і розробка такого способу, який відповідав би вимогам універсальної адаптивної системи, що дозволяє ефективно в динаміці реагувати на всілякі зміни умов руху транс-кравців потоків (ТП) на перехресті. Отримані наступні результати. Розкрито деякі особливості сучас-менной організації моніторингу ТП на локальних об'єктах, а також проаналізовано їх основні переваги та недоліки. Представлений новий підхід визначення ПС нерегульованих перехресть в умовах динамічного изме-нения параметрів руху ТП і адаптивного реагування системи на дорожню ситуацію. Показано особливості реалізації алгоритмів визначення ПС для різного типу перетинів. Висновки. Запропонована технологія изме ренію комплексу параметрів руху ТП одночасно позволяє здійснювати оцінку якості функціонування нерегульованих перетинів за критерієм ПС і в динаміці контролювати цей параметр. Визначення ПС таким способом з високой частотою сканування і за реальними значеннями часу роз'їзду на перехресті різних типів транспортних засобів, дає можливість істотно підвищити точність вимірювання кінцевих параметрів. Пропозиція і розробка способу визначення ПС нерегульованих перехресть за такою технологією відповідає вимогам універсальних адаптивних систем, які еффективно в динаміці реагують на всілякі зміни умов руху ТП на перехресті і УДС міста

Effect of Driver Behaviour on Traffic Jams

Driving in a traffic flow implies involvement in difficult traffic situations that adversely affects response time of a driver, which in turn is considered when estimating stopping distance of a vehicle and determines road safety. This relationship shows the effect of driver behaviour in traffic flow on the road traffic situation. The objective of the study was to study behavioural factors that influence driver’s decisions. The study used methods of driver behaviour modelling, mathematical modelling, experimental studies of the mental and psychological functions of drivers. Modelling the driver’s behaviour, considering various combinations of many behavioural and other factors, leads to a large number of options for mathematical description of driver behaviour, which makes it difficult to use this approach to describe behaviour of drivers under the conditions of a real street-road network. The research has analysed several works devoted to the study of control action of drivers, using unknown coefficients, describing a model of movement of vehicles considering accuracy of their control. Driving through an unregulated intersection is considered as the most complex and informative version of driver’s behaviour. It is found that when modelling a traffic flow, it is necessary to take into account the degree of resoluteness of drivers (through determination of a coefficient of resoluteness which is a random variable that takes into account the probability distribution of the coefficient’s value in conjunction with the probability distribution of the function of traffic flow intensity). The distribution of the coefficient of resoluteness of drivers, obtained from experimental data, was subject to analysis. It is determined that the driving style affects formation of traffic congestion. The assessment of the driving style is made through conditional classification of driver behaviour on the road, namely marked by manifestation of aggression and timidity. When studying the behaviour of timid and aggressive drivers, several pairs of trajectories and the dynamics of the corresponding traffic flow density, were considered and calculated based on Edie’s model. It has been confirmed that traffic congestion has the greatest negative effect on choleric drivers and sanguine drivers. Besides, there is a relationship between the response time of a driver and the change in his functional condition. It is concluded that to improve road safety thanks to a more accurate assessment of possible risks of formation of congestion situations, it is necessary to consider behavioural characteristics and temperaments of the drivers.

Investigation of transport flow delay at unsignalized intersections with limited speed

Introduction. Many studies have argued that traffic delays at unregulated intersections depend on the intensity of the main flow and the intensity of pedestrian flow. Purpose. It is proposed to investigate traffic flow delays using the VISSIM software environment at unsignalized intersections at different flow rates. Results. Areas of the street and road network for experimental research were selected in the central part of Lviv. Triangles of visibility distance are calculated, problem places where it is necessary to establish a road sign 3.29 “Limitation of the maximum speed of movement” are defined. An analysis of existing methods for determining traffic delays at unregulated intersections is carried out at the paper. The method of estimating the average speed of traffic flow and the method of simulation modeling of transport flows in order to build a theoretical model are presented. The analysis of the dependence of the change of transport delays, obtained based on measured actual data and the method of modelling traffic flows, is carried out. The visibility distance for each intersection is calculated taking into account the speed mode. Graphical dependences of the change of the average and maximum length of the queue of vehicles under different modes of traffic light regulation in the secondary direction are given. It is determined that the average flow speed varies from 17 km/h to 38 km/h when changing the maximum speed limit from 15 km/h to 40 km/h. It is established that the lowest average traffic delay at unregulated intersections is observed at a traffic flow speed of 30 km/h. Conclusions. The substantiation of the introduction of the recommended speed regime on sections of streets with limited speed is given which takes into account transport delay, queue length, geometric parameters of the street, the presence of public transport stops and pedestrian crossings, traffic intensity and composition. The proposed method of controlling secondary traffic flows at unsignalized intersections, allows to increase traffic safety when traveling in secondary vehicles.

