Unpredictable Rainfall Patterns Research Articles

Climate-Resilient Horticulture: Adapting to Climate Change through Innovative Practices and Technologies

Climate change is a serious threat to horticulture as it will increase temperatures, cause unpredictable rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events that will affect crop yields, quality, and overall agricultural sustainability. Climate-resilient horticulture uses cutting-edge technologies and equipment to overcome these obstacles. Developing crop varieties that are resistant to heat, drought, and salt is a key strategy to make plants more resilient to adverse conditions. To conserve water and guarantee a constant supply of moisture, advanced water management techniques such as drip irrigation and rainwater collection are crucial. Climate adaptation is aided by soil management techniques that increase soil fertility and health, such as conservation tillage and organic amendments. Technological advancements such as precision horticulture enable farmers to optimize inputs and reduce waste, while controlled environment agriculture (CEA) systems, including greenhouses, hydroponics, allow cultivation of crops in regulated environments, reducing external climate impacts. Additionally, genetic engineering and biotechnology offer promising solutions to develop crops with increased climate resilience. Despite the potential of these innovations, challenges such as high costs, knowledge barriers, and policy constraints must be addressed for widespread adoption. This summary underscores the need to integrate these strategies to secure the future of horticulture in a changing climate, ultimately contributing to global food security and agricultural sustainability.

Envirotyping helps in better understanding the root cause of success and limitations of rainfed production systems

The current diagnostic agronomy study of the Bankura region of West Bengal, India, examined the variations in crop yields through a socio-ecological analysis of multiple production system components. Envirotyping for root cause analysis was employed to delve into the variables that affect the performance of rainfed production systems. Mother Earth, man, machine, management, and materials (5Ms concept) were the five indicators under which the variables were grouped. Findings demonstrated the fragility of the region’s soils due to its undulating terrain, unpredictable rainfall patterns, and frequent drought scenarios. The LULC’s NDVI showed that the agricultural area is about 60% and 43% of the total geographical area in the Hirbandh and Ranibandh blocks, respectively. Soils are acidic and diagnosed with deficiency of both macro and micronutrients (phosphorous, sulfur, and boron) having poor water holding capacity (35 to 55 mm for a 50 cm soil depth). The sand and soil organic carbon contents ranged between 43.04%–82.32% and 0.17%–1.01%, respectively with a low bacterial population. These factors are the root cause for low cropping intensity (106%) and low paddy productivity (3,021 kg/ha). Overall, the study contributes to designing and scaling-up of sustainable landscape management practices that could ensure higher cropping intensity and system productivity in similar agro-ecologies with limited evidence.

Adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to climate variability and change in Konso, Ethiopia

This study investigates the adaptation strategies employed by smallholder farmers in Konso, Ethiopia, to cope with climate change and variability. A survey of 355 smallholder households revealed that farmers utilize various indigenous techniques, including terracing, agroforestry, intercropping, and traditional irrigation practices, to adapt to climate change. The adoption of these strategies is influenced by factors such as education level, landholding size, income level, access to climate information, credit, and extension services. Despite these efforts, smallholder farmers in Konso continue to face challenges in ensuring food security due to recurrent droughts and unpredictable rainfall patterns. To enhance the sustainability of indigenous farming systems in Konso, this study recommends providing regular weather information, accessible credit services, crop insurance options, and capacity building through extension services, with a focus on inclusive approaches that cater to uneducated farmers.

A Machine Learning Approach to Monitor the Physiological and Water Status of an Irrigated Peach Orchard under Semi-Arid Conditions by Using Multispectral Satellite Data

Climate change is making water management increasingly difficult due to rising temperatures and unpredictable rainfall patterns, impacting crop water availability and irrigation needs. This study investigated the ability of machine learning and satellite remote sensing to monitor water status and physiology. The research focused on predicting different eco-physiological parameters in an irrigated peach orchard under Mediterranean conditions, utilizing multispectral reflectance data and machine learning algorithms (extreme gradient boosting, random forest, support vector regressor); ground data were acquired from 2021 to 2023 in the south of Italy. The random forest model outperformed in predicting net assimilation (R2 = 0.61), while the support vector machine performed best in predicting electron transport rate (R2 = 0.57), Fv/Fm ratio (R2 = 0.66) and stomatal conductance (R2 = 0.56). Random forest also proved to be the most effective in predicting stem water potential (R2 = 0.62). These findings highlighted the potential of integrating machine learning techniques with high-resolution satellite imagery to assist farmers in monitoring crop health and optimizing irrigation practices, thereby addressing the challenges determined by climate change.

Reimagining nutrition education for pregnant adolescents in the face of climate change: a community approach

ObjectivesTo explore challenges with current nutrition education for teenage pregnant women in a drought-prone community in Kenya and to elicit the communities’ suggestions on how to best adapt it in...

Rainfall Potential and Consequences on Structural Soil Degradation of the Most Important Agricultural Region of Mexico

This study investigates the historical variability in annual average precipitation in the northwest region of Mexico, aiming to evaluate the cumulative impact of precipitation on soil degradation and associated risks posed by rainfall. Despite being known as “The Agricultural Heart of Mexico”, the region’s soil has experienced significant damage to its granulometric structure due to unpredictable rainfall patterns attributed to climate change. Sixteen historical series of average annual rainfall were analyzed as stationary stochastic processes for spectral analysis. The results revealed exponential decay curves in each radial spectrum, indicating a linear relationship between frequency and amplitude. These curves identified initial impulses correlated with moments of severity for structural damages caused by rainfall-induced degradation. The degradation process, exacerbated by water stress, accelerates, as evidenced by maps illustrating approximately 75% soil damage. In the context of climate change and the uncertainty surrounding soil responses to extreme meteorological events, understanding this phenomenon becomes crucial. Recognizing the dynamic nature of soil responses to environmental stressors is essential for effective soil management. Emphasizing the need to employ numerical processes tailored to new environmental considerations related to observed soil damages is crucial for sustainable soil management practices in any region.

Thai farmers’ perceptions on climate change: Evidence on durian farms in Surat Thani province

Rising temperatures, unpredictable rainfall patterns, and an increase in extreme weather events pose significant threats to agricultural productivity and food security. These conditions provide the glimpse of the future and smallholder farmers, who often lack access to resources and support, are particularly vulnerable. Among the crops cultivated in Thailand, durian stands out as a uniquely cherished commodity, predominantly cultivated by these vulnerable farmers and despite the significance of this crop, there remains a notable oversight in understanding the specific challenges and vulnerabilities faced by durian growers in the face of changing climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the perception of climate change and the adaptive capacity among durian farmers in Southern Thailand. A survey involving 80 durian farmers from Surat Thani province was conducted, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression model. Findings found that 91.2 % of respondents acknowledged the impact of climate change, with 53.1 % opting to implement adaptation strategies. Factors such as lower education levels, limited farming experience, small farm sizes, and greater reliance on family labor significantly influenced the adoption of these strategies. Farmers achieving higher yields tended to adopt information and communication technologies (ICT), while smart farming technology (SFT) was more common among younger farmers and those with larger farms. This study indicates factors influencing adoption and a potential gap between awareness and action among durian farmers, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and support mechanisms to encourage and facilitate the implementation of adaptation measures.

Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies of Rice Cultivators in Odisha, India

In the present era, climate change is the biggest challenge for the world. The vulnerability of climate change to India’s agriculture sector is quite evident. Due to its geographical existence, climate change is creating a vulnerable situation in the eastern part of India. Odisha's economy is one of the most affected in this regard. The agriculture sector, being the common practice of livelihood, is always sensitive to climate change. The unpredictable rainfall patterns, floods, droughts, and frequent cyclones have caused severe damage to crops and livestock, leading to a lack of employment and a vulnerable situation for farmer households. Therefore, this study employed the LVI approach to evaluate farmers' climate change vulnerability and used the probit model to identify the factors influencing farmers' adaptation options. To accomplish the stated objective, both primary and secondary data have been used. Primary data have been collected from four blocks (Athagarh, Cuttack Sadar, Barang, and Banki) of Cuttack districts, Odisha, where most of the farmers are marginal farmers. The LVI combined nine major components and 33 subcomponents under it, which establishes a specific functional relationship with vulnerability. The vulnerability assessment indicates that Cuttack district is moderately vulnerable to climate change, with a 0.41 vulnerability score. Social network and livelihood strategies are the major scoring indices in this regard, with 0.90 and 0.65 LVI values, respectively. The probit model found that farming experience and non-farm income are detrimental factors for adopting any strategies to combat climate change. The policy options are precautionary measures that are required to withstand the negative effects of climate change. Therefore, effective government steps required in creating an awareness program, extending training facilities to the farmers, and proper provisioning of irrigation and credit facilities are highly essential for increasing crop productivity and reducing the vulnerability of the farmer household.

Problems and Issues of Tropical Coconut Cultivation

A complicated web of issues threatens the productivity and long-term viability of tropical coconut agriculture. The health and vitality of coconut palms are seriously threatened by illnesses including Rhincosporium Palm Leaf Spot, Lethal Yellowing Disease, and infestations by coconut mites. The fragility of coconut crops is exacerbated by the increasing effects of climate change, which show up as rising temperatures and unpredictable rainfall patterns. In coastal areas, where coconut farming is common, soil erosion and saline intrusion provide additional challenges that reduce the resilience of coconut trees. The use of monoculture techniques, which are common in coconut farming, depletes the nutrients in the soil and increases vulnerability to pests and illnesses. Inadequate management of water and nutrients in agricultural operations makes these problems worse and may even hinder the growth of coconuts. Coconut cultivation is made less profitable by urbanisation and market complexities including price swings and limited market access. Adoption of sustainable practices is hampered by limited access to contemporary farming technologies, financial constraints, and unstable land tenure, which further impedes long-term investments. To strengthen the resilience and sustainability of tropical coconut cultivation in the face of various adversities, a comprehensive strategy that includes strong research initiatives, widespread technology dissemination, supportive policies, and community engagement is essential in navigating this complex landscape. Keywords: Tropical coconut cultivation, challenges, diseases, pests, climate change, soil erosion, salinity intrusion, monoculture, nutrient management, water management, urbanization, market fluctuations, technology access, financial constraints, land tenure, resilience, sustainability.

Average Rainfall and Water Requirements of Bundelkhand Region: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions

Abstract: The Bundelkhand region, receiving an annual rainfall of approximately 1000 mm, with nearly 90% occurring during the short span of July and August, is traversed by major rivers. However, this region grapples with a severe water crisis exacerbated by factors such as burgeoning agriculture, population growth, unpredictable rainfall patterns, the impact of climate change, political complexities, water mismanagement, misuse, and environmental negligence, including the neglect of traditional water sources. This abstract provides an overview of a comprehensive study on the shifting water table dynamics within the Bundelkhand region. It explores the multifaceted factors contributing to the alteration of groundwater levels, examines the far-reaching repercussions of these changes on the environment and livelihoods, and proposes sustainable solutions to mitigate the looming water crisis. Through a synthesis of scientific research and on-ground observations, this study sheds light on the intricate web of natural and anthropogenic drivers responsible for the declining water table. Furthermore, it underscores the urgent need for collective action and policy interventions to safeguard water resources, ensure agricultural resilience, and improve the quality of life for the people of Bundelkhand.

Climate Change Impact on Cereal Production and Food Security in Hebron Governorate: An Analytical Approach

Cereal crop failures result from climate shocks, which are caused by the climate\'s variables fluctuation and represent a complex system of interrelated elements. This study aims to explore the effects of climate change, especially precipitation and temperature fluctuations on cereal cultivation and food security in the Hebron Governorate. By utilizing a range of statistical methods, including the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, and incorporating qualitative insights from local agricultural experts, this research provides a thorough analysis of climate dynamics and their potential consequences on cereal cultivation and food security. \nThe analysis results uncover a prominent causal connection between these climatic elements and agricultural production, emphasizing the negative impacts of heightened carbon levels, temperature, and unpredictable rainfall events and patterns, on cereal crop yields. Furthermore, the research highlights the intricate interrelationship between non-climatic factors like energy usage, workforce, and financial growth in influencing agricultural performance. Of course, this in turn affects the fragile food security at the Hebron governorate level.

Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture & Vice Versa: A Review

The article tackles the intricate relationship between agriculture and climate change, shedding light on the sector's vulnerability to the issue and its significant contribution to it. It not only underlines the simultaneity of the problem of climate change adaptation in agriculture but also highlight the need of greenhouse gas reductions. Climate change disrupts agricultural practices through extreme weather events like droughts, flood and unpredictable rainfall patterns. Climate changes threaten agricultural output and food security, economic hardship and social unrest. Climate change isolates crops production hence resulting in low yields, economic losses, and changing food prices. Cattle, rice growth, fertilizer use and residue burning are principal greenhouse gas contributors of agriculture. When carving virgin forests for agricultural purposes, the ancient carbon is released and climatic patterns are disrupted, greatly exacerbating the problem. These agricultural practices include deforestation, utilization of fossil fuel, and intensive use of water. Mitigation in climate change require sustainable agricultural practices that reduced emission and improve soil health. We need to adapt agricultural practices to be more resilient in the face of climate change while also reducing agricultures contribution to the problem. The complex interplay between climate change and agriculture requires a holistic approach that integrates mitigation and adaptation strategies at local, national and global scale. Efforts to enhance resilience, promote sustainable practices and support equitable adaptation measures are essential to safeguarding the future of agriculture in a changing climate

농업용수로의 표면유속 환산계수 산정

The continuous flow velocity monitoring has become a difficult and expensive task in hydrological survey
 due to unpredictable rainfall patterns. Therefore, the velocity measurements using a non-contact type
 flowmeter is more effective and easy to use. The generally used average velocity conversion factor 0.85
 does not take into account the regional characteristics such as curves of a river, bed materials which
 consequentially affects the vertical flow characteristics. Therefore, considering the those characteristics of
 irrigation channels of two small reservoirs (Ssangam and Hangye reservoir), results showed that the gentle
 bed slope of irrigation channel of the Ssangam reservoir, has a velocity conversion factor of 1.06 and the
 depth-averaged velocity of V0.6, was measured to be higher compared to the surface velocity. On the other
 hand, velocity conversion factor of 0.83 was computed in case of Hangye reservoir with a relatively sharp
 bed slope, which is similar to the generally used velocity conversion factor of 0.85. This shows that the
 bed slope is the dominant factor in affecting the depth-wise velocity characteristics of a waterway.

Evaluation of Climate Change Impacts on Lettuce Hydroponic UMKM (Case Study of Alam Tani Hidrofarm Kudus)

Background. Changes in climate have a significant impact on various aspects of work, especially in the modern agricultural sector. Therefore, the UMKM sector of Alam Tani Hidrofarm Kudus is facing new challenges such as in the production process. Purpose. This study aims to describe, explain and evaluate the effect of climate change on the growth of vegetable crops in the UMKM Alam Tani Hidrofarm Kudus. Method. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a case study approach. Data were obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, and data and document collection. Results. The results showed that climate change resulted in various impacts such as decreased productivity and quality in hydroponic lettuce crops. Factors such as temperature extremes, changes in rainfall, humidity, diseases and pests, plant nutrients, environment, variety and technology used. However, this study also identified various evaluations to improve the productivity and quality of hydroponic lettuce crops. These solutions include regular irrigation systems, greenhouses, variety selection, proper nutrient utilisation, monitoring, the use of smart technology, and the use of temporary protection. Conclusion. Temperature variations and unpredictable rainfall patterns can disrupt the balance of the hydroponic environment resulting in slowed growth and reduced crop quality. These factors can undermine food security and the sustainability of cultivation. In addition, this research underscores the need for strategic adaptation, such as the use of climate control technologies, selection of climate-resilient varieties, and efficient water management. Facing the challenges of climate change in the context of hydroponic farming requires an integrated approach involving various parties, including farmers, researchers, and policy makers to ensure a stable and sustainable food supply.

An Automated Data-Driven Irrigation Scheduling Approach Using Model Simulated Soil Moisture and Evapotranspiration

Given the increasing prevalence of droughts, unpredictable rainfall patterns, and limited access to dependable water sources in the United States and worldwide, it has become crucial to implement effective irrigation scheduling strategies. Irrigation is triggered when some variables, such as soil moisture or accumulated water deficit, exceed a given threshold in the most common approaches applied in irrigation scheduling. A High-Resolution Land Data Assimilation System (HRLDAS) was used in this study to generate timely and accurate soil moisture and evapotranspiration (ET) data for irrigation management. By integrating HRLDAS products and the crop growth model (AquaCrop), an automated data-driven irrigation scheduling approach was developed and evaluated. For HRLDAS ET and soil moisture, the ET-water balance (ET-WB)-based method and soil-moisture-based method were applied accordingly. The ET-WB-based method showed a 10.6~33.5% water-saving result in dry and set seasons, whereas the soil moisture-based method saved 7.2~37.4% of irrigation water in different weather conditions. Both of these methods demonstrated good results in saving water (with a varying range of 10~40%) without harming crop yield. The optimized thresholds in the two approaches were partially consistent with the default values from the Food and Agriculture Organization and showed a similar trend in the growing season. Furthermore, the forecasted rainfall was integrated into this model to see its water-saving effect. The results showed that an additional 10% of irrigation water, which is 20~50%, can be saved without harming the crop yield. This study automated the data-driven approach for irrigation scheduling by taking advantage of HRLDAS products, which can be generated in a near-real-time manner. The results indicated the great potential of this automated approach for saving water and irrigation decision making.

Selection Frameworks for Potential Rainwater Harvesting Sites in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: A Systematic Literature Review

Water shortage is a concern in arid and semi-arid regions across the globe due to their lack of precipitation and unpredictable rainfall patterns. In the past few decades, many frameworks, each with their own criteria, have been used to identify and rank sites for rainwater harvesting (RWH), a process which is critical for the improvement and maintenance of water resources, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This study reviews the present state of the art in rainwater harvesting site selection for such regions and identifies areas for additional research. The results of a systematic review performed based on two major databases of engineering research, Scopus and Engineering Village, are presented. Sixty-eight relevant studies were found and critically analysed to identify patterns and unique features in the frameworks used. The results of this study show that 41% of the frameworks consider both biophysical and socioeconomic criteria, whereas the remaining 59% of the frameworks depend on biophysical criteria alone. The importance of each criterion is encapsulated through a suitability score, with 21% of the frameworks using a binary (0 or 1) indicator of whether the site matches a criterion or not and the other frameworks using graded scales of differing granularities, with 52% using a low-resolution scale of 1 to 3, 4, or 5, 7% using a medium-resolution scale of 1 to 10, and a further 7% using a high-resolution scale of 1 to 100. The remaining 13% of the frameworks did not specify the scale used. Importantly, this paper concludes that all existing frameworks for selecting RWH sites are solely based on biophysical and/or socioeconomic criteria; ecological impacts, the consideration of which is vital for building RWH systems sustainably, are currently ignored.

Effects of Climate Change Variability on Physical, Natural and Financial Livelihood Assets of Rural Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria

The study investigated the effect of climate change variability on the livelihood assets of the rural farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to ascertain farmers’ awareness of climate change signs; sources of information on climate change; identify the livelihood activities of respondents and to describe the effect of climate change on the livelihood assets of the farmers. Purposive sampling technique was used in selecting a sample size of 120 respondents. Data were collected by use of structured questionnaire and interview schedule. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The result revealed that the major signs of climate change included increased temperature, unpredictable rainfall pattern, drought, flooding, increased precipitation, crop damage and others. The major livelihood activities of the respondents in the study area includes crop farming, poultry farming, fishing and fish farming, trading and livestock rearing. Climate change affects the livelihood of rural people and can be seen in the effects it has on their physical, natural and financial capital. We recommend that rural people be well educated on the issue of climate change and made aware of its various effects so that they can get a good understanding of the concept before devising ways to battle it.

POLA PRODUKSI DAN KONSUMSI YANG BERTANGGUNGJAWAB PADA KOMODITAS KOPI DAN COKLAT

Coffee is a very important agricultural commodity, produced in around 80 countries tropics, with an estimated 125 million people depending on it for their livelihoods in Latin America, Africa and Asia, with an annual production of around nine million tons of mung beans. Consisting of at least 125 species, the coffee genus (Rubiaceae, Ixoroideae, Coffeeae) is distributed in Africa, Madagascar, the Comoros Islands, the Mascarene Islands (La Réunion and Mauritius), tropical Asia, and Australia. Two species are economically important for the production of beverage coffee. arabica. (Arabica coffee) and. canephora. Froehner (robusta coffee). Higher quality of the drink is associated with arabica. Arabica coffee is a self-fertile tetraploid, which results in very low genetic diversity of this important crop. Coffee's genetic resources are rapidly disappearing due to various threats, such as human population pressure, leading to land conversion to agriculture, deforestation, and land degradation; low coffee prices, leading to the abandonment of coffee trees in forests and gardens in favor of other, more profitable crops; and climate change, which is causing increased pest and disease infestations, increased droughts, and unpredictable rainfall patterns. All of these factors threaten livelihoods in many coffee-producing countries. Interests in cocoa and coffee development may differ in their understanding of sustainable cocoa and coffee, their interests and their actions in advancing sustainable cocoa. This article analyzes the sustainability of cocoa and coffee at a large scale and analyzes the extent to which sustainability standards, policies, and development projects address sustainability issues and contribute to ecosystem services. This analysis is based on a literature review. Producers in the three countries and share concerns about price volatility, weak farmer organization and dependence on a few buyers. Producers in Sulawesi and the Central Region are compensating for low yields of cocoa and coffee production by diversifying cocoa and coffee systems. Public and private development actors are concerned about the low volume of production. Research so far has focused on biodiversity loss, which differs depending on the age of a country's cocoa and coffee sector. Development policies and programs in all countries have focused on expanding the cocoa and coffee sectors and increasing productivity, despite the need for smallholders for economically viable farming systems and existing market structures that yield little bargaining power for farmers. Sustainability standards have been spread unevenly and have converged on compliance criteria over time, although they differed in focus initially. Recently added business criteria and the development of sustainability standards have the potential to address smallholder concerns. Keywords: Cocoa and Coffee Beans, Sustainability Standards, Sustainable coffee and cocoa production.

Challenges and advances in measuring sap flow in agriculture and agroforestry: A review with focus on nuclear magnetic resonance.

Sap flow measurement is one of the most effective methods for quantifying plant water use.A better understanding of sap flow dynamics can aid in more efficient water and crop management, particularly under unpredictable rainfall patterns and water scarcity resulting from climate change. In addition to detecting infected plants, sap flow measurement helps select plant species that could better cope with hotter and drier conditions. There exist multiple methods to measure sap flow including heat balance, dyes and radiolabeled tracers. Heat sensor-based techniques are the most popular and commercially available to study plant hydraulics, even though most of them are invasive and associated with multiple kinds of errors. Heat-based methods are prone to errors due to misalignment of probes and wounding, despite all the advances in this technology. Among existing methods for measuring sap flow, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an appropriate non-invasive approach. However, there are challenges associated with applications of NMR to measure sap flow in trees or field crops, such as producing homogeneous magnetic field, bulkiness and poor portable nature of the instruments, and operational complexity. Nonetheless, various advances have been recently made that allow the manufacture of portable NMR tools for measuring sap flow in plants. The basic concept of the portal NMR tool is based on an external magnetic field to measure the sap flow and hence advances in magnet types and magnet arrangements (e.g., C-type, U-type, and Halbach magnets) are critical components of NMR-based sap flow measuring tools. Developing a non-invasive, portable and inexpensive NMR tool that can be easily used under field conditions would significantly improve our ability to monitor vegetation responses to environmental change.

Assessment of Farmers Perception about Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Strategies Use for Tomato Production in The Gambia

Tomato production in The Gambia is ranked second after onion in terms of production acreage among vegetables. Tomatoes are major sources of lycopene, a dietary carotenoid found in high concentration in processed tomato products. The crop is high in vitamin AB and C and also contain good amount of potassium, iron and phosphorus. Fresh tomatoes and canned types such as concentrates puree and paste are increasingly in demand in West Africa where they form an essential part of the diet. The study investigated farmer’s perception about climate change impact and adaptation strategies use for tomato production in the Gambia through survey. The survey was conducted in the West Coast Region originally known as Western Division situated in the west near the capital. Random sampling was used for the selection of farmers for the individual survey and focus group discussions. The findings concluded that significant number of the tomato growers are aware and also strongly believed that climate change is existing. Constant increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall, an unpredictable rainfall pattern and prolonged drought among others served as evidences. Large number of respondents said to have experienced climate change effects for more than five years while minority indicated about 5-10years of experienced. Most of the tomato growers said they became to know about climate change through personal experience. Climate change causes severe dropping of flowers by rain and wind and rotting of tomato fruits as well as pest attack at the reproductive stage. For the case of adaptation strategies, great numbers of the farmers are using synthetic pesticide to control insect pests e.g., red spider mites, planting of trees (wind breakers) to reduce heavy wind speed and application of large quantity of fertilizers to improve the soil fertility.