Unrefined Sunflower Research Articles

Identification of Flax Oil by Linear Multivariate Spectral Analys

A multivariate model was developed to calibrate the flaxseed-oil content in binary mixtures with unrefined sunflower oil using UV, visible, and near-IR optical-density spectra; was based on principal-component analysis, cluster analysis, and the linear method of interval projection to latent structures; and is characterized by a smaller rootmean-square error (0.12%) than the classical interpretable model (0.42%) and the multivariate model (0.63%) using the full measured spectral range.

Using natural zeolites to improve the quality of unrefined vegetable oils

The article is devoted to the study of the possibility of using natural zeolites as adsorbents for the purification of unrefined vegetable oils, intended for direct consumption in food, from undesirable concomitant substances. To increase their sorption capacity, various activation methods were used, such as physical and chemical. The best sorption properties were found in zeolites, activated by the complex method (heat and acid treatment). Conducted refining of unrefined sunflower oil allowed to increase its quality to meet the requirements of the state standard for the highest grade oil.

EFFECT OF LIGHT ON THE KINETICS OF OXIDATION REACTIONS IN VEGETABLE OILS

The article deals with the effect the lighting conditions of storage have on the oxidation stability of vegetable oils of various unsaturation degrees and made by different technologies (raw-pressed and unrefined sunflower oil and flaxseed oil) according to the main oxidation parameters: peroxide value (PV), acid value (AV), and colour value. It has been experimentally established that in natural lighting, at the end of the shelf life, the PV of flaxseed oil increased most significantly, from 0.55·10-3 to 11.2·10-3 mmolO2/kg (20 times). The PV of sunflower oils varied less: in unrefined oil, it changed from 0.48·10-3 to 4.5·10-3 mmolO2/kg (9 times), in raw-pressed, from 0.3·10-3 to 4.4·10‑3 mmolO2/kg (14.7 times). Under artificial UV radiation, the PV of sunflower oil increased from 0.3 to 0.55 mmol O2/kg after 2 hours of the experiment, and remained practically unchanged. In the case of flaxseed oil, after a slight increase from 0.55 to 0.7 mmol O2/kg, within the same period of time, there was then a decrease in the PV to 0.45 mmol O2/kg, which may indicate a relative instability of hydroperoxides that, due to their degradation, converted into more stable secondary compounds. The analysis of the oil oxidation kinetics by the PV has shown that the average rates of peroxide compounds accumulation in unrefined, raw-pressed, and flaxseed oils was 47·10-4, 48·10-4, 127·10-4 mmol ½О/kg·hour, respectively. At the same time, under natural light, the true rate of change of the AV in the oils studied was uneven over time. At the beginning of the experiment, it increased (especially noticeably in the case of flaxseed oil), at the end of the shelf life (the 5th week), it was slowed down significantly, decreasing to negative values, and in flaxseed oil, it had zero value, which indicates a constant value of AV in the experimental setting.

Аналіз стану торгівлі агропродовольчими товарами України з країнами Африки

Дана стаття присвячена дослідженню сучасного стану торгівлі України і країн Африки агропро-довольчими товарами. З цією метою пропонується використання в аналізі товарної та територіальної(по субрегіонах Африки) структур експорту, що дає можливість встановити особливості напрямів екс-портних потоків. Виявлено, що основні обсяги агропродовольчої продукції направляються в шість кра-їн Північної Африки. В інші 48 країн, а саме в Субсахарську Африку, де проживає більше 80,0% насе-лення континенту, що є потенційно величезним ринком для українських підприємств, приходитьсяблизько 18,0% імпорту з України. Торгівля з цими країнами знаходиться на початковому етапі розвит-ку. Встановлено, що для всіх субрегіонів, основними товарами імпорту з України є продукти рослинно-го походження і жири та олії тваринного та рослинного походження. Але їх частка в загальному про-довольчому імпорті поступово скорочується з 96,4% в 2013 р. до 84,3% в 2017 р. Також аналіз експор-ту в розрізі товарних груп показує чітку тенденцію до зростання абсолютно і відносно продажу з Украї-ни продуктів тваринного походження і готових харчових продуктів. Виконаний аналіз показує, що Укра-їна недостатньо використовує можливості розширення своєї присутності на африканському ринку аг-ропродовольчої продукції. Зроблено висновки про високу ефективність торгівлі з країнами Африки,про що свідчить коефіцієнт покриття експортом імпорту – самий високий у порівнянні з іншими напря-мами – СНД, ЕС, Азії. Доведено необхідність для розширення експорту в Африку різних заходів дер-жавної підтримки, в т.ч. дипломатичної. У висновках представлено рекомендації стосовно збільшенняпродаж агропродовольчої продукції на ринках країн Африки, а також напрям подальших наукових до-сліджень.