Simulation of vehicle collisions at an unregulated intersection based on the Monte Carlo method

Currently advanced driver-assistance systems develop actively, which allow to signal to the driver about danger of collision of vehicles, necessary braking or changes of motion parameters of the car to prevent dangerous situations and accidents. The effectiveness of advanced driver-assistance systems from the parameters of their work. Therefore, the actual task is to set the optimal parameters of advanced driver-assistance systems. The values of such parameters in general can be both statistical and independent of the current road situation, and dynamic and depend on the current road situation. This problem cannot be solved without modeling dangerous situations, creating models of motion and collision risks, the results of which can be given recommendations for setting the parameters of the advanced driver-assistance systems. The aim of the work is statistical modeling collision vehicles on the unregulated crossroads and the evaluation dependency of probability collision from the parameters of the road situation. An analytical modeling of the movement of vehicles at the crossroads was used and a mathematical model of their collisions was built. With the help of statistical modeling a probability of their collision with different parameters road situation was rated. Received result can be used to configuration parameters management vehicle advanced driver-assistance systems, including dynamic.

Qualitative analysis of the undesirable effect of loss of traction force of a vehicle during an intense start

The effect of a significant and sharp loss of the average traction force during vehicle acceleration with asymmetric or asynchronous vibrations of the driving wheels is found. The effect manifests itself in vehicles with an inter- wheel differential under an intensive start with slipping. The vibrational modes leading to both partial and almost complete loss of the average traction force are specified. It can be dangerous when entering highways or crossing unregulated intersections.

Surrogate Safety Measures from Traffic Simulation Models a Comparison of different Models for Intersection Safety Evaluation

Abstract This paper offers an assessment of intersection safety evaluation through the use of different traffic micro-simulators. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the applicability of traffic simulation in the safety evaluation of typical intersections. The considered scenarios are three real cases: a roundabout, a traffic light regulated intersection and an unregulated intersection. All cases were chosen in urban areas, where statistically the number of car interactions that could potentially turn into collisions is greater. All scenarios were assessed with three different microscopic traffic simulation models that were coupled with the FHWA tool SSAM.

Qualitative Analysis of the Undesirable Effect of Loss of Traction Force of a Vehicle during an Intense Start

The effect of a significant and sharp loss of the average traction force upon vehicle acceleration during asymmetric or asynchronous vibrations of the driving wheels is found. The effect manifests itself in vehicles with an interwheel differential under an intensive start with slip. The vibrational modes leading to both partial and almost complete loss of the average traction force are specified. It can be dangerous when driving on highways or crossing unregulated intersections.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ МЕТОДУ ОБЛІКУ ПОВЕДІНКИ ВОДІЇВ У МОДЕЛЯХ ТРАНСПОРТНОГО ПОТОКУ

The goal of the robots is to obtain the values of coefficient of decision (Kp) and plot a histogram of the probability distribution of these values for the selected type of maneuver. In the article the method of modeling the driver's behavior at non-adjustable intersections in intersecting flows is investigated. Analysis and processing of video recording of the motion of intersecting streams at the quadrilateral crossroads of the city of Kharkov, chosen by street road network (SRN), is performed. An improved method of "boundary intervals" is proposed as a "sliding boundary interval" for modeling the driver's behavior. As a result of processing the video recording of the flow of streams at unregulated intersections, a histogram of the probability distribution of the values of the decisiveness coefficient for crossing flows was constructed [11, 12]. With the help of such histograms, the Kp values for each car in the stream can be specified using any known random number generator. This method will take into account both the individual characteristics of drivers and the impact on their behavior of objective factors, the proposed method of recording drivers in modeling the movement of traffic flows will increase the accuracy of modeling, which in turn will allow us to refine a number of results that we obtain by modeling, for example, the calculation of the throughput of lanes. The proposed method of simulating the driver's behavior in the models of traffic flows makes it possible to approximate the accuracy of simulation to the real variety of behavior of drivers, and, consequently, to increase the adequacy of models.

МЕТОДИКА ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ДОРОЖНОГО ДВИЖЕНИЯ НА НЕРЕГУЛИРУЕМОМ ПЕРЕКРЕСТКЕ УЛИЧНО-ДОРОЖНОЙ СЕТИ ГОРОДА

The method of determining the parameters of the organization of traffic in the unregulated intersection. The aim is to study the methodology for the calculation of the parameters of the traffic on the unregulated crossroads town. This will improve the capacity of the intersection and ensure road safety