Unlimited Accuracy Research Articles

Computer vision quickly identifies radio signals with unlimited accuracy

A seminal component of systems thinking is the application of an advanced technology in one domain to solve a challenging problem in a different domain. This article introduces a method of using advanced computer vision to solve the challenging signal processing problem of specific emitter identification. A one-dimensional signal is sampled; those samples are transformed into to two-dimensional images by computing a bispectrum; those images are evaluated using advanced computer vision; and the results are statistically combined until any user-selected level of classification accuracy is obtained. In testing on a published DARPA challenge dataset, for every eight additional signal samples taken from a candidate signal (out of many thousands), classification error decreases by an entire order of magnitude.

Sistem Deteksi Infeksi COVID-19 Pada Hasil X-Ray Rontgen menggunakan Algoritma Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)

The development of the world's technology is growing rapidly, especially in the field of health in the form of detection tools of various objects, including disease objects. The technology in point is part of artificial intelligence that is able to recognize a set of imagery and classify automatically with deep learning techniques. One of the deep learning networks widely used is convolutional neural network with computer vision technology. One of the problems with computer vision that is still developing is object detection as a useful technology to recognize objects in the image as if humans knew the object of the image. In this case, a computer machine is trained in learning using artificial neural networks. One of the sub types of artificial neural networks that are able to handle computer vision problems is by using deep learning techniques with convolutional neural network algorithms. The purpose of this research is to find out how to design the system, the network architecture used for COVID-19 infection detection. The system cannot perform detection of other objects. The results of COVID-19 infection detection with convolutional neural network algorithm show unlimited accuracy value that ranges from 60-99%.

Comparison and analysis of results of 3D modelling of complex cultural and historical objects using different types of terrestrial laser scanner

Laser scanning does not provide unlimited geometrical accuracy and integrity when scanning complex objects. Scanning systems have a minimum and maximum range in which they operate, depending on the technical characteristics. Scanning below or above these limits results in gross errors and registering of incorrect data. Laser scanners can have difficulties with certain materials such as marble and reflective surfaces. This paper presents the results of laser scanning of a complex monument of cultural and historical heritage using two different types of terrestrial laser scanners. Afterwards, the comparison and analysis of the results are shown. The scanners used were terrestrial laser scanners Faro Focus 3D (phase mode distance measurements) and STONEX X300 (pulse mode distance measurements).

On Four New Methods of Analytical Calculation of Rocket Trajectories

The calculation of rocket trajectories is most often performed using purely numerical methods that account for all relevant parameters and provide the required results. There is a complementary need for analytical methods that make more explicit the effect of the various rocket and atmospheric parameters of the trajectory and can be used as test cases with unlimited accuracy. The available analytical methods take into account (i) variable rocket mass due to propellant consumption. The present paper includes four new analytical methods taking into account besides (i) also (ii) nonlinear aerodynamic forces proportional to the square of the velocity and (iii) exponential dependence of the mass density with altitude for an isothermal atmospheric layer. The four new methods can be used in “hybrid analytical-numerical” approach in which: (i) the atmosphere is divided into isothermal rather than homogeneous layers for greater physical fidelity; and (ii) in each layer, an exact analytical solution of the equations of motion with greater mathematical accuracy than a numerical approximation is used. This should allow a more accurate calculation of rocket trajectories while discretizing the atmosphere into a smaller number of layers. The paper therefore concentrates on four analytical methods of calculation of rocket trajectories in an isothermal atmospheric layers using new exact solutions of the equations of motion beyond those currently available in the literature. The four methods are developed first for the simpler case of a vertical climb and will be subsequently extended to the practically more relevant case of a gravity turn.

Quantum nano-arithmetics for nanotechnology.

Quantum physics is a matrix calculation system that creates a two-dimensional holographic Picture of the three-dimensional harmonic motion of wave fronts. To estimate the fundamental constants of quantum physics with almost unlimited accuracy, only the functional relationships of two transcendental numbers Pi and E are sufficient with three unique integers A=137 (Sommerfeld), B=602214183 (Avogadro), R=105456978 (Dirac). In fact, quantum physics can be interpreted as a digital computational bridge between continuous and discrete mathematics. In general, quantum physics is the ultimate metric system of the pulsating universe.

Quantum Metric of Classic Physics

By methods of differential geometry and number theory the following has been established: All fundamental physical constants are the medians of quasi-harmonic functions of relative space and relative time. Basic quantum units are, in fact, the gradients of normal distribution of standing waves between the points of pulsating spherical spiral, which are determined only by functional bonds of transcendental numbers PI and E. Analytically obtained values of rotational speed, translational velocity, vibrational speed, background temperature and molar mass give the possibility to evaluate all basic quantum units with practically unlimited accuracy. Metric of quantum physics really is two-dimensional image of motion of waves in three-dimensional space. Standard physical model is correct, but SI metric system is insufficiently exact at submillimeter distances.

Robot Control Using Intelligent Gain Sliding Mode

In this research, intelligent sliding mode controls are presented as robust controls for robot manipulators. The objective of the study is to design controls for robot manipulators without the knowledge of the boundary of the uncertainties by using an intelligent sliding mode control (SMC) while elucidating the robustness of the fuzzy SMC. A sliding mode control provides for unlimited accuracy in presence of bounded disturbance, although the sliding mode controller also causes chattering. Chattering is undesirable for use with actual component, since it might causes damage to them with a subsequent loss of accuracy. Such chatter is caused by overestimation of the controller gain. An intelligent sliding mode is proposed as a solution to the problems created by chattering; to illustrate, a continuum robot manipulator is simulated with an intelligent sliding mode control. The performance of intelligent gain sliding mode controller is demonstrated through the simulation results. The results of the simulations show the effectiveness for chattering mitigation by means of avoiding overestimation, and the robustness of an intelligent sliding mode control.

An asymptotic decoupling method for waves in layered media

This paper presents a technique, asymptotic decoup- ling, for analysing wave propagation in multi-layered media. The technique leads to a hierarchy of approximations to the exact dispersion relation, obtained from finite-product approximations to low-order dispersion relations appearing as factors in the asymptotically decoupled limits. Levels of refinement may be added or removed according to the frequency range of interest, the degree of accuracy required, and the material and geometrical parameters of the different layers. This is shown to be particularly useful in stiff problems, because unlimited accuracy is obtainable without redundancy even when Young's moduli and the thicknesses of the layers differ by many orders of magnitude, for example in a stiff sandwich plate with a very soft core. Full details are presented for a non-trivial example, that of antisymmetric waves in a three-layered planar elastic waveguide. Comparisons are made with two widely used approximations, Tiersten's thin-skin approximation and the composite Timoshenko approximation. The mathematical basis of the paper is the asymptotic decoupling of the wave motion in different layers in the limit of indefinitely large or small density ratio.

Predicting the Neutron and Proton Masses Based on Baryons which Are Yang-Mills Magnetic Monopoles and Koide Mass Triplets

We show how the Koide relationships and associated triplet mass matrices can be generalized to derive the observed sum of the free neutron and proton rest masses in terms of the up and down current quark masses and the Fermi vev to six parts in 10,000. This sum can then be solved for the separate neutron and proton masses using the neutron minus proton mass difference derived by the author in a recent, separate paper. The oppositely-signed charges of the up and down quarks are responsible for the appearance of a complex phase exp(iδ) and real rotation angle θ which leads on an independent basis to mass and mixing matrices similar to that of Cabibbo, Kobayashi and Maskawa (CKM). These can then be used to specify the neutron and proton mass relationships to unlimited accuracy using θ as a nucleon fitting angle deduced from empirical data. This fitting angle is then shown to be related to an invariant of the CKM mixing angles within experimental errors. Also developed is a master mass and mixing matrix which may help to interconnect all baryon and quark masses and mixing angles. The Koide generalizations developed here enable these neutron and proton mass relationships to be given a Lagrangian formulation based on neutron and proton field strength tensors that contain vacuum-amplified and current quark wavefunctions and masses. In the course of development, we also uncover new Koide relationships for the neutrinos, the up quarks, and the down quarks.

Teaching a laser beam to go straight

In classical physics a beam of light propagates in a perfectly straight line and this means that we can measure small displacements with unlimited accuracy. However, this is not correct for real laser beams when we take the quantum properties of light into account. Spatial measurements will be limited by quantum noise, similar to the limitations for optical communication and sensing. Here we derive the spatial quantum noise limit and show how to measure it. Next we demonstrate that we can use specially prepared light with quantum correlations, so-called squeezed light, to improve spatial measurements to below this quantum limit. In this way we prepare a beam which goes in a straighter line than the output of any conventional laser.

A necessary and sufficient condition for transforming limited accuracy failure detectors

Unreliable failure detectors are oracles that give information about process failures. Chandra and Toueg were first to study such failure detectors for distributed systems, and they identified a number that enabled the solution of the Consensus problem in asynchronous distributed systems. This paper focuses on two of these, denoted S (strong) and ♢S (eventually strong). The characteristics of a given unreliable failure detector are usually described by its completeness and accuracy properties. Completeness is a requirement on the actual detection of failures, while accuracy limits the mistakes a failure detector can make. Let the scope of the accuracy property of an unreliable failure detector be the minimum number (k) of processes that may not erroneously suspect a correct process to have crashed. Usual failure detectors implicitly consider a scope equal to n (the total number of processes). Accuracy properties with limited scope give rise to the classes of failure detectors that we call Sk and ♢Sk. This paper investigates the following question: “Given Sk and ♢Sk, under which condition is it possible to transform their failure detectors into their counterparts with unlimited accuracy, i.e., S and ♢S?”. The paper answers this question in the following way. It first presents a particularly simple protocol that realizes such a transformation when f<k (where f is the maximum number of processes that may crash). Then, it shows that there is no reduction protocol when f⩾k.

Calculation of diffusion effect for arbitrary pulse sequences

A method is presented for calculating the nuclear spin magnetization created by an arbitrary number of short radio frequency pulses and of piecewise constant gradient applied in a selected direction. The isotropic diffusion, the transverse and longitudinal relaxations as well as the global transport are taken into account. A thorough analysis of the magnetization density evolution results in an algorithm for the analytical calculation of final NMR signal. Computationally, it requires only accumulating numerical coefficients in the found analytical structure. For arbitrary sequences this is done with a computer program. This approach, which can be classified as symbolical computations, results in a high performance and in a practically unlimited accuracy. Results for sample pulse sequences are presented.

A general framework for conservative single-step time-integration schemes with higher-order accuracy for a central-force system

A general framework for algorithms that conserve angular momentum for single-body central-force problems is presented. It is shown that any family of momentum-conserving algorithms can have at most three free parameters, one of which may be used to ensure energy conservation (and hence will be configuration-dependent). Further restrictions can be made that enable the algorithms to recover the orbits of relative equilibria of the underlying physical problem. In addition, the algorithms can be made time-reversible, whilst still leaving two parameters unspecified. The order of accuracy of a general momentum-conserving family is analysed, and it is shown that energy–momentum algorithms that preserve the underlying physical relative equilibria can have unlimited accuracy if the two remaining parameters are appropriately chosen functions of the configuration and the time-step: this does not require any additional degrees of freedom, extra stages of calculation or information from past solutions. Numerical examples are given that show the performance of some representative higher-order schemes when applied to stiff and non-stiff problems, and the issue of Newton–Raphson convergence is discussed.

Universal entanglement transformations without communication

We show that in the presence of finite catalysts, any pure bipartite entangled state can be converted into any other, to unlimited accuracy, without the use of any communication, quantum or classical. We call this process embezzling entanglement because it involves removing a small amount of entanglement from the catalyst in a physically unnoticeable way.

An x-ray rocking curve technique for the absolute characterization of epitaxial layers and single-crystal solids

A rapid double-crystal x-ray diffractometer technique for the absolute measurement of lattice parameters in single crystals and epitaxial layers is introduced. The method is based on the principle that in a diffractometer aligned for rocking curve measurements within a given zone, the zero setting correction is the same for all crystal angles within the zone. The peak positions can thus be measured and corrected quickly, and the lattice parameters evaluated within each layer independently of others. The proof-of-principle tests are given for Si and InP, and the method is applied to a GaN film grown on an a-plane sapphire wafer. The method has unlimited accuracy depending only on the instrumental alignment and material quality.

A simulator core for charge-pump PLLs

Three techniques are introduced to enhance the simulation speed of communication systems including a charge-pump phase-locked loop. First, a technique using exact explicit solutions of differential equations is extended to nonuniformly sampled circuits. This allows arbitrarily large time and voltage steps in an event-driven simulator without introducing numerical errors. Then, event prediction using mathematical limits enables large time steps and unlimited accuracy. Finally, an interpolator is combined with delay-partitioning to reduce the required oversampling rate. High accuracy is demonstrated with as low as four events per cycle of the system clock and an oversampling ratio of 3.

Overview of multipole-based acoustic infinite elements

There is a rapidly growing interest in using infinite elements based on multipole expansions for modeling acoustic wave propagation in unbounded domains, either time harmonic or transient. The technology has exhibited many advantages, foremost among them being a very high computational efficiency, convergence and, therefore, unlimited accuracy throughout the entire fluid domain, broadband capability, and a conventional finite-element software implementation. The latter enables these infinite elements, along with conventional finite-size acoustic elements and coupling elements, to be easily added to standard structural element libraries to convert structural codes to structural acoustic codes for fast, accurate modeling of scattering and/or radiation problems in exterior regions. The talk will cover: basic concepts of multipoles, multipole expansions, and the related infinite elements; past contributions to the field; current research, including the author’s; and an assessment of the most promising direction for this technology.

First-order autoregression and the uncertainty principle

Equation (3) describes a process o f extrapolation by dead reckoning: X ,. ~ --, X t X tt "" X t -'~ X t + 1 X t -'~ X t + I, and so on. In the second place, however, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle guarantees that the previous value and the rate of change cannot both be measured with unlimited accuracy, even in the ideal case where one has exact knowledge of r and Var( e t ) = s 2 [Halliday and Resnick, Fundamentals o f Physics, New York: Wiley, 1988]. This is so because

Theory of fuzzy transitions between quantum and classical mechanics and proposed experimental tests.

In a generalized quantum-mechanical framework with fuzzy dynamical variables, there exists a small radical length R${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}17}$ cm, which is related to the physical impossibility of unlimited accuracy in measuring a particle's position. It sheds light on the problem of a detailed and gradual transition, as the mass increases, from the probabilistic behavior of microscopic objects (mcR\ensuremath{\ll}\ensuremath{\Elzxh}) to the deterministic behavior of macroscopic objects (mcR\ensuremath{\gg}\ensuremath{\Elzxh}), a problem unaddressable within the framework of ordinary quantum mechanics. A generalized equation of motion for a particle with an arbitrary mass m is postulated. It possesses a new local gauge symmetry and reduces to the Schr\"odinger and the Hamilton-Jacobi equations in the limits of small m and large m, respectively. For the double-slit experiment, the theory predicts that, as the mass increases with the momentum fixed, the interference pattern will have roughly half the usual intensity and two bright spots when mcR/\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\sim}1.

Derived geometrical constants of the geodetic reference system 1980

A large number of the users of the geomtrical constants of the reference ellipsoid know only the IAG resolutions and not the related special publications; consequently, the numerical values of the derived geometrical constants may be interpreted differently. Some values of possible differences (max. 32 mm) are given, and it is proposed that the GRS-80 geometrical constants be defined by the values of a and f −1 with unlimited accuracy in the next IAG resolution.