СТАН ТА РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ ТОРГІВЛІ АГРОПРОДОВОЛЬЧИМИ ТОВАРАМИ МІЖ УКРАЇНОЮ І ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИМ СОЮЗОМ

В статті розглянуто сучасній стан торгівлі агропродовольчими товарами України та ЄС. Вста-новлено, що в останні роки країни ЄС стають одними із важливих імпортерів продукції сільського гос-подарства та харчової промисловості, що пов’язується з дією зони вільної торгівлі. В товарній структу-рі експорту переважає сільськогосподарська продукція, проте її частка скорочується. Натомість зрос-тає частка продукції харчової промисловості. Виконано порівняльний аналіз обсягів експорту та імпор-ту по товарах чотирьох розділів продукції відповідно до УКТЗЕД. Встановлено, що по товарах першогоі четвертого розділів імпорт значно перевищує експорт. Натомість по товарах другого та третього роз-ділів експорт перевищує імпорт формуючи значне додатне сальдо. В цілому результатом торгівлі аг-ропродовольчими товарами з країнами ЄС є стійке позитивне сальдо, яке за період 201 3-201 7 рр.зросло в 2,6 рази.Досліджено основні причини формування від’ємного сальдо по певним товарним групам. Встатті підкреслюється, що основним шляхом отримання додатнього сальдо є зростання експорту, а нетільки зменшення імпорту. У висновках представлено рекомендації стосовно перспектив зростаннявиробництва та продажу агропродовольчої продукції на ринках ЄС.

Influence of ultrasound on duration of producing of confectionery with proteinaceous and fatty emulsions at a continuous cycle of production

Application of protein-oil emulsions processed by the ultrasound and pulsating magnetic field for the production of pastry in the ultrasound field leads to the significant growth of its quality, economy of vegetable fats, increase of antiadhesivity and efficiency of the ovens. It’s known that emulsions are cooked at the baking enterprises according to GOST Р 51785-2001 by the way of mechanical beating of ingredients. Earlier we have suggested and studied the way of production of alimentary protein-oil emulsions of increased dispersion and stability with application of ultrasound radiator and neodymium magnets, stiffly fixed on its thickener(1). Their application had significant influence on the increase of quality indices of the pasty, hard tack for Arctic. For this, there were used emulsion of curd whey, diluted with water 1:7, unrefined sunflower oil and sunflower phosphatides amounting up to 17% of kneaded dough. Combined, coinciding by amplitude, imposition of the ultrasound and magnet field pulsing with its frequency in the contact layer of the dispersed liquid ingredients, notably increase viscosity and dispersity of the obtained protein-oil emulsions in comparison to just ultrasound influence. At the same time, there was revealed synergism of influence of the ultrasound and magnetic field on the increase of homogeneity, strength andresistance of emulsion to the mechanical and temperature impacts, its bactericidal effect, prolonging the terms of safe use of the product. Obtained emulsions are less demanding to the modes of storage and transportation. The level of production of piezoelectric ultrasound installations as well as neodymium magnets, their small sizes and low power consumption allow using of continuous preparation of emulsion in the line for the decrease of cost and increase of quality of the items of baking enterprises. Of special note is that we have proved experimentally an additional influenceof ultrasound in the volume of oven on the twofold reduction of time spent on the proofing, baking and cooling of pastry with developed emulsion that is economically proved for the combining and automation of all processes in one device. The main attention in the experiment is paid to the maintaining of equal temperature and humidity conditions for production processes of pastry preparation with continuous imposition of ultrasound and without it. At the same time, it was revealed that necessary temperature in the center of hard tacks “Arktika” with use of protein-oil emulsions in all processes was achieved 25-30% earlier under the influence of ultrasound. The items are characterized by the increased yield and even, darker color of refined crust.

Aflatoxins in sunflower seeds and unrefined sunflower oils from Singida, Tanzania

ABSTRACTA total of 61 samples comprising sunflower seeds (40) and unrefined sunflower oils (21) samples collected randomly from Singida, Tanzania were analysed by Reverse Phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). 15% (6/40) of the seed samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B1 ranging from limit of detection (LOD) to 218 ng g−1 with three of them exceeding the European Commission/European Union (EC/EU) and Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS)/Tanzania Food and Drug Authority (TFDA) maximum limits of 2 ng g−1 for AFB1 in oilseeds. The levels of total aflatoxins (AFT) in seeds ranged from LOD to 243 ng g−1. Other aflatoxins, except AFG2, were also detected. For the unrefined sunflower oils, the levels of AFB1 ranged from LOD to 2.56 ng mL−1. About 80.9% (17/21) of the analysed oil samples contained AFB1 of which 17.65% (3/17) exceeded the EC/EU and TBS/TFDA maximum limits of 2 ng mL−1. Other aflatoxins were also detected in the oils. The measured levels indicate there is a need for food quality education among food processors.

Filtration of sunflower oil in the field of vibroacoustic effects

Purification of crude unrefined sunflower oil along with the removal of primary oxidation products is an urgent task to remove the solid constituents formed during the processing of sunflower seeds. All of them irrespective of the chemical composition negatively affect the quality of the food product and, over time, saturate the oil with coagulants that affect its organoleptic and physico-mechanical characteristics. The problem of cleaning unrefined sunflower oil by filtration with the use of vibroacoustic action is considered. The calculation scheme of the process is given, and an experimental setup has been developed that makes it possible to vary the angle of inclination of the filter element. The research of sunflower oil filtration in the field of vibroacoustic impact is carried out. In the study, a decision was made to expand the energy effects to create a cumulative system in the liquid medium that improves the hydrodynamic situation at the scale of the oil purification plant. It is established that the process speed can be intensified by creating additional microflows that provide an active influence on the motion of liquid, gas and solid particles. The results are obtained, which testify to the effectiveness of the use of vibroacoustic effects during the filtration of sunflower oil.

DIFFERENCES IN CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF COLD PRESSED OIL AND REFINED COOKING OIL

Cold pressed and refined oils vary in sensory properties, chemical composition and nutritional properties. Cold pressed oil is unrefined sunflower oil which has greater nutritional properties, but oxidizes much faster and at lower temperatures than refined oil. There were analyzed two sunflower oils: cold pressed sunflower oil Fila and refined sunflower oil Kristal. Oils were analyzed in accordance to the Oils Rules and fats and oils quality. Iodine, peroxide and acid number in the two oil types were determined. Iodine and peroxide number were determined by ISO 3961: 1996 while the acid number was determined by ISO 660: 39, 2009. Iodine number of refined oil is 127 and it is higher than the iodine number of cold pressed oil which is 86. Peroxide and acid number are indicators for the oil oxidation and they are almost five times higher in cold strained oil than in refined oil. Oils were analyzed in accordance to the Oils Rules and fats and oils quality. Key words: cooking oil; cold pressed; refined oil; sunflower oil

Oxidized oils and dietary zinc and α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation: effects on rabbit plasma, liver and meat fatty acid composition and meat Zn, Cu, Fe and Se content

The effects of the addition of heated oils to feeds (3%, w/w) and the dietary supplementation with α-tocopheryl acetate (TA; 100 mg/kg) and Zn (200 mg/kg) on rabbit tissue fatty acid (FA) composition and on the Zn, Cu, Fe and Se content in meat were assessed. Heating unrefined sunflower oil (SO) at 55°C for 245 h increased its content in primary oxidation products and reduced its α-tocopherol content. However, this did not significantly affect tissue FA composition. Heating SO at 140°C for 31 h increased its content in secondary oxidation products and in some FA isomers as c9,t11-CLA and di-trans CLA. This led to increases in di-trans CLA in liver and in t9,c12-18:2 in meat. The c9,t11-CLA was the most incorporated CLA isomer in tissues. The dietary supplementation with α-TA did not affect the FA composition of plasma, liver or meat. The cooking of vacuum-packed rabbit meat at 78°C for 5 min reduced significantly but slightly its polyunsaturated FA content. The dietary supplementation with Zn did not modify the content of Zn, Fe or Se in meat, but it reduced its Cu content. On the other hand, it increased the content of some FAs in meat when SO heated at 140°C for 31 h was added to feeds.

Effect of non-protected sunflower oil supplementation on milk fatty acid profile and oxidative status in Simmental cows

Abstract. Milk production, milk composition, milk fatty acid profiles, and antioxidant status of Simmental cows supplemented with non-protected sunflower oil were studied. Ten Simmental cows in mid-lactation were appointed for change over feeding trial with one of the diet applied: the control (WSO) diet consisted of 26 % corn silage, 33 % perennial ryegrass haylage, and 41 % concentrate in dry matter (DM), and the experimental diet (SO) consisted of control diet supplemented with 2 % of unrefined sunflower oil per cow and day. The cows were kept in indoor housing system with feeding and milking system two times daily and ad libitum water supply. The milk production and standard milk components remained unchanged during the study. The partial modification of fatty acid composition was remarked with the significantly higher linoleic and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (cis-9, trans-11 C 18:2) concentration and significantly lower palmitic acid during the SO treatment. The blood gluthathion peroxidase (GPx) activity significantly increased and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration decreased significantly in the SO treatment. The non-protected sunflower has a perceptible effect on the milk fatty acid composition in Simmental cows of our research. The lower index of lipid peroxidation and higher GPx activity in blood of cows during the SO treatment could be a consequence of the antioxidant components that are normally present in the unrefined vegetable oils. The enzyme activity reflects appropriate functioning of the antioxidant defence of cows that emphasise importance of well balanced diet during the unsaturated fatty acid supplementation.

EFFECT OF SUNFLOWER WAX SUPPLEMENTED DIET ON LIPID PROFILES IN ALBINO RATS

Unrefined sunflower oil contains wax to an extent of up to 1%. The effect of feeding sunflower wax at 0.1, 0.5, and 1% levels on the growth, serum and liver lipid profiles was investigated in experimental rats. Weanling male albino rats were fed American Institute of Nutrition-76 diet containing 0.0 (control), 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% sunflower wax for 8 weeks. The food consumption of rats fed on sunflower wax-containing diets was same as that of controls. The sunflower wax in the diet had no effect on growth or organ weights of rats. There were no differences in hematological parameters in animals fed wax-containing diets compared to control animals. Histological observations of liver and aorta showed no abnormalities. However, serum lipid analyses showed reductions in total cholesterol by 21 and 22% in rats fed on 0.5 and 1.0% wax, respectively, compared with that of rats fed control diets. There were marginal reductions in liver cholesterol and phospholipid contents of rats given wax-containing diets. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS There was no investigation on sunflower-seed wax for nutritional and safety evaluation. This lead us to study the safety of (1) sunflower wax available in refining industry as crude wax, which could be purified for its use in food industry and (2) safety of consumption of under-refined or expeller pressed filtered oil. The nutritional quality and safety evaluation of the wax by feeding wax-supplemented diet is presented. The short-term feeding studies on albino rats, histological and hematological observation indicated that the expeller pressed filtered oil are safe for (1) direct consumption without further refining processes and (2) usage of sunflower wax in food industry, especially in panned confectionary, and wax emulsions in coating of fruits may be applicable. This investigation reveals that the present level of consumption of wax up to 1% in the diet with the mean intake of wax 0.58 g/kg body weight lowers the serum cholesterol level.

Volumetric Properties of Sunflower Methyl Ester Oil at High Pressure

Biodiesel is an alternative to diesel oil (DO), because it is a fuel obtained from renewable resources that has lower emissions than DO. Biomass production should promote agricultural activity to obtain fuels for the transport sector. The study of the behavior of biodiesel at varying pressure and temperature is very interesting because diesel engines are mechanical systems that work with fuels submitted to high pressure. The specific volume, isothermal compressibility, and cubic expansion coefficients of refined sunflower methyl ester oil (SMEO) and unrefined sunflower methyl ester oil (URSMEO) were obtained and compared with those of DO from 0.1 to 350 MPa and 288.15 to 328.15 K. This work shows that oil refinement did not significantly modify any of the properties studied of the final biodiesel. Compared with DO, both SMEOs were about 6% denser, whereas isothermal compressibility and cubic expansion coefficients were bigger or smaller for DO depending on pressure and temperature.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Profile Analysis of High-Protein Foods, Oils, and Fats by Gas Chromatography

A method is described for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with 3-7 rings in (I) meat, poultry, fish, and yeast; and (II) oils and fats. The extraction of PAHs from group I is incomplete, and, therefore, group I samples must be dissolved homogeneously by saponification in 2N methanolic potassium hydroxide. The PAHs are concentrated by liquid-liquid extraction (methanol-water-cyclohexane, N,N - dimethylformamide - water-cyclohexane) and by column chromatography on Sephadex LH 20. The PAHs are separated by high-performance gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with columns containing 5% OV-101 on Gas-Chrom Q and estimated by integration of the flame ionization detector signals in relation to an internal standard (3,6-dimethylphenanthrene and/or benzo(b)chrysene). The sensitivity is significantly higher than that obtained with ultraviolet spectroscopic methods. The reproducibility and margin of error were tested with meat samples fortified with 11 PAHs and with samples of sunflower oil. The method was further applied to meat, smoked fish, yeast, and unrefined sunflower oil. All samples investigated contained more than 100 PAHs (characterized by mass spectrometry) of which only the main components were determined: phenanthrene, anthracene, fluorene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene + benzo (j)fluoranthene + benzo(k) fluoranthene, benzo(e)pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, perylene, dibenz(a,j)anthracene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene + indeno(1,2,3,-cd)pyrene, benzo(ghi)perylene, anthanthrene, and coronene. In contrast to other methods, the GLC profile analysis allows the recording of known and unknown PAH peaks simultaneously and also allows a compilation of all PAHs